Etymological Aspects Research Articles

Etymological aspects of idiomatic and proverbial expressions in the lexicographic development of Sesotho sa Leboa — a semantic analysis

Idiomatic and proverbial expressions are important components of the oral tradition of Sesotho sa Leboa, and therefore a knowledge of the literal meaning of words as they appear in dictionaries without inclusion of their figurative meaning seems to be a shortcoming. An idiom or a proverb possesses one basic meaning, i.e. the meaning to which the idiom or proverb is basically meant to refer, but each idiom or proverb is made up of several lexical items. Each of these lexical items has its own meaning, which usually differs from the figurative sense of the idiom or proverb. Even though the meaning of the words in an idiomatic or proverbial expression seems to differ from the sense of the idiom or proverb, there is to a certain extent a relationship. It is this relationship which lexicographers can assist to explain in their definitions in order to clarify both the literal and the figurative meanings of words in Sesotho sa Leboa. This article aims to stress the importance of having specialized dictionaries which will give users detailed etymological explanations of the meaning of idiomatic and proverbial expressions as used in Sesotho sa Leboa. The etymological analysis of the meaning of these lexical items (idioms and proverbs) will provide a better understanding of these expressions and enrich dictionaries with detailed definitions. This will create a better understanding of the relationship between the literal meanings of the expressions and their real (i.e. figurative) meanings. Keywords: diachronic analysis, etymology, figurative expression, idiom, lemmatization, lexicology, metaphor, metaphoric expression, proverb, synchronic analysis, terminography.

PROBLEMAS Y MÉTODOS COMUNES DEL ANÁLISIS DE EXPERIMENTOS FACTORIALES

In the agronomic research, factorial experiments are frequently carried out. These are tools that make an optimus use of resources; produce more precise estimates of contrasts of treatment means, and make it possible the study of the interactions among factors. The full release of these advantages, however, is not always obtained due to one or several of the following common problems: Poor interpretation of the interaction concept; abuse of multiple comparison procedures; subutilization and even omission of regression techniques, orthogonal contrasts and polynomials, etc. To contribute to solve these problems and thereby to improve the quality of the scientific articles to be published, in this paper several meanings of the interaction concept, including since its etymological aspects until its meaning as a source of variation in the analysis of variance, were analyzed. In addition, cases related with the pertinence, use and advantages of regression, contrasts, and orthogonal contrast and polynomial techniques were analyzed in the context of factorial experiments. To make a more objective presentation, hypothetical cases of factorial experiments were considered. It is hoped that the reader’s conceptual perception and capacity to successfully associate cases of factorial experiments and statistical methods to analyze them properly will be improved and thereby will enable them to increase the quality of the interpretation of the results and their scientific publications.

How to name a prokaryote?: Etymological considerations, proposals and practical advice in prokaryote nomenclature

This essay tries to bring together the most important aspects of etymology in prokaryote names, the theoretical basis and the practical application. The scientific names of prokaryotes are formed from a large thesaurus of Latin and Greek words and word elements. The rules for forming such names are explained and discussed (including pronunciation and accentuation). Elaborate advice is given for forming generic names and specific epithets in general as well as from personal and geographic names, from names of biota that host prokaryotes and from names of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Further, names based on words of other than Latin or Greek origin as well as so-called arbitrary names are explained and their formation is exemplified. Names of the highest taxa are critically discussed. Examples of case histories of malformed names are given. Practical etymology is described for genera and species. A number of proposals are made for further developing the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria with respect to an easier understanding of etymology.

WORDS FOR RYE AND WHEAT IN RUSSIAN

ABSTRACTAn examination is presented of lexicological and etymological aspects of Russian terminology for wheat species, rye and some related crops, including wheat‐rye hybrids, in relation to the early development of cereal cultivation, especially in areas of the former U.S.S.R. In examining the origin of the words concerned, the influence of some cereal names on one another is indicated, together with cases in which the earliest names were superseded.

Some remarks on the etymological and grammatic aspects of the term 'alexithymia'.

Some remarks on the etymological and grammatic aspects of the term 'alexithymia'.

Formas nominais de pronomes pessoais da língua japonesa moderna

This paper aims to discuss the nominal forms of Japanese personal pronouns. For that purpose，the approach is based on the essential studies that focusing the etymological aspects of the personal pronouns，starting from the contributions of authors such as Komatsu Hisao and Suzuki Hideo, among other theorists.