Glycol Research Articles

Analysis of short videos of bovine embryos can detect presence of cryodamage

Cryopreservation of bovine embryos has transformed animal breeding strategies by allowing storage of genetic material which enables efficient recipient utilization, sale and market­ing of embryos, and shipping and transport of embryos around the world. Advancements have been made in cryopreserva­tion techniques including the introduction of direct transfer ethylene glycol media, controlled rate freezers allowing pre­cise temperature control of the freezing curve and vitrifica­tion techniques. However, little advancement has been made to evaluate embryo survival of cryopreservation which results in the transfer of embryos which have suffered cryodamage and have no chance of establishing a pregnancy. The objective of this study was to use graphic image processing (GIP) and machine-learning (ML) techniques to evaluate embryo health post-cryopreservation.

Experimental study of phase change heat dissipation system based on hydrogen fuel cell

In order to improve the internal heat dissipation efficiency of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, this paper designs and builds a set of fuel cell heat dissipation system experimental bench with a heat dissipation capacity of 15 kW based on the separated heat pipe technology, and investigates the heat dissipation characteristics of the HFE-7100 and ethylene glycol aqueous cooling medium under different condenser processes and different ambient temperatures. The results show that at an ambient temperature of 35 °C, under the same condenser flow arrangement, the two-phase heat dissipation efficiency of HFE-7100 is higher than that of glycol aqueous solution liquid cooling, and its heat dissipation and EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) are increased by 81.2 %∼98.8 % and 68.2 %∼86.6 %, respectively. The best effect is achieved when the condenser is 3-process, with two-phase heat dissipation of 14.1 kW and EER of 20.5 kW/kW, which are 82.8 % and 68.9 % higher than liquid cooling, respectively. As the ambient temperature rises, the two-phase heat dissipation effect is further improved, and at 50 °C ambient temperature, the heat dissipation is 10.44 kW, which is 145 % higher than that of liquid cooling, and the EER is 15 kW/kW, which is 132 % higher.

Dissipative heat transfer on MHD micropolar hybrid nanofluid flow through infinite parallel squeezing plates

The hybrid nanoparticles suspended in an ethylene glycol water mixture are modeled as micropolar nanofluids. Studying the properties of such a mixture through a squeezing channel is vital in heat exchangers and as a cooling agent in producing sheets out of molten solids. The study aims to regulate the heat transfer rate through a hybrid nanofluid of carbon nanotubes and ferrous oxide nanoparticles immersed in ethylene glycol water. The motion of the fluid and the heat transfer with the plates are studied through the Navier-Stokes equation and the first law of thermodynamics by assuming that the base fluid has micropolar fluid properties. Apart from the usual viscous dissipation, heat dissipation due to the fluid’s micropolar nature is vigorously studied by solving the governing equations through a shooting technique with Runge-Kutta 4th-order algorithm. The results of the current study are compared against the ones with earlier studies as exceptional cases, and are very close. It is noticed that an increase in the micropolar viscosity naturally lowers the momentum in the radial direction and, at the same time, it enhances the axial momentum due to squeezing phenomena. Further, an escalating behavior is noticed in both temperature and microrotation, with an increase in micropolar parameters due to the squeezing force.

Influence of the alcohol and water grades on surfactant-free colloidal syntheses of gold nanoparticles in alkaline water-alcohol mixtures

To make the most of the unique properties of nanomaterials, and to bridge the gap between fundamental and applied research, controlled, green, cheap and energy efficient syntheses of nanoparticles are required. In this respect, room and low temperature surfactant-free colloidal syntheses of nanoparticles obtained in low viscosity and low boiling point solvents, without additives or nature-derived extracts, are promising to develop more active (electro)catalysts. Recently, a room temperature synthesis of surfactant-free gold nanoparticles has been documented (Chem. Mater. 2023, 35, 5, 2173) that requires only water, a base such as NaOH, an alcohol and HAuCl4. Unfortunately, the syntheses of nanomaterials are often sensitive to multiple parameters and it is well acknowledged that reproducibility is a general challenge in the chemical sciences, where the synthesis of nanomaterials is no exception. Here, we investigate the effect of the water conductivity and solvent grade on the surfactant-free low temperature (ca. 30 °C) synthesis of colloidal gold nanoparticles obtained in alkaline mixtures of ethanol and water. The synthesis can be performed with relatively low-grade ethanol but requires high purity water. The importance of water with low conductivity is also stressed for syntheses where ethylene glycol and glycerol are used as source of reducing agents. The results of this study over 100 samples pave the way to greener, more controlled and scalable syntheses of surfactant-free gold nanomaterials.

