Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Films Research Articles

Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents as novel media for the recycling of waste photovoltaic modules

Disposing of end-of-life photovoltaic (PV) modules has posed a significant environmental challenge due to the absence of proficient and sustainable recycling technologies. Separating PV modules, which are ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA)-bonded layers, including glass, solar cells (i.e., silicon wafers), and backsheets, establishes a foundation for effectively reclaiming valuable resources from PV modules. Removing EVA encapsulation is critical for disassembling PV modules; nonetheless, effective and feasible technology is currently limited. Conventional EVA dissolving agents (e.g., benzene and trichloroethylene) are highly toxic and effective only for non-cross-linked segments of EVA. Thus, developing efficient and environmentally benign reagents for PV waste recycling is urgently needed. Herein, a novel recycling route employing deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with switchable hydrophilicity has achieved successful separation of the component layers within PV modules. Complete separation of the glass and backsheet bonded by the EVA film was achieved under atmospheric pressure and moderate temperature conditions (80 °C for 2 h) by hydrophobic DESs composed of menthol and decanoic acid ([Men][DecA] (1:1)). [Men][DecA] effectively induced EVA swelling, concurrently accelerating EVA dissolution by substituting the acetate groups in the side chains of EVA with the hydroxyl groups of the DES. The superior PV module disintegration can be attributed to the exceptional EVA dissolution ability of the [Men][DecA] framework, and the achieved high solid–liquid ratio (40 g/L) for EVA in [Men][DecA] is beneficial for industrial processes. Furthermore, the reusability of [Men][DecA], which is endorsed by its switchable hydrophilicity, introduces a sustainable platform for PV module disintegration, thereby facilitating the large-scale recycling of PV waste.

Durable photobioreactor antibiofouling coatings for microalgae cultivation by photoreactive poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)

To improve the durability of the photobioreactor antibiofouling surface for microalgal cultivation, a series of photoreactive poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PTFEMA) were successfully synthesized and used to modify ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) films by a surface coating and UV light grafting method. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS) and fluorescence microscopy results indicated that PTFEMA were fixed successfully onto the EVA film surface through a covalent bond. During the microalgal adhesion assay, the number of EVA-PTFEMA film-adhered microalgae was 41.4% lower than that of the EVA film. Moreover, the number of microalgae attached to the EVA-PTFEMA film decreased by 61.7% after cleaning, while that of EVA film decreased by only 49.1%. It was found that the contact angle of EVA-PTFEMA film surface increased, and remained stable when immersed in acid and alkali solution for up to 90 days. HIGHLIGHTS Durable photobioreactor antibiofouling surfaces for microalgal cultivation were prepared successfully. The contact angle of antibiofouling coating surface remained stable in acid and base environment for 90 days. The attached microalgae on antibiofouling surface decreased 41.4% than those of unmodified surface. The attached microalgae on antibiofouling surface could be cleaned by 61.7% through changing the flow velocity of microalgal suspension.

Enhanced Performance of CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals via Dual Passivation

AbstractPerovskite CsPbBr3 nanocrystals show excellent optical properties. However, the nanocrystals encounter a major challenge of poor stability. In this study, an effective approach is proposed for enhancing the stability of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals via a dual passivation strategy, where the dual passivation layer is composed of alumina (Al2O3) and polymer ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA). The Al2O3 coating on the CsPbBr3 surface is realized by in situ oxidation of trimethyl aluminum (TMA), which passivated the surface defects while blocking the intrusion of water and oxygen. The EVA film is formed by a solution method, which can further block the water and oxygen, and form the flexible composite with perovskite CsPbBr3 nanocrystals with enhanced stability toward water and heat. After soaking for 360 h and heating for 5 h, the photoluminescence (PL) intensity is higher than that without passivation. The polymer EVA packaging strategy provided CsPbBr3 with excellent extensibility and flexibility at 100% and 200% tensile rates, the PL intensity remains 91% and 88% of the initial intensity, which returns to the initial value after stretching. The unique dual‐protection structure significantly improves the water and thermal stability of the nanocrystals. The strategy might point out the direction for the future application of perovskites.

