Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Solution Research Articles

A rapid method for the preparation of an in vitro osteoporosis model of calf vertebrae: histological and biomechanical study

BackgroundIn vitro biomechanical testing is crucial for the preclinical assessment of novel implant designs. Given the constraints of limited supply and high costs associated with human specimens, calf spines are frequently employed as surrogates for human spines in both in vivo and in vitro biomechanical studies.MethodsThis study selected 60 spinal vertebrae from calves aged between 12 and 18 weeks. The specimens were randomly assigned to two treatment groups, A and B, each comprising 30 specimens. Group A served as the control without decalcification, while Group B underwent decalcification using an 18.3% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid solution. The impact of decalcification was assessed through histological, imaging, and biomechanical analyses.FindingsDecalcification took approximately 2 months, resulting in osteoporotic vertebrae with a bone mineral density reduction of approximately 50.89% compared to pre-decalcification levels. The bone microstructure was significantly altered, characterized by a decrease in trabecular thickness and number and an increase in trabecular separation. Additionally, the trabecular bone pattern factor (TBPf) and Structure Model Index (SMI) increased. The modulus of elasticity, yield stress, and ultimate stress of the vertebral bodies were all reduced in correlation with the decrease in bone mineral density, demonstrating a strong correlation between these parameters.InterpretationThe data from this study indicate that the decalcification method is effective and capable of rapidly establishing an osteoporotic model suitable for biomechanical testing of clinical devices. This method offers the benefits of ease of operation, reliability, and a controllable degree of osteoporosis.

A INNOVATE APPROACH TO METAL REMOVAL IN CRYOGELS USING ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL IN A FIXED BED SYSTEM

The use of chelating agents in affinity chromatography poses significant challenges due to their tendency to form chemical bonds with metals. During the purification process, these agents can dissociate from the matrix, potentially contaminating the purified biomolecule and rendering it unsuitable for therapeutic or other biological applications. This study introduces an innovative approach for the electroadsorption of Cu²⁺ ions onto polyacrylamide (PAam) cryogels using a fixed-bed system under the application of electrical potential. This method reduces the risk of metal contamination by eliminating the need for chelating agents commonly used in immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC). The cryogels demonstrated excellent structural integrity, retaining their shape after compression and rehydration. Electroadsorption experiments revealed that a minimum voltage of 3V was required to establish effective removal sites for Cu²⁺ ions, with a maximum removal capacity of approximately 19 mg/g (PAam)". At higher voltages (3V and 5V), the electroadsorbed ions were efficiently desorbed using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution. The distinct d⁹ electron configuration of Cu²⁺ makes it particularly prone to forming coordinated bonds with the lone pairs of N present in the PAam structure. The study also highlights the impact of flow rates on saturation times, with faster rates leading to quicker saturation without compromising removal efficiency. These results demonstrate that electroadsorption in PAam cryogels is a promising alternative to IMAC for metal ion purification in chromatographic applications, providing a cleaner and more cost-effective solution.

Evaluation of the Effects of Retro-Cavity Preconditioning with or Without Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid on Root Surface pH and Dislodgement Resistance of NeoMTA2 and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Flow Retro-Fills: An Ex Vivo Investigation.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of retro-cavity preconditioning with or without 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution on root surface pH as well as dislodgement resistance of NeoMTA2 and MTA Flow retro-fills. Methods: Forty-eight single-rooted human incisors were selected. After completion of endodontic treatment, root-end resections were performed, and retro-cavities were prepared. The samples were randomly divided into two groups of A and B (n = 24 each). In group A, retro-cavities were preconditioned with 2.5% NaOCl, followed by 17% EDTA solution, whereas in group B, preconditioning was performed using 2.5% NaOCl before final irrigation with normal saline. Samples in each group were randomly subdivided into two subgroups of 1 and 2. Retro-fillings in the A1 and B1 subgroups were performed with MTA Flow, and in the A2 and B2 subgroups, they were performed with NeoMTA2. Root surface pH was measured in each sample at three different stages: before preparation of retro-cavities (pH0), after retro-cavity preconditioning (pH1), and three days after retro-filling (pH2). Subsequently, the push-out bond strength (PBS) of the retro-filling materials was measured by a universal testing machine, and their failure modes were visualized under 64× magnification. Results: Preconditioning with EDTA caused a significant increase in PBS for both NeoMTA2 and MTA Flow (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the average bond strength of MTA Flow and Neo MTA2 (p = 0.271). There was a significant increase in the average pH2 compared to pH1 and pH0 across all groups (p < 0.001). Specifically, the use of EDTA led to a notable increase in the average pH2 in the MTA Flow group compared to the Neo MTA2 group (p = 0.027). Groups preconditioned with EDTA more frequently indicated a cohesive failure mode. Conclusions: The use of EDTA significantly increased the push-out bond strength of retro-fill materials to dentin. However, it did not prevent the ultimate alkalinity of retro-filled cavities.