Fluorine-Free Single-Component Polyelectrolyte of Poly(ethylene glycol) Bearing Lithium Methanesulfonylsulfonimide Terminal Groups: Effect of Structural Variance on Ionic Conductivity

Fluorine-free single-component polyelectrolytes were developed via the hybridization of lithium methanesulfonylsulfonimide (LiMSSI) moieties to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives with different morphologies, and the relationship between the structure and its ionic conductivity was investigated. The PEG-LiMSSI derivatives with one, two, and three LiMSSI end groups were prepared via the concomitant Michael-type addition and lithiation of PEGs and N-methanesulfonylvinylsulfonimide. The ionic conductivity at 60 °C ranged from 1.8 × 10−7 to 2.0 × 10−4 S/cm. PEG-LiMSSI derivatives with one LiMSSI terminus and with two LiMSSI termini at both ends show higher ionic conductivity, that is as good as fluorine-free single-component polyelectrolytes, than that with two LiMSSI termini at one end and that with three LiMSSI termini.

Phase Morphology Dependence of Ionic Conductivity and Oxidative Stability in Fluorinated Ether Solid-State Electrolytes.

Solid-state polymer electrolytes can enable the safe operation of high energy density lithium metal batteries; unfortunately, they have low ionic conductivity and poor redox stability at electrode interfaces. Fluorinated ether polymer electrolytes are a promising approach because the ether units can solvate and conduct ions, while the fluorinated moieties can increase oxidative stability. However, current perfluoropolyether (PFPE) electrolytes exhibit deficient lithium-ion coordination and ion transport. Here, we incorporate cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) units within the PFPE matrix and increase the polymer blend electrolyte conductivity by 6 orders of magnitude as compared to pure PFPE at 60 °C from 1.55 × 10-11 to 2.26 × 10-5 S/cm. Blending varying ratios of PEG and PFPE induces microscale phase separation, and we show the impact of morphology on ion solvation and dynamics in the electrolyte. Spectroscopy and simulations show weak ion-PFPE interactions, which promote salt phase segregation into-and ion transport within-the PEG domain. These polymer electrolytes show promise for use in high-voltage lithium metal batteries with improved Li|Li cycling due to enhanced mechanical properties and high-voltage stability beyond 6 V versus Li/Li+. Our work provides insights into transport and stability in fluorinated polymer electrolytes for next-generation batteries.

Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) as a Potential Source of Interference in Research Related to Sulfur Metabolism-A Preliminary Study.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), an organosulfur compound, is widely used as the gold standard solvent in biological research. It is used in cell culture experiments and as a component of formulations in in vivo studies. Unfortunately, parameters related to sulfur metabolism are often not taken into account when using DMSO. Therefore, in this work we aim to show that the addition of DMSO to the culture medium (even in amounts commonly considered acceptable) alters some parameters of sulfur metabolism. For this study, we used three cell lines: a commercially available Caco-2 line (HTB-37, ATCC) and two lines created as part of our early studies (likewise previously described in the literature) to investigate the anomalies of sulfur metabolism in mucopolysaccharidosis. As the negative effects of DMSO on the cell membrane are well known, additional experiments with the partial loading of DMSO into polymerosomes (poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-block-poly(lactide-co-glycolide), PEG-PLGA) were performed to eliminate these potentially disruptive effects. The results show that DMSO is a source of interference in studies related to sulfur metabolism and that there are not just simple effects that can be corrected in the final result by subtracting control values, since complex synergisms are also observed.