Enhancing the effects of solarization-based approaches to suppress Verticillium dahliae inocula affecting tomato in greenhouse

The main concerns regarding the management of soilborne pathogens of vegetable crops through fumigants are due to their detrimental effects on the human health and environment. Due to global restrictions, soil solarization alone or combined with low-impact measures are being re-evaluated as eco-friendly alternatives to replacement of phasing-out or banned fumigants. Three experiments were performed to compare the performance of traditional and innovative films in increasing thermal performance under different partially opened or kept closed greenhouses. The effects of treatment alone or combined with Brassica pellet (Biofence®) incorporation were tested in suppressing microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae, causing wilt of tomato and vegetable crops. Although inducing different thermal regimes at depths 15 and 30-cm depths, all films were effective in reducing microsclerotia in soil compared to the bare plots under different greenhouse conditions. The performances achieved in closed greenhouse were better than those achieved in greenhouses with the side openings kept open. In these latter conditions, green-colored ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA) and uncolored EVA film well performed when combined with Brassica pellet, achieving better results than those obtained in the plots mulched with film or amended alone, respectively. Smoky gray low-density polyethylene (LDPE), followed by uncolored EVA and polyamide virtually impermeable film (PA-VIF) were the most effective in reducing/suppressing V. dahliae microsclerotia within 3-to-8 weeks of treatment in closed greenhouse whereas green EVA showed lesser performance. PA-VIF and EVA green film are attractive since they may be used in combination with biofumigants or left on as mulching for weed control of crops. This paper indicates that sustainable solarization-based approaches with different films alone or integrated with Brassica incorporation can also be successfully pursued against thermo-tolerant pathogens as V. dahliae. Moreover, our findings preliminarily show that the choice of film and treatment duration should be modulated based on the greenhouse operative conditions.

A comparative study of mechanical crushing and pyrolysis techniques for separation and recovery of discarded polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules

With the rapid growth of the photovoltaic (PV) industry, efficient recovery and utilization of discarded polycrystalline silicon PV modules have attracted increasing attention. This study compares the application of mechanical crushing and pyrolysis techniques in the recovery of PV modules. The results indicate that while mechanical crushing can preliminarily disintegrate materials, its effectiveness in separating valuable materials such as silver and aluminum is limited, particularly for particles larger than 1 mm. In contrast, pyrolysis techniques demonstrate outstanding performance in removing organic matter and separating silicon wafers and glass, notably enhancing the recovery rate of large glass particles. However, the brittleness of silicon wafers presents a challenge during pyrolysis. Furthermore, the pyrolysis mechanisms of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) film and backsheet materials are thoroughly discussed. The pyrolysis process of EVA film involves two stages: firstly, the preferential decomposition of acetyl oxygens on ester side chains, followed by further pyrolysis decomposition of the main chain and side chains to generate alkanes. Pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) begins with the generation of methyl and benzoyl radicals, while polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) pyrolysis initiates with the detachment of head-group units, followed by sequential detachment of chain units. Given the advantages of pyrolysis techniques, this study recommends them as the preferred method for PV module recovery.

Reducing reflection of down-shifting solar cells through scattering by particles

The improvement of down-shifting solar cells through reducing the reflection in short wavelength range by scattering is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Such down-shifting solar cells are fabricated by doping Y2O3 particles into down-shifting ethylene vinyl acetate films with CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ phosphors. Experimental results show that the scattering of Y2O3 particles can reduce the reflection of the down-shifting solar cells in the wavelength below 450 nm. It can be attributed to two reasons. The first is that the backscattering in the short wavelength is weaker than that in the middle and long wavelength. The second is that the scattering by Y2O3 particles allows more light reach the phosphors and increases their absorption. This means that more photons with poor spectral responses can be converted into the photons with better spectral responses. This work provides a way to realize simultaneously strengthening the down-shifting effect and suppressing the phosphor-induced reflection and can be used to further improve the down-shifting solar cells.

Holy Grail possibly made from clay.