Trypsinized suction blister

Suction blister epidermal grafting (SBEG) is a standard technique for treating vitiligo on challenging areas like fingertips and lips but often results in pigment halos and difficulties with small, curved surfaces. We propose a modified SBEG technique, utilizing trypsinization of one blister graft to improve melanocyte spread and reduce peri-graft halo. Trypsin ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution is introduced into a selected blister, creating a cell suspension applied to dermabraded gaps and peripheries, including eyelid margins. At 5-month follow-up, complete re-pigmentation with no halo effect was achieved, indicating this modified approach’s potential in enhancing SBEG outcomes for complex sites.

Lead Adsorption and Desorption at the Barite (001) Surface in the Presence of EDTA.

Scaling minerals, such as barite, can cause detrimental consequences for oil/gas pipelines and water systems, but their formation can be inhibited by organic chelators such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Here, we resolve how EDTA affects sorption and desorption of Pb at the barite (001) surface using a combination of X-ray scattering and microscopy measurements. In the presence of EDTA, Pb incorporated in the topmost part of the barite surface and adsorbed as inner-sphere complexes on the surface. In barite saturated solutions containing [Pb] ≥ 100 μM, overgrowth films grew along step edges. These films were exclusively monolayer thick, indicating that their growth was a self-limiting process. Approximately half of the Pb was removed after 14.5 h reaction with a Pb-free EDTA solution where most of the desorption occurred to adsorbed Pb rather than incorporated Pb. Dissolution proceeded primarily via step retreat and etch pit formation in EDTA, but in deionized water, the secondary phase was quickly removed within 3 min. Together these results suggest EDTA binds to both the surface and Pb in solution, which limits Pb sorption. However, EDTA binding to the surface also inhibits removal of the secondary phase that formed at higher Pb concentrations.

Effect of Irrigation Solution Temperature on Bioceramic Sealer Bond Strength.

BACKGROUND Different temperature conditions can affect the efficiency of irrigation solutions and consequently the ability of canal sealers to bond to root canal walls. The aim of this endodontic study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation solutions at different temperatures on the bond strength of a bioceramic-based root canal sealer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Root canal preparations were completed through irrigation with the following solutions: Group 1 was irrigated with 5 ml NaOCl (sodium hypochlorite) +5 ml EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid) (22°C); Group 2 was irrigated with 5 ml NaOCl +5 ml EDTA (37°C); Group 3 was irrigated with 5 ml NaOCl +5 ml GA (Glycolic acid) (22°C); Group 4 was irrigated with 5 ml NaOCl +5 ml GA (37°C), Group 5 was irrigated with 20 ml Dual Rinse® HEDP (Etidronate) - NaOCl mixture (22°C); and Group 6 was irrigated with 20 ml of Dual Rinse® HEDP mixture (37°C). Obtained test specimens were subjected to the push-out test. Three-way ANOVA was used to compare bond strength values. RESULTS The main effect of temperature (P<0.05), the main effect of the solution (P<0.05), and the main effect of the section (P<0.05) were significantly associated with the mean values of the bond strength. Heating irrigation solutions increased the bond strength of bioceramic-based canal sealers. CONCLUSIONS The bond strengths of the solutions increased as the temperature increased. EDTA solution significantly increased the bond strength compared to Dual Rinse® HEDP solution. Meanwhile, the bond strengths in the apical region were lower than those in the middle region.