Versatile morphology transition of nano-assemblies via ultrasonics/microwave assisted aqueous polymerization-induced self-assembly based on host–guest interaction

Nano-assemblies have wide applications in biomedicine, functional coatings, Pickering emulsifiers, hydrogels, and so forth. The preparation of assemblies mainly utilizes the polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) method, which can produce high-concentration nanoscale assemblies in one step. However, the initiation processes of most reported PISA are limited to thermal initiation. Here, we reported two green and efficient methods for synthesizing nano-assemblies with various morphologies using ultrasound (20 kHz)/ microwave (500 W) assisted aqueous-phase RAFT-PISA in 3 h and 1 h. Cyclodextrin (CD) and styrene (St) nucleating monomer were complexed in a 1:1 ratio. Then, using Poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether as the macromolecular reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent (PEG-CTA) to control the CD/St complexes, the conversion rate of St monomer was respectively 27 %–60 %, 20 %–30 % within 3 h and 1 h under ultrasonics/microwave assisted PISA. Results showed that the morphologies of the assemblies are not only related to the length of PS block, but also to the assistance types and the remaining monomer concentration. The results showed that only PEG45-b-PS90 and PEG45-b-PS241 assemblies prepared by ultrasonics assisted PISA form evolved lamellaes and vesicles (100 nm), which break through the limitation of kinetic freezing. But the ultrasonic reaction on morphology of assemblies is not all favourable. For one thing, it can promote the movement of particles; for another, it makes reverse morphology transformation and sphere is preferred morphology. Therefore, the main reason of morphology evolution is the remaining monomer concentration of PEG45-b-PS90 and PEG45-b-PS241 assemblies reaches to 55 %–65 %, which promoting the segment movement. The results showed that the morphology of the assemblies prepared by microwave assisted PISA changed from spherical micelles to short rods, and finally to vesicles (120–140 nm) as the length of hydrophobic PS block increases. The kinetic freezing problem was solved in microwave-assisted PISA due to the action of microwaves and more remaining monomer concentration. Both them can boost particles movement.

Investigation of the solubility and thermodynamics of salicylic acid in 2-propanol and ethylene glycol/propylene glycol binary solvent mixtures at (293.15 to 313.15) K

This study aimed to measure both the solubility and thermodynamics of salicylic acid in binary solvent mixtures of (2-propanol + ethylene glycol) and (2-propanol + propylene glycol) at different temperatures in the range of 293.2–313.2 K. The experimental solubility data were analyzed using various linear and nonlinear cosolvency models, such as the van’tt Hoff, Jouyban-Acree, Jouyban-Acree-van’tt Hoff, mixture response surface and modified Wilson models and to evaluate the models, the mean relative deviations of the back-calculated solubility data were compared with experimental values. Through this analysis, the apparent thermodynamic parameters, including Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy were calculated using the van’tt Hoff and Gibbs equations for this system. Additionally, the density values for salicylic acid saturated mixtures were also measured and represent mathematically using the Jouyban-Acree model.

Asymmetric Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by Polymeric Self-Assembly with Side-Chain Dipeptide Pendants.

To explore the role of proline amide moieties in polymer-supported organocatalysts, side-chain l-proline-l-alanine (Pro-Ala) dipeptide-containing block copolymers were synthesized, and their catalytic potential for the aldol reaction was explored. The dipeptide monomer (Boc-Pro-Ala-HEMA) was polymerized to prepare block copolymers in the presence of hydrophilic poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PPEGMA) and hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) macro-chain transfer agents. Boc group expulsion from the block copolymers produced double hydrophilic PPEGMA-b-P(Pro-Ala-HEMA) (1b) and amphiphilic PMMA-b-P(Pro-Ala-HEMA) (1c) polymers. The solution behaviors of the polymers were studied by various physical techniques, which showed the formation of self-assembled aggregates of 1c in water and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)/water solvent mixtures. These polymers are used as organocatalysts during the aldol reaction of cyclohexanone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde in different solvent polarities, catalyst loadings, temperatures, and reaction times. This work emphasizes superior catalytic activity of 1c at lower catalyst loadings (5%) while maintaining high conversion (95%) and enantioselectivity (94%) across multiple recycling cycles in DMF/water at a 3:1 ratio (v/v).