The main goal of the work was to find biochemical protein markers specific for grapes and wine in ancient amphorae shards and fermentation pools. Grape-specific proteins are more reliable markers than tartaric acid and other small organic acids (tartaric acid natural source are not only grape but also apple, mango, and other plants). The Yavne winery (located in the Central District of Israel) is stated to be the largest known wine production complex from the Byzantine period (ca. 1500 years ago). The site has been excavated recently, and a number of wine jar have been recovered. We have applied our ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) (EVA studded with strong cation and anion exchangers) diskettes to the inner surface of a number of jars, thus capturing residual grape proteins therein. Via mass spectrometry analyses, we have been able to identify four grape and three yeast proteins. This has been possible because the EVA films, applied to such surfaces, are able to harvest and concentrate any trace species, rendering them amenable to instrumental analysis. Our analysis makes it possible to propose an explanation for the Holy Grail phenomenon as a dish in which wine or water begins to smell pleasant. We attribute this to the slow release of terpenes, aldehydes, and ketones from the clay walls of pottery. After digital modeling, we identified that "scallop-shaped" niches in winery were used for the condensation of high percentage alcohol by passive evaporation from fermentation tanks.

A Review on Recycling of Solar Photovoltaic Modules for Recovery of Metals

Solar energy, as a form of renewable energy, has developed rapidly in the past few decades and presents a huge market potential. End-of-life (EOL) photovoltaic solar panels (SP) are regarded as hazardous electronic waste, making their disposal an important environmental concern. On the other hand, recovering priceless metals and stuff from such trash results in significant advantages. The steps of physical and chemical processing that take place during the recycling process will eventually become crucial. Therefore, sustainable ways of end-of-life PV cell handling are essential from both economic and environmental perspectives. This article reviews the various recycling methods for solar modules (SM), it manipulates to separate and recycle various materials in waste solar cells without destroying the integrity of various materials. This study initially, presented the solar panel models and structures, and the need for a recycling method for solar panels. Recovery of metals in the recycle of EOL photovoltaic modules describes the various techniques utilized for recycling, FRELP (Full Recovery End-of-Life Photovoltaics) is a recycling process specifically designed for end-of-life photovoltaic (PV) modules. It involves crushing the modules to separate the glass, semiconductor material, and metals, c-Si (Crystalline Silicon) In the recycling process for c-Si PV modules, the modules are first mechanically shredded to separate the glass, metal, and silicon cells. The cells are then chemically treated to remove impurities and separate the silicon wafers., and CdTe (Cadmium Telluride) recycling process. It also analyses the various recycling processes like mechanical, chemical, and thermal processes. Among them, physical methods are commonly utilized to separate aluminum and other materials of waste solar cells before chemical methods and heat treatment methods. The objective of chemical and heat treatment methods is similar; both are used to achieve a clear elimination of EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) film, which is the outer layer of crystalline silicon that can only be recovered after EVA film has been eliminated. Nevertheless, chemical treatment is suitable for the recovery of metal. As a result, this article also reviews current trends and developments besides the advantages of the recycling process in PV modules (PVM). The findings of the comparison studies show that this method, which combines statistical and attention mechanism recycling methodologies, is guaranteed to offer cost-effective defect detection in general with performance that is comparable to that of modern SOTA (State of the Art). SOTA refers to the most advanced and effective methodologies or techniques available for recycling processes that combine statistical analysis and attention mechanisms.

Compatibility of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH)/EVA films with gamma, electron-beam, and X-ray irradiation

Many polymer-based medical devices are sterilized by gamma irradiation. To reduce the use of cobalt-60 gamma-ray sources, transition from gamma ray to alternative irradiation technologies was proposed, namely electron beam (e-beam) and X-ray. A major impediment for such a transition is the knowledge gap in material compatibility with the different radiation sources. In this study, multi-layer films consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) components were irradiated to target doses of 30, 45, and 60 kGy by gamma-ray, e-beam, and X-ray sources. Effects of irradiation were evaluated on 12 material properties, and statistical comparisons between gamma irradiation and alternative technologies were conducted using the two one-sided t-test (or “equivalence test”) and classic t-test. Melting temperature and UV absorbance below 300 nm showed dose dependencies, while other investigated properties such as discoloration and mechanical durability did not change with dose up to 60 kGy. Based on these results, there is no material compatibility issue associated with the transition from gamma to e-beam or to X-ray as source of sterilization radiation of the studied multi-layer film.

