Glycol Electrolyte Research Articles

Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Polyethylene Glycol Electrolyte Solution Versus Lactulose for Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with liver failure and/or portal systemic shunting. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) electrolyte solution is a commonly used for catharsis of gut, which has been demonstrated to relieve HE in a number of randomized controlled trials. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of PEG with lactulose for current HE treatment. PEG electrolyte solution versus lactulose of HE was deeply studied by conducting a systematic search in electronic databases and other sources until December 31, 2020. The PRISMA statement recommended the use of meta-analysis with 95% confidence interval (CI), relative risk (RR), and weighted mean deviation (WMD) as the estimated effect size. A sensitivity analysis was performed comprehensively to present the risk of bias and the source of heterogeneity. A total of 434 patients were involved in 7 randomized studies. It is found that there was a significant advantage of PEG therapy in the increase of clinical efficacy (RR=1.46; 95% CI: 1.26-1.68; P=0.000; I2=0.0%) and the decrease of hospital stay (WMD=-1.78; 95% CI: -2.72 to 0.85; P=0.000; I2=90.1%). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events (RR=0.75; 95% CI: 0.48-1.19; P=0.222>0.05; I2=7.2%) and the level of serum ammonia (WMD=9.02; 95% CI: -14.39 to 32.43; P=0.45>0.05; I2=84.9%) after 24 hours between the 2 groups. The results prove that PEG has a beneficial effect on the treatment of HE. Compared with lactulose, PEG can lead to more rapid HE resolution during the first 24 hours and shorten the length of stay without increasing the rate of adverse effects.

Plasma electrolytic fluorination on Mg alloys: coating growth and plasma discharge behaviour

ABSTRACT In this work, plasma electrolytic fluorination (PEF) was performed on AZ91 alloy in a non-aqueous NH4F-ethylene glycol (EG) electrolyte. The coating growth and the plasma discharge behaviour were investigated to understand the mechanism of PEF process. Results illustrated that the non-aqueous electrolyte determined the intrinsic characteristics of the PEF process, which resulted in the coating growth characteristics and plasma discharge behaviour distinct from those of a conventional PEO process. MgF2 compound formed from the combination of the oppositely charged ions Mg2+ from the substrate and F- form the electrolyte. The deposition of MgF2 facilitated the growth of the PEF coating with an inward-growth characteristic. The discharge was characterised by a very small size and a weak intensity of the sparks, with an electron temperature (Te) range of 3400∼3600 K. The three-type discharge model of conventional PEO processes was introduced to understand the mechanism of the PEF process.

Fabrication and characterization of anodic films onto the FeCrAl stainless steel in ethylene glycol electrolyte

The nanoporous film has been widely studied because of its unique properties, of which the self-organizing porous array is significant for various potential applications. Herein, the self-organized porous film with the diameter of 43–104 nm was fabricated on FeCrAl alloy by anodic oxidation in perchloric acid-based electrolyte. And the pore diameter linearly varied with the applied voltage from 40 V to 70 V. The evolution of porous films was investigated via HIM and AFM. The pore depth firstly increased, kept constant and then decreased. The ordered pore was formed within initial 3–5 min. To elucidate the anodizing mechanism, the composition of anodic film and precipitate were analyzed by XPS and FTIR respectively. Possible formation mechanism of the anodic films on the FeCrAl substrate was proposed: the porous film was sourced from the coordination compound, which consisted of metal ions (Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+ and Cr3+) and carboxyl organic compounds from ethylene glycol oxidization. In the anodic film, the atomic concentration followed the order of Al > Fe > Cr. The study provided for the guideline for enhancing the mechanical strength between metallic substrate and coating.

Ischemic Colitis Caused by Bowel Preparation for Colonoscopy.