Magnetohydrodynamic Casson SWCNT-MWCNT/EG hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching cylinder with Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion model

The present problem examines the flow features of a two-dimensional time-independent Casson hybrid nanofluid on a stretching cylinder with dual stratification and MHD effects. Heat and mass transfer effects are analyzed by utilizing the Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion scheme with entropy generation. Further, the energy losses due to viscous and Joulian dissipation are also considered in the problem. Due to the high thermal conductivity nature of the carbon nanotubes, which plays a crucial role in cooling systems, material sciences, electrical components and treatment of cancer cells, single and multi-walled carbon nanotube particles (SWCNT, MWCNT) are considered in the hybrid nanofluid. The carbon nanotubes are mixed with base fluid ethylene glycol (EG) to form the required hybrid nanofluid. Suitable transformations are adopted for transforming the non-linear PDEs to non-linear ODEs of the mathematical model. Then, the system of ODEs are resolved by utilizing bvp4c numerical approach in MATLAB software. The impact of the various flow pertinent parameters on the flow model are disclosed through graphs and tables and then explained elaborately. The important findings of the study reveal a reduction in the absolute value of coefficient of surface friction with the Casson and velocity slip parameters. The entropy generation rate (NG ) is diminished due to slip parameters, whereas the opposite effect is observed due to the SWCNT nanoparticle volume fraction. The thermal and mass relaxation parameters induce a significant amplification in the rates of heat and mass transport, respectively. Furthermore, it is observed that the heat and mass transfer rates of EG-based SWCNT – MWCNT hybrid nanofluid perform better than those of EG-based SWCNT nanofluid. The outcomes of the investigation exhibit an excellent agreement with the previously published results. The present analysis has applications in cancer therapy, microelectronics cooling, industrial heat generators, nuclear reactor maintenance, electrolytic condensers, and many more.

Optical and morphological studies of Titania nanotubes by varying anodization parameters

In this study, the self-organized Titania (TiO2) was created by anodizing pure titanium in a mixture of ethylene glycol, ammonium fluoride, and distilled water using an electrochemical cell. This study aims to examine how changes in anodization parameters impact the morphology and optical properties of Titania. The nanotubes achieved 10 μm length by applying less ammonium fluoride (NH4F) electrolytes. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) reveals that the prepared samples are essentially composed of TiO2. Mixed phases of rutile and anatase are obtained by increasing the annealing temperature from 360 to 480 ℃ and crystalline size seems to be reduced by increasing anodization potential, calculated by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) helps to identify the bandgap value and the minimum value attained at 2.56 eV without doping and the electron-hole recombination rates calculated through the intensity of photoluminescence (PL) analysis. Ultimately, the optimal values of the anodization parameters for the generation of the most effective sample are determined.

Self-Healing Polyurethane Elastomers with Superior Tensile Strength and Elastic Recovery Based on Dynamic Oxime-Carbamate and Hydrogen Bond Interactions.

The preparation of self-healing polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) incorporating dynamic bonds is of considerable practical significance. However, developing a PUE with outstanding mechanical properties and high self-healing efficiency poses a significant challenge. Herein, this work has successfully developed a series of self-healing PUEs with various outstanding properties through rational molecular design. These PUEs incorporate m-xylylene diisocyanate and reversible dimethylglyoxime as hard segment, along with polytetramethylene ether glycol as soft segment. A significant amount of dynamic oxime-carbamate and hydrogen bonds are formed in hard segment. The microphase separated structure of the PUEs enables them to be colorless with a transparency of >90%. Owing to the chemical composition and multiple dynamic interactions, the PUEs are endowed with ultra-high tensile strength of 34.5MPa, satisfactory toughness of 53.9MJ m-3, and great elastic recovery both at low and high strains. The movement of polymer molecular chains and the dynamic reversible interactions render a self-healing efficiency of 101% at 70°C. In addition, this self-healing polyurethane could still maintain high mechanical properties after recycling. This study provides a design strategy for the preparation of a comprehensive polyurethane with superior overall performance, which holds wide application prospects in the fields of flexible displays and solar cells.