Chemical Delamination Applicable to a Low-Energy Recycling Process of Photovoltaic Modules

This work follows the current trend and need to ensure the best recyclability of retired materials. This paper focuses on experiments with chemical delamination of polymer layers on crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells. The aim of the study is to separate individual components of a PV module so that the components can be subsequently recycled with low energy demand. The ultimate goal is to separate whole silicon cells for reuse rather than for recycling. Several solvents (e.g., toluene, cyclohexane, tetrahydrofuran, and the commercial solvent U 6002 (a mixture of xylene and 2-ethoxyethylacetate)) were used to disrupt the polymer layers. The results showed toluene to be the most effective solvent, which acted the fastest and was able to disrupt the EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate) film structure the most. The main problem of the investigated chemical delamination was the concurrent solvent absorption by the EVA film. This phenomenon was observed for all solvents. The absorption prevented the dissolution of the EVA film and changed its dimension, causing the adhering silicon cells to crack. While, as the final experiment shows, chemical delamination is, as done, a more energy-intensive process in terms of total energy consumption than the current chemical mechanical processes, we propose in the next development the recapture of toluene from the swollen EVA.

Fabrication and Characterization of EVA Resins as Adhesives in Plywood.

The practical problem of free formaldehyde pollution in the plywood industry is that polyethylene films have been shown to be able to replace some urea-formaldehyde resins for wood adhesives. To broaden the variety of thermoplastic plywood, reduce the hot-press temperature, and save energy consumption, an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) film was selected as a wood adhesive to manufacture a novel wood-plastic composite plywood via hot-press and secondary press processes. The effects of the hot-press and secondary press processes at different levels on the physical-mechanical properties of EVA plywood (tensile shear strength, 24 h water absorption, and immersion peel performance) were evaluated. The results showed that the properties of the resulting plywood using the EVA film as an adhesive could meet the type III plywood standard. The optimum hot-press time was 1 min/mm, the hot-press temperature was 110-120 °C, the hot-press pressure was 1 MPa, the dosage film was 163 g/m2, the secondary press time was 5 min, the secondary press pressure was 0.5 MPa, and the secondary press temperature was 25 °C. EVA plywood can be used in indoor environments.

Biomass-based carbon quantum dots for polycrystalline silicon solar cells with enhanced photovoltaic performance

Polycrystalline silicon solar cells modified using biomass resources are promising candidates to accomplish the goal of carbon neutrality. Developing a device with high power conversion efficiency (PCE) is important to resolve the ever-increasing energy shortage issues. Therefore, we develop a facile solution-casting approach to synthesise ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) films modified with ultra-high fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs). The films were coated on the surface of polycrystalline silicon solar cells and the PCE increased from 13.19% to 13.65%. The ultra-high fluorescent CQDs were prepared from Ginkgo biloba via a hydrothermal process, and different parts of Ginkgo biloba-based CQDs were investigated in various conditions. The ultra-high fluorescent CQDs obtained at 180 °C, 8 h and a reaction concentration of 0.048 g/mL from Ginkgo wood resulted in high fluorescence of up to 976.74 a.u.. At an excitation wavelength of 365 nm. This work substantially expands the potential of EVA films containing ultra-high fluorescent CQDs for applications in the photovoltaic, environment and energy fields.

Fabrication of Color Glass by Pearlescent Pigments and Dissolved EVA Film.