Influence of the Angle of Periodontal Intrabony Defects on Blood Clots: A Confocal Microscopy Study

Intrabony defects can be the result of parodontitis. In this study we aimed to examine how clot stability is affected by different infrabony defect angles and superficial treatments in regenerative surgery. Methods: Thirty single-root extracted teeth were cut to obtain a section from each tooth. This section was placed in an artificial model containing an infrabony defect with three walls in order to achieve 10 models at angles of 25°, 37°, and 50°. Five root samples for every angle were not subjected any treatment (NT) and five were subjected to root conditioning with a neutral pH solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at 24%, applied for 2 min. Venous blood was put into the artificial models containing the root sections, and these were placed in an incubator at a constant temperature of 37 °C for 2 h. Samples were analyzed by laser confocal microscopy. Results: All samples exhibited signs of retraction. The EDTA group exhibited a plateau trend for infrabony defects, while in the NT group, there was a statistically significant difference between clot retraction and the increase in defect amplitude. Conclusion: The greater the angle of the infraosseous defect, the higher the rate of clot retraction. This showed that EDTA could reduce the influence of the angle of the infraosseous defect.

EVALUATION OF ENDODONTIC IRRIGANTS EFFECTS ON THE ROOT CANAL DENTIN WALL

The associations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (AC) with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) are combinations used for cleaning and disinfecting of the root canals. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate by AFM the effect of 20% EDTA and 40% AC associated with 5,25% NaOCl in root canal SL removal and on root dentine surface rough-ness. Fifteen extracted single-root teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the irrigation method: in Group 1, samples were irrigated with 5 mL of 5.25% NaOCl followed by 5 mL of 20% EDTA solution for 1min; in Group 2, samples were irrigated with 5 mL of 5.25% NaOCl solution followed by 5 mL of 40% AC solution for 1min; in Group 3 samples were irri-gated with 5 mL of 0.9% physiological serum. AFM was used to obtain 2D and 3D images and roughness parameters (Sa, Sq). The data was statistically analyzed using significance F-test, ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni test. The images obtained by AFM highlighted free dentinal tubules in the coronal and middle third of the root canal in Group 1, partially free dentinal tu-bules in the coronal and middle third in Group 2, while in Group 3 opening of the dentinal tu-bules were not observed. The lowest mean Sa values were recorded by Group 3. Group 1 and 2 presented significantly higher mean values of Sa, Sq, in comparison with the Group 3 in all areas of the root canal (p 0,05). Also, in the Group 1 the mean values of Sa, Sq, were higher than Group 2, especially in the coronal and apical third where the differences being statistically significant (p 0,05). The association of 20% EDTA with 5.25% NaOCl solutions in the irrigation of the en-dodontic system is more efficient in removing SL in the coronal and middle thirds of the root canal and increases the root dentin surface roughness in all areas in comparison with 0,9% phys-iological serum and in the coronal and apical third in comparison with 40% AC with 5,25% NaOCl.

Evaluation of apically extruded debris from root canal filling removal of the mesiobuccal canal of maxillary molars using XP shaper and protaper with two different irrigation.

Periapical extrusion of debris for root retreatment will effectively improve the posttreatment inflammation and pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the extruded debris for root retreatment using XP shaper and ProTaper files. In his experimental laboratory study, 40 extracted human maxillary molars were used in this laboratory study. After disinfection and equalization of length, the samples were treated with a passive step-back technique and dressed. The samples placed in the tubes for retreatment were divided into four groups: (1) XP shaper file and hypochlorite, (2) XP shaper file and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), (3) ProTaper file and hypochlorite, and (4) ProTaper file and EDTA. Then, the teeth were taken out of the tubes, and cleaned to collect the remaining apical debris. The weight of the tube and the extruded debris was measured again. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (α =0.05). The highest average of extruded debris was related to the XP shaper file with EDTA solution, and the lowest average was related to the ProTaper file with hypochlorite solution. Between the two files used with EDTA and hypochlorite solution, the average debris extrusion of the XP shaper file with EDTA solution was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to the ProTaper and XP shaper files with hypochlorite solution (P < 0.05). Regardless of the type of irrigant material, the ProTaper file can be a more suitable option than the XP shaper file for retreatment of the tooth root canal with minimal debris extrusion.