BackgroundIschemic colitis is an adverse event which may occur during bowel preparation for colonoscopy. This study aims to clarify both the incidence and the risk factors of this complication.MethodsThis was a single-center, retrospective, observational study. All outpatients who were prescribed standardized preparation drugs for colonoscopy at the Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital between November 2011 and March 2020 were included in the study. A split bowel preparation was carried out as follows; magnesium citrate with or without sodium picosulfate hydrate was/were used as a preparation drug on the day before the colonoscopy, and polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution or sodium phosphate was used on the morning of the endoscopic procedure. Patients were extracted from the electronic medical records and matched with the endoscopy database by examination date and hospital identification number. Following the endoscopic findings, both the incidence and risk factors for ischemic colitis arising after bowel preparation were examined.ResultsAmong the 14,924 patients analyzed, ischemic colitis was observed in 14 patients (0.09%). Multivariate analysis revealed that old age (≥ 75 years old) and strong preparation (magnesium citrate with sodium picosulfate and polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution) for constipated patients were independent risk factors for ischemic colitis (odds ratio: 3.64 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36 - 9.77) and 4.27 (95% CI: 1.45 - 12.53), respectively).ConclusionsThe age 75 years and above and strong preparation for patients with constipation were independent risk factors for ischemic colitis prior to colonoscopy. Careful attention should be paid to bowel preparation before colonoscopy for patients aged ≥ 75 years and for those with constipation.

Comparison of Different Synthetic Routes of Hybrid Hematite-TiO2 Nanotubes-Based Electrodes.

Nowadays, green hydrogen is an important niche of interest in which the search for a suitable composite material is indispensable. In this sense, titanium oxide nanotubes (TiO2 nanotube, TNTs) were prepared from double anodic oxidation of Ti foil in ethylene glycol electrolyte. The morphology of the nanotubes was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Once characterized, nanotubes were used as templates for the deposition of hematite. The use of three synthetic procedures was assayed: Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR), and electrochemical synthesis. In the first case, CVD, the deposition of hematite onto TiO2 yielded an uncovered substrate with the oxide and a negative shift of the flat band potential. On the other hand, the SILAR method yielded a considerable amount of hematite on the surface of nanotubes, leading to an obstruction of the tubes in most cases. Finally, with the electrochemical synthesis, the composite material obtained showed great control of the deposition, including the inner surface of the TNT. In addition, the impedance characterization showed a negative shift, indicating the changes of the interface electrode–electrolyte due to the modification with hematite. Finally, the screening of the methods showed the electrochemical synthesis as the best protocol for the desired material.

Using plant extracts to modify Al electrochemical behavior under corroding and functioning conditions in the air battery with alkaline-ethylene glycol electrolyte

The electrochemical behavior of 5083 aluminum alloy in an alkaline solution in the absence and presence of two green additives extracted from Mentha piperita L ‘MP’ and Lawsonia inermis ‘LI’ was analyzed in this study. Corrosion-related investigations disclosed the mixed-type adsorptive function of the compounds, which reduced Al parasitic dissolutions and consequent H2 evolutions by about 80% at 800 ppm of each additive. The performance made the Al alkaline corrosion more uniform, probably by removing water molecules from the surface as approved by FE-SEM and EDS. Quantum calculations indicated the molecular adsorption type and the role of influencing functional groups, particularly =O and –COO(H,CH3) which were the most influencing. These results were also confirmed by FT-IR analysis. The effect of the additives on the dissolution of Al anode was investigated under different discharging rates, clarifying how the employed electrolyte containing the green extracts could improve Al anode capacity density by ~2.8 Ah/g and enhance the anode utilization efficiency by ~94% in an air battery. The results of this study can open the way for future investigations to replace the synthetic anti-corrosion additives of Al air-batteries with non-toxic and biodegradable organic ones having similar corrosion inhibition performance without restricting anode discharge currents.