Energy storage density enhancement in paraffin phase change material emulsions: A comparative study with two different base fluids

This investigation examined the thermophysical properties of emulsions comprising paraffin 56/58 phase change material (PCM) dispersed in water and ethylene glycol (60 wt%) aqueous solution to optimize energy storage density for low-temperature thermal applications. Dynamic Light Scattering analysis revealed a uniform dispersion of paraffin 56/58 PCM droplets in the basefluids, with an average diameter of approximately 150 nm achieved by incorporating sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant. The latent heat of fusion for emulsions containing paraffin 56/58 PCM in ethylene glycol (60 wt%) exhibited values of 37.5/41.7, 58.5/63.9, 73.8/75.43, and 93/90.25 J/g for concentrations of 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%, respectively, during melting/solidification phases. Furthermore, the highest energy storage densities of 306.95 and 361.3 kJ/kg were attained at a PCM concentration of 50 wt% in ethylene glycol (60 wt%) and water-based emulsions, respectively, surpassing those of similar working fluids. It is also indicated that water-based paraffin 56/58 PCMs offer superior energy storage density. However, under severe operating conditions such as extreme temperatures, ethylene glycol (60 wt%) based paraffin 56/58 emulsions demonstrate greater suitability, as the evaporation and freezing points of the basefluid can be adjusted by modulating the ethylene glycol concentration ratio.

Electrochemical Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol in Aqueous Media Using Lead Dioxide Titanium Anode

Experiments on the electrochemical oxidation of ethylene glycol (EG) have been carried out in laboratory conditions using lead dioxide titanium anode (LDOTA) in electrochemical cell. It has been found that the chemical oxygen consumption in the solution on LDOTA at a current density of 5.5 A/dm2 and processing time of 120 min is reduced to the values that allow its further bio-purification. It has been concluded that the efficiency of the electrochemical oxidation process, leading to further destruction of the EG molecule, is explained by both direct oxidation, in which the hydroxyl radicals arise that oxidize EG on the anode surface, and indirect oxidation, accompanied by the formation of strong oxidizing agents, for example, peroxodisulfuric acid anions capable of oxidizing the organic matter in the solution volume.

Ethylene Glycol Co‐Solvent Enables Stable Aqueous Ammonium‐Ion Batteries with Diluted Electrolyte

AbstractAqueous ammonium‐ion batteries (AAIBs) are considered as one of the most promising technologies for large scale energy storage applications, due to their intrinsic safety, environmental friendliness and low cost. Nevertheless, the practical application of AAIBs is impeded by hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) occurring in diluted aqueous electrolyte. Highly concentrated electrolytes can improve electrochemical stability but lead to higher costs and increased hydrolysis of NH4+. In this work ethylene glycol (EG) is proposed as co‐solvent, which can act as H‐bond modulating agent, to increase the stability of AAIBs with diluted electrolytes. The perturbation of water H‐bond network regulated by EG is proved by spectroscopic methods, while the suppressed HER is confirmed by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) results. As a result, full cells with 3,4,9,10‐perylenebis(dicarboximide) (PTCDI) anode and FeFe(CN)6 (FeHCF) cathode and EG‐added electrolyte exhibit stable cycling performance with capacity retention of 77% after 1950 cycles.

Wetting and interfacial behavior of aqueous Deep eutectic solvents on Graphite, silica and calcite surfaces: Molecular dynamics study

Understanding the wetting behavior of liquids/fluids on solid surfaces at the nanoscale can help develop more effective and efficient technologies in various applications, including microfluidics, biomedical, enhanced oil recovery, and many others. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have recently gained attention due to their physical and chemical properties and tunability, making them useful in many applications. This article reports the investigation of the wetting behavior of aqueous deep eutectic solvent (DES) on graphite, silicon dioxide (SiO2), and calcite (CaCO3) using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The study's main objective is to understand the interfacial behavior of aqueous DES on these surfaces. In the current study, two different DESs, choline-chloride (ChCl) as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and two different hydrogen bond donors (HBD), urea (U) and ethylene glycol (EG) with molar ratio 1:2are used. Aqueous DES has been studied for three different concentrations of10, 20, and 30 wt% of DES molecules to explore the effect of concentration.AqueousDES system on the graphite makes a finite contact angle for all concentrations of DES.In contrast, for SiO2 and CaCO3, droplets spread and attain a contact angle below ∼ 10° due to high hydrophilicity. We confirmed that our simulation had attained equilibrium by computing the interaction energy with the substrate and system molecules. The wetting behavior of aqueous DES thin film on the surfaceis characterizedby a density profile along the z-axis (normal to the surface). Furthermore, hydrogen bond (HB) analysisis performedto elucidate the structural relationship of these aqueous-DES systems. Overall, this study provides insights into the wetting behavior of nanodroplets/film of aqueous DES on different surfaces and illustrates the structural characteristics of these systems through various properties such as contact angle, density profiles, and hydrogen bonds.