Comparative evaluation of removal of oil-based calcium hydroxide intracanal medicaments with two calcium chelators: An in vitro cone-beam computed tomography volumetric analysis.

Intracanal medicament (ICM) eliminates remaining bacteria and their toxins that were not removed by chemomechanical preparation during endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the removal of ozonated oil-based, silicone oil-based, and distilled water-based ICM with two calcium chelators, i.e., 0.2% chitosan and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). A total of 54 mandibular permanent premolars were included and randomly allocated into 3 groups after cleaning and shaping along with thorough irrigation. Group 1 - ozonized calcium hydroxide group; Group 2 - Metapex group; Group 3 - Ca(OH)2 with distilled water group. Using an irrigant for removal, the teeth in each group were distributed at random to two subgroups - (A) 0.2% chitosan solution; (B) 17% EDTA solution. All the samples were ultrasonically agitated and the volume remaining in each tooth after retrieval was estimated using additional cone-beam computed tomography scans. The result was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, following post hoc Tukey test. The mean percentage of ozonized Ca(OH)2, aqueous calcium hydroxide, and Metapex removed by 0.2% chitosan had greater values in comparison to 17% EDTA. When eliminating aqueous-based calcium hydroxide, both chelators showed similar effectiveness (P > 0.05). In contrast, 0.2% chitosan outperformed 17% EDTA in retrieving oil-based Ca(OH)2 (P < 0.05). The aqueous-based form of Ca(OH)2 was removed more easily compared to the oil-based form. A combination of 0.2% chitosan and ultrasonics proved to be more effective than 17% EDTA in eliminating oil-based calcium hydroxide.

Biocompatibility and antimicrobial effect of demineralised dentin matrix hydrogel for dental pulp preservation.

Regeneration of dentin and preserving pulp vitality are essential targets for vital pulp therapy. Our study aimed to evaluate a novel biomimetic pulp capping agent with increased dentin regenerative activities. To produce demineralised dentin matrix (DDM) particles, human extracted teeth were ground and treated with ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid solution. DDM particles were added to sodium alginate and this combination was dripped into a 5% calcium chloride to obtain DDM hydrogel (DDMH). The eluants of both DDMH and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) were tested using an MTT assay to detect their cytotoxic effect on dental pulp stem cells (DPSC). Collagen-I (COL-I) gene expression was analysed on DPSC exposed to different dilutions of pulp capping material eluants by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Acridine orange staining was used to monitor the cell growth over the tested materials. Agar diffusion assay was utilised to test the antibacterial effect of DDMH and MTA compared to controls. MTT assay revealed that neat eluates of DDMH promoted DPSC viability. However, neat eluates of MTA were cytotoxic on DPSC after 72h of culture. Moreover, DPSC were capable of growth and attached to the surface of DDMH, while they showed a marked reduction in their number when cultured on the MTA surface for one week, as shown by the acridine orange stain. In DPSC cultured with DDMH eluates, the COL-I gene was overexpressed compared to those cultured with MTA eluants. DDMH had significant antimicrobial activity in comparison to MTA after 24h incubation. This in vitro study showed that DDMH could be an alternative pulp capping agent for regenerative endodontics.

Ultrasonic and volumetric investigation of aqueous disodium EDTA with PEG 400 and PEG 4000 at different temperatures

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 and 4000 thermodynamic characteristics in water-based disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solutions provide important clues about the nature of the intermolecular interactions taking place in this liquid environment. In order to make these determinations, the present study reports data for density and sound velocity at a variety of temperatures and then analyses the volumetric-acoustic features of the solutions. The experimental data for PEG 400 and PEG 4000, which are polyethylene glycols, were recorded at a constant atmospheric pressure of 0.1 MPa and at temperatures ranging from 288.15 to 318.15 K. The values were 0.007, 0.008, and 0.009 mol·kg−1. From the experimental density and speed of sound values, the following are computed: apparent molar properties, partial molar properties, partial molar transfer properties, and the partial molar expansibility, along with its first derivative and thermal expansion coefficient. According to the co-sphere overlap model, the results are described using these generated parameters, these are thought of as the type of interactions taking place within the combination. This study also uses partial molar characteristics to assess the pair interaction coefficients and triplet interaction coefficients.