In this paper, we propose a single-layer thin-film color glass manufacturing process for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) with excellent aesthetics and high transmittance, through a solution process using pearlescent pigments. As a matrix for the color solution, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), which serves as an encapsulant and adhesive for the photovoltaic module (PV), was dissolved and used as a matrix for the color solution. The color glass produced is excellent in securing the aesthetics of buildings, has a high transmittance of 90% or more, outputs a maximum solar power generation efficiency of 91% from a solar cell, and can minimize the deterioration of power generation efficiency. In addition, the characteristics do not change over time, so it is suitable as color glass for BIPV. Through this study, the solution-based color glass manufacturing process for BIPV using dissolved EVA as a matrix forms a single-layer thin film with good color extensions. The choice of EVA as a matrix makes it possible for color glass to be easily attached to a solar panel using a heat press method. This proposed technique makes it easier and simpler to manufacture color glass as compared to the physical vapor deposition process. The adoption of this solution process technique to fabricate pearlescent pigment-based color glass can effectively reduce the time and cost of the process, so it is expected to be applied to the low-cost BIPV market with excellent aesthetics and high transmittance.

Optical Fiber Hydrogen Sensor Based on the EVA/Pd Coated Hollow Fiber

A novel optical fiber hydrogen sensor based on the dielectric/metal coated hollow fiber structure is proposed. The palladium (Pd) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) layers are sequentially coated on the inner surface of the hollow core of the silica capillary to fabricate the EVA/Pd coated hollow fiber sensor. Theoretical ray transmission model is carried out to analyze the influence of the thicknesses of the Pd and EVA films. The experimental transmission spectra of the proposed sensor filled with hydrogen gas of different concentrations are measured. The experimental results show that the interference peak in the spectrum has a red shift with the increase of hydrogen concentration. Then the hydrogen concentration can be obtained by measuring the wavelength of the interference peak. In the range of 0–4% hydrogen concentration, the total shift is 10.64nm and the average sensitivity is 2.66 nm/%. Compared to other optical fiber hydrogen sensors, the proposed sensor has the advantages of simple structure, easy fabrication, low cost, high sensitivity and good safety performance.

Influence of down-shifting particle’s size on monocrystalline silicon solar cells

The potential cerium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce3+) phosphor particles of different sizes are mixed with ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) to make luminescent downshifting films, which are then utilized for packaging monocrystalline silicon solar cells. The luminescence of YAG:Ce particles with the different diameters (3–5 µm, 5–8 µm, 8–10 µm, 10–15 µm, 15–20 µm, and 20–30 µm), the transmission of the down-shifting EVA films with the phosphor particles and performance of the packaged solar cells have been investigated. Experimental results show that the particles with 15–20 µm have the highest luminescent intensity. When the mass ratio of phosphors to EVA is fixed, the films with 20–30 µm have the highest transmission. The most significant increase in solar cell conversion efficiency after packaging is due to the downshifting EVA films with 15–20 µm particles. This research could be useful in the selection of downshifting phosphors for solar cells in the future.

Meta-proteomic analysis of two mammoth’s trunks by EVA technology and high-resolution mass spectrometry for an indirect picture of their habitat and the characterization of the collagen type I, alpha-1 and alpha-2 sequence

The recent paleoproteomic studies, including paleo-metaproteomic analyses, improved our understanding of the dietary of ancient populations, the characterization of past human diseases, the reconstruction of the habitat of ancient species, but also provided new insights into the phylogenetic relationships between extant and extinct species. In this respect, the present work reports the results of the metaproteomic analysis performed on the middle part of a trunk, and on the portion of a trunk tip tissue of two different woolly mammoths some 30,000 years old. In particular, proteins were extracted by applying EVA (Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate studded with hydrophilic and hydrophobic resins) films to the surface of these tissues belonging to two Mammuthus primigenus specimens, discovered in two regions located in the Russian Far East, and then investigated via a shotgun MS-based approach. This approach allowed to obtain two interesting results: (i) an indirect description of the habitat of these two mammoths, and (ii) an improved characterization of the collagen type I, alpha-1 and alpha-2 chains (col1a1 and col1a2). Sequence characterization of the col1a1 and col1a2 highlighted some differences between M. primigenius and other Proboscidea together with the identification of three (two for col1a1, and one for col1a2) potentially diagnostic amino acidic mutations that could be used to reliably distinguish the Mammuthus primigenius with respect to the other two genera of elephantids (i.e., Elephas and Loxodonta), and the extinct American mastodon (i.e., Mammut americanum). The results were validated through the level of deamidation and other diagenetic chemical modifications of the sample peptides, which were used to discriminate the “original” endogenous peptides from contaminant ones. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier < PXD029558 > .