Electrochemical surface smoothing of spark erosion treated Zr-based bulk metallic glasses in NaCl-ethylene glycol electrolyte

Electrochemical surface smoothing of spark erosion treated Zr-based bulk metallic glasses in NaCl-ethylene glycol electrolyte

Investigation of Pulse Electrochemical Machining of Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses in NaNO3-Ethylene Glycol Electrolyte

Zr-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have unique mechanical and chemical properties, which has attracted much attention from academia and industry. Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a non-contact subtractive method very suitable for these materials without grain boundaries. Nevertheless, past work on ECM of Zr-based BMGs indicated the infeasibility of the traditional non-acid water-based electrolytes. In this research, microsecond pulse ECM of Zr-based BMGs in the NaNO3-ethylene glycol (EG) electrolyte has been explored to overcome the difficulties in conventional salt water-based electrolytes. First, polarization behaviors of four kinds of Zr-based BMGs and related elementals in NaNO3-EG electrolyte were derived to examine the passive and transpassive performance. The dissolution mechanism of Zr-based BMGs according to the dwell time was investigated based on XPS analysis. The effects of the current density and pulse parameters were evaluated according to the surface quality, the groove profile, etc. The results show that pulse parameters have a great influence on stray corrosion, due to the high content of late transition metal components on the surface. Taking micro dimples as an example, the NaNO3-EG electrolyte exhibit ability of reducing the pitting corrosion and offering smooth surfaces with acceptable stray corrosion and high machining localization.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study of Surface Film Formation on Lithium Anodes and the Role of Chain Termination on Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Electrolytes

The contact between solid polymer electrolytes and electrodes is a hot topic of investigation in lithium-ion batteries since the structure and composition of the interfaces is the limiting factor to both cell capacitance and life; a small change at the molecular level can have a dramatic effect on the cell behavior and performance. In this study, low-molecular polyethylene glycol electrolytes with two different chain termination groups are examined in terms of their electrochemical stability in contact with metallic lithium as a potential means of surface wetting. Using impedance spectroscopy, the ion transport mechanisms and time evolution of different phases are probed. It is shown that the electrolyte with hydroxy chain ends presents a very poor behavior with a high degree of electrolyte decomposition, which leads to a weak passivation layer and a significant inorganic phase development. This extreme case of electrolyte decomposition highlights the underlying mechanisms of film formation and the local environment of lithium ion transport. In contrast, methoxy chain ends lead to a stable electrolytic system that forms a robust passivating film accompanied by the development of a thin inorganic second phase.

(Invited) Highly Active OER Electrodes Derived from Fe-Doped Ni Oxyfluoride Formed by Anodizing of NiFe Electrodeposits

Because of the limited availability of fossil fuels and pertinent global environmental issues, hydrogen production via electrochemical water splitting using renewable resources is an important alternative for future energy economies. For efficient alkaline water electrolysis to produce hydrogen, we need to develop highly active and durable electrocatalysts, particularly for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) because of high overpotential. Anodizing of metals and alloys is a promising means of directly fabricating an OER electrocatalyst on a metallic current collector. Binder-free electrocatalysts are readily formed by anodizing. Since Fe-doped Ni oxyhydroxides and hydroxides are recently reported as highly active OER electrocatalysts in alkaline media. Here, we report anodizing of NiFe electrodeposits in fluoride-containing ethylene glycol electrolyte and the conversion of resultant nanoporous Fe-doped Ni oxyfluoride to highly OER active hydroxide during OER (1).NiFe alloy films containing 7.2 – 21.1 at% Fe were obtained by electrodeposition on Ni substrate. Then, the alloys were anodized at 10 V in ethylene glycol electrolyte containing ammonium fluoride and water. The anodizing developed a porous layer consisting of crystalline NiF2 phase. XPS analysis revealed the presence of Fe and O as well as Ni and Fe. Thus, porous Fe-doped Ni oxyfluoride was developed by anodizing. The as-anodized NiFe alloys were initially less active for OER in 1.0 mol dm-3 KOH, but during potential cycling to OER potential, the OER activity was gradually enhanced. The enhancement was dependent upon Fe content, and the highest activity was obtained for the Ni-11.8 at% Fe. After activation, the porous layer was converted to amorphous hydroxide, and the fluoride content was highly reduced. Thus, anodically formed Fe-doped oxyfluoride on the NiFe electrodeposits is a suitable precursor of highly active OER electrocatalyst. The galvanostatic durability test exhibited the stable overpotential, disclosing the high durability of this