Phenotypic and genotypic determination of resistance to common disinfectants among strains of Acinetobacter baumannii producing and non-producing biofilm isolated from Iran

BackgroundNosocomial infections are a global problem in hospitals all around the world. It is considered a major health problem, especially in developing countries. The increase in the patient’s stay in hospitals has increased the mortality rate, and consequently, the costs drastically increase. The main purpose of using disinfectants in the hospital environment is to reduce the risk of nosocomial infections. Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) causes lysis and increases susceptibility to antimicrobial agents in the planktonic form of bacteria. This substance affects the permeability of the outer membrane of bacteria. It also prevents the formation of biofilms by bacteria.Materials and methodsIn the current study, 120 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) were confirmed by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antibiogram was performed and then the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of isolates against 5% sodium hypochlorite, ethanol %70, sayasept-HP 2%, chlorhexidine 2%, dettol 4/8% were evaluated. In addition, the disinfectant effect was re-evaluated with the mixture of EDTA solution. All isolates were examined for biofilm presence by crystal violet staining method in triplicates and repeated three times for each strain. Also for all isolates detection of efflux pump genes (Qac-E, qacE-Δ1, SUG-E) by PCR technique was done.ResultsAntibiogram results of A. baumannii showed that 6.7% were Multi-drug-resistant (MDR), and 89.2% were Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates. The highest effect of disinfectants was related to 5% sodium hypochlorite, and the least effect was 70% ethanol. EDTA increases the efficacy of selected disinfectants significantly. The highest prevalence of the efflux pump genes was related to SUG-E (95%) and Qac-E (91.7%), and, the qacE-Δ1 gene with 12.5%. The biofilm production rate was 91.3% among all isolates.ConclusionThe best and safest way to disinfect hospital floors and surfaces is to choose the right disinfectants, and learn how to use them properly. In this study, a mixture of disinfectants and EDTA had a significant effect on bactericidal activity. it was found that improper use of disinfectants, especially the use of sub-inhibitory dilutions, increases the resistance of bacteria to disinfectants.

Enhanced Removal of Cd(II) Ions from Aqueous Media via Adsorption on Facilely Synthesized Copper Ferrite Nanoparticles.

In this study, magnetic copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized via the Pechini sol-gel method and evaluated for the removal of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions. PF600 and PF800 refer to the samples that were synthesized at 600 °C and 800 °C, respectively. Comprehensive characterization using FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, and EDX confirmed the successful formation of CuFe2O4 spinel structures, with crystallite sizes of 22.64 nm (PF600) and 30.13 nm (PF800). FE-SEM analysis revealed particle diameters of 154.98 nm (PF600) and 230.05 nm (PF800), exhibiting spherical and irregular shapes. HR-TEM analysis further confirmed the presence of aggregated nanoparticles with average diameters of 52.26 nm (PF600) and 98.32 nm (PF800). The PF600 and PF800 nanoparticles exhibited exceptional adsorption capacities of 377.36 mg/g and 322.58 mg/g, respectively, significantly outperforming many materials reported in the literature. Adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating monolayer adsorption and strong physisorption. The process was spontaneous, exothermic, and predominantly physical. Reusability tests demonstrated high adsorption efficiency across multiple cycles when desorbed with a 0.5 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution, emphasizing the practical applicability of these nanoparticles. The inherent magnetic properties of CuFe2O4 facilitated easy separation from the aqueous medium using a magnet, enabling efficient and cost-effective recovery of the adsorbent. These findings highlight the potential of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles, particularly PF600, for the effective and sustainable removal of Cd(II) ions from water.