Experimental Analysis of Heat Transfer Post Quenching of Medium Carbon Steel

<div>Transient temperature analysis is involved in the thermal simulation of the heat treatment process, in which the hot metal temperature changes with respect to time from an initial state to the final state. The critical part of the simulation is to determine the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) between the hot part and the quenching medium or quenchant. In liquid quenching, the heat transfer between the hot metal part and water becomes complicated and it is difficult to determine HTC. In the current experimentation a medium carbon steel EN 9 rod with a diameter of 50 mm and length 100 mm was quenched in water and ethylene glycol mixture with different concentrations. A part model was created; meshed and actual boundary conditions were applied to conduct computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. In order to validate CFD analysis the experimental trials were conducted. Experimental results showed a reduced cooling rate for the specimen, and also a reduction in heat-carrying capacity of the mixture, which is attributed to the addition of ethylene glycol.</div>

Rational Design of 3D Polymer Corona Interfaces of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Receptor-Free Virus Recognition.

Facing the escalating threat of viruses worldwide, the development of efficient sensor elements for rapid virus detection has never been more critical. Traditional point-of-care (POC) sensors struggle due to their reliance on fragile biological receptors and limited adaptability to viral strains. In this study, we introduce a nanosensor design for receptor-free virus recognitions using near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) functionalized with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-phospholipid (PEG-lipid) array. Three-dimensional (3D) corona interfaces of the nanosensor array enable selective and sensitive detection of diverse viruses, including Ebola, Lassa, H3N2, H1N1, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), and SARS-CoV-2, even without any biological receptors. The PEG-lipid components, designed considering chain length, fatty acid saturation, molecular weight, and end-group moieties, allow for precise quantification of viral recognition abilities. High-throughput automated screening of the array demonstrates how the physicochemical properties of the PEG-lipid/SWCNT 3D corona interfaces correlate with viral detection efficiency. Utilizing molecular dynamics and AutoDock simulations, we investigated the impact of PEG-lipid components on 3D corona interface formation, such as surface coverage and hydrodynamic radius and specific molecular interactions based on chemical potentials. Our findings not only enhance detection specificity across various antigens but also accelerate the development of sensor materials for promptly identifying and responding to emerging antigen threats.

High-Performance Polyurea Improved by Reactive Nanocluster for Antibiofouling.

Polyurea has found applications in protective coatings. Yet, the too fast polymerization and lack of functions limit its application. Herein, we report a high-performance polyurea via the stepwise polymerization of an isocyanate (NCO)-terminated prepolymer consisting of poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol) (PPG-b-PEG-b-PPG) with a nanocluster synthesized via the hydrolysis of N-phenylaminomethyltriethoxysilane. Such a nanocluster contains low-reactivity secondary amines, so the polymerization of polyurea can be slowed down (over 1 h), which improves its wetting and adhesion to a substrate. The residual silanol groups on the nanocluster further increase the adhesion. Such polyurea exhibits high adhesion on various substrates, including glass, ceramic, steel, copper, titanium, wood, and natural rubber (∼2.35-14.64 MPa). Besides, the nanoclusters can cross-link the prepolymer into a tough network, endowing the polyurea with a high mechanical strength of ∼25 MPa, much higher than the traditional polyaspartic ester polyurea. On the other hand, the PEG segments enable the polyurea to have good fouling resistance against proteins (fibrinogen absorption was reduced by over 90%), bacteria (RBA of S. aureusE. coli and Pseudomonas sp. was less than 10%), as well as diatom (diatom density was less than 100 cells/mm2). The polyurea is expected to find applications in biomedical engineering and marine antifouling.