An innovative approach to manufacturing flexible decorative wood veneer using EVA film as adhesive and reinforcing materials

ABSTRACT In order to solve the problems of easy cracking and poor flexibility of decorative wood veneer, a simple and efficient approach to manufacturing flexible decorative wood veneer was proposed. Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) film was used as adhesive and reinforcing material for developing EVA film reinforced decorative wood veneer (EVA-RDV). The results showed that EVA film and Manchurian Ash decorative wood veneer could be well composited at 110 °C without special treatment. The flexibility was maintained at 4 ∼ 6 mm and the transverse tensile strength was 0.99 MPa, which was 412.5% higher than that of the original decorative veneer (DV). It was found that EVA film had better adaptability of veneer moisture content (MC). The cavity proportion was kept within 5%, and the flexibility was little affected. The surface bonding strength was maintained at a stable state of 0.8 ∼ 1 MPa (higher than the standard 0.4 MPa). Only 100 °C was needed to complete the surface decoration, and the optimal surface bonding strength reached 1.17 MPa. The water resistance of all decorative veneered Medium Density Fiberboards (MDF) met the requirements of indoor use in GB/T 15104-2006.

Properties of passivation layer formed by solution process on flexible CIGS solar cells

This paper studied the alternative passivation layer of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) films, which are mainly used as the passivation layer of solar cells. As the organic/inorganic composite hybrid solution was formed on the passivation layers of copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells. The hybrid solutions were prepared with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate (SA), using a spray coating process. That resulted in a relatively reduced weight, shorter processing time and excellent flexibility compared to the conventional passivation layer using EVA films. Furthermore, the study showed that the passivation layer of solar cells can increase the recycling probability of solar panel-related waste.

A comparison of evolution of adhesion mechanisms and strength post damp-heat aging for a range of VA content in EVA encapsulant with photovoltaic backsheet

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) is an effective encapsulant to adhere various layers in the photovoltaic (PV) module. In this study, we have fabricated EVA films containing different vinyl acetate (VA) content (18%, 24%, 33% and 40%) and laminated between two layers of backsheet (BS). These laminates have been subjected to damp-heat (DH) ageing at 85OC and 85% relative humidity (RH) for 1000 h to evaluate the change in adhesion strength at EVA/BS interface using the T-peel test. The adhesion strength for EVA containing 18% VA content has been found to improve but it deteriorates for EVA with 33 and 40% VA content after ageing. However, adhesion strength for EVA containing 24% VA content is found unaffected after ageing. The degree of cross-linking and VA content have been determined through gel content measurement and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) respectively. The degree of cross-linking and VA content increases significantly in EVA18 but decreases in EVA40 due to DH ageing. The chemical changes have been examined by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The failure mode (cohesive or delamination) at the interface and its correlation with the adhesion strength has been explored using XPS. The failure mode at the EVA18/BS interface alters from delamination type in pristine condition to the cohesive type due to DH ageing. However, the failure mode for EVA24 and EVA40 is found to be cohesive in both the pristine and aged condition.

Effects of Scattering of Luminescent Down-Shifting Particles Inside Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Films on Reflection of Light

Silicon solar cells are suffering from a poor spectral response in short wavelength ranges due to the loss of higher energy photons. The luminescent down-shifting (LDS) materials have the ability to convert shorter wavelength photons into longer wavelength photons and improve the performance of the solar cells. However, besides the down-shifting effects, the introduction of LDS particles into ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) films on the solar cells also increases surface reflection, which will negatively influence the performance of the solar cells. In this study, the influence of the size of LDS particles inside EVA films on reflection is investigated theoretically. The results showed that the reflection results from the scattering by LDS particles, which depends on the particle’s size. The total reflection caused by LDS particles can be calculated according to the size distribution of LDS particles. This study is helpful in selecting LDS particles that can be applied to solar cells.