Evaluation of smear layer and Ca/P ratio in intra-radicular dentine irrigated with different irrigants adjunct with diode laser

BackgroundThis study aims to determine the smear layer removal from the root canals using different irrigant solutions with diode laser.MethodsA set of sixty human upper incisor teeth were chosen. Access cavity preparation was done followed by canal instrumentation. Samples were divided into six groups (Group A: sodium hypochlorite NaOCl, Group B: NaOCl + diode laser, group C: NaOCl + EDTA ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid solution, Group D: NaOCl + EDTA + diode laser, Group E: NaOCl + garlic extract, Group F: NaOCl + garlic extract + diode laser. Examining the smear layer removal at the coronal, middle and apical thirds of the root canals was done by using electron microscope analysis. Using an energy-dispersive X-ray, the calcium/phosphorus Ca/P ratio was measured.ResultsAmong the examined groups, there were not any significant differences regarding the smear layer removal. The elimination of smear layers at the middle and coronal thirds was greater in all examined groups than in the apical third. EDX analysis revealed no statistically significant variation between the tested groups.ConclusionsUsing diode laser with sodium hypochlorite and ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid irrigant solution was more effective for the elimination of smear layers. Garlic extract could be used as an alternative irrigant solution in debris removal.

Evaluation of Effect of Herbal Irrigant on Microhardness of Root Dentin: An in vitro Study

ABSTRACT Introduction: This study evaluated the effect of an herbal irrigant (6.5% grape seed extract [GSE] solution) on the microhardness of root dentin, which is treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (commonly used endodontic irrigants). Proanthocyanidin, a naturally occurring collagen cross-linking agent (found in GSE), was tested for its impact on root dentin. Materials and Methods: A double-ended cutting diamond disc was used to decoronate 8 extracted single-rooted, single-canal premolars. Then, they were divided longitudinally into buccal and lingual segments to create 16 samples, which were implanted in acrylic resin so that each sample’s inner dentin surface was visible. Samples were submerged in 5.25% NaOCl for 2 min, after which they were submerged in 17% EDTA solution for 2 min. The samples were split into two groups at random. Samples from Group 1 were treated with 6.5% GSE solution for 2 min. Samples in Group 2 were submerged in distilled water for 2 min (control group). Vickers microhardness unit was used to test samples for microhardness. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Unpaired t-test was used to compare groups. Results: Group 1 microhardness score ranged from 79 to 94, whereas Group 2 ranged from 34 to 59. A statistically significant result was obtained between the microhardness in both the groups. Conclusion: The results of the intergroup comparison showed that 6.5% of GSE solution increased the microhardness values of root dentin that had been treated with standard endodontic irrigants.

Construction of Tough Hydrogel Cross-Linked via Ionic Interaction by Protection Effect of Hydrophobic Domains.

Most hydrogels have poor mechanical properties, severely limiting their potential applications, and numerous approaches have been introduced to fabricate more robust and durable examples. However, these systems consist of nonbiodegradable polymers which limit their application in tissue engineering. Herein, we focus on the fabrication and investigate the influence of hydrophobic segments on ionic cross-linking properties for the construction of a tough, biodegradable hydrogel. A biodegradable, poly(γ-glutamic acid) polymer conjugated with a hydrophobic amino acid, l-phenylalanine ethyl ester (Phe), together with an ionic cross-linking group, alendronic acid (Aln) resulting in γ-PGA-Aln-Phe, was initially synthesized. Rheological assessments through time sweep oscillation testing revealed that the presence of hydrophobic domains accelerated gelation. Comparing gels with and without hydrophobic domains, the compressive strength of γ-PGA-Aln-Phe was found to be six times higher and exhibited longer stability properties in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution, lasting for up to a month. Significantly, the contribution of the hydrophobic domains to the mechanical strength and stability of ionic cross-linking properties of the gel was found to be the dominant factor for the fabrication of a tough hydrogel. As a result, this study provides a new strategy for mechanical enhancement and preserves ionic cross-linked sites by the addition of hydrophobic domains. The development of tough, biodegradable hydrogels reported herein will open up new possibilities for applications in the field of biomaterials.

Novel benzothiazole-pyrazoline-styrene hybrid for ultrasensitive detection of Hg(II) ions: Synthesis and chemosensor evaluation.

Water pollution has become a serious issue, and mercury(II) ion (Hg(II)) is highly toxic even at low concentrations. Therefore, Hg(II) concentration should be strictly monitored. This study evaluated pyrazoline compounds as fluorescence chemosensor agents for Hg(II) detection. These compounds were prepared from vanillin via etherification, Claisen-Schmidt, and cyclocondensation reactions, to yield benzothiazole-pyrazoline-styrene hybrid compounds. The hybrid compound without styrene was successfully synthesized in 97.70% yield with limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ) values of 323.5 and 1078 μM, respectively. Conversely, the hybrid compound was produced in 97.29% yield with the LoD and LoQ values of 8.94 and 29.79 nM, respectively. Further spectroscopic investigations revealed that Hg(II) ions can either chelate with three nitrogen of pyridine, pyrazoline, and benzothiazole structures or two oxygen of vanillin and styrene. Furthermore, the hybrid compound was successfully applied in the direct quantification of Hg(II) ions in tap and underground water samples with a validity of 91.63% and 86.08%, respectively, compared with mercury analyzer measurement. The regeneration of pyrazoline was also easily achieved via the addition of an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution. These findings show the promising application of the benzothiazole-pyrazoline-styrene hybrid compound for Hg(II) monitoring in real environmental samples.

Effect of Chitosan Irrigant and Lubricating Gel on Bond Strength of Resin Sealer to Radicular Dentin: An In Vitro Study.

The adhesive strength of sealers to dentin is influenced by various factors, and the presence of a smear layer is among the critical variables. Chitosan, known for its dentin compatibility, has previously demonstrated a reduction in dentin change and resin sealer bond strength comparable to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) when used as an irrigant and final rinse. The study investigates the impact of chitosan, used as both a lubricating gel and final rinse, on the push-out bond strength of resin sealer. Forty single-rooted premolar teeth, each with a fully formed root and a single root canal, were collected post-extraction. During canal preparation, 1 mlsodium hypochlorite (3%) was used for irrigation at every change ofinstrument, followed by applying specific chelating gel and final rinse for each experimental group. The groups included: Group 1 (17% EDTA chelating gel, final rinse with saline), Group 2 (17% EDTA chelating gel, final rinse with 17% EDTA solution), Group 3 (chitosan chelating gel, final rinse with saline solution), and Group 4 (chitosan chelating gel, final rinse with 0.2% chitosan solution), 10 specimens in each group.After obturation, specimens were sealed and incubated for a week at 37°C with 100% humidity. The universal testing machine was used for push-out tests, and specimens were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to identify various types of bond failure. Among the four groups, Group 2 exhibited the highest mean push-out bond strength (7.33 ± 0.26 MPa), followed by Group 4 (5.33 ± 0.25 MPa), Group 1 (4.61 ± 0.30 MPa), and Group 3 (2.94 ± 0.32 MPa). The variations in bond strength suggest a notable impact of the chelating agents and final rinse solutions on the resin sealer's interaction with dentin. The study concludes that the use of EDTA as both a lubricating gel and a final rinse significantly enhances push-out bond strength, outperforming chitosan in this study. Groups with saline as the final rinse (Group 1 and Group 3) exhibited the least bond strength, highlighting the importance of the final rinse in root canal therapy.

Effect of Different Electroconductive Root Canal Irrigations on the Accuracy of Different Apex Locators: An In Vitro Comparative Study.

An accurate working length (WL) estimation is fundamental to a successful endodontic therapy. The objective of this comparative in vitro research was to investigate the performance of iPex II and the Root ZX Mini electronic apex locators (EALs) in measuring root canal WL with different irrigant solutions and their relation to the electrical conductivity of irrigation solutions. Seventy sound permanent lower premolar teeth, each with a single root and developed apices, were used. Under an X15 stereomicroscope, the real working length was determined with the aid of a #10 file. After that, teeth were placed into an alginate model, and the iPex II and Root ZX Mini were used for the detection of electronic working length with various irrigants. Seventy teeth were randomly distributed into seven groups, 10 per each group (group I: dry canal; group II: distilled water; group III: ozonated water; group IV: 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); group V: 2% chlorhexidine, group VI: 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution, and group VII: 17% EDTA gel). The difference in WL was calculated by deducting real working length from its electronic working length. The study also evaluates the electrical conductivity of the seven endodontic irrigant solutions. The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for statistical analysis. Statistically, neither both types of EALs (P = 0.088) nor various irrigating solutions with varying electrical conductivities (P = 0.099) significantly affect the accuracy of EL estimation. There were no significant differences between the accuracy of the Root ZX Mini and the iPex II. The accuracy of both apex locators is unaffected in the presence of various irrigation solutions with varying electrical conductivities in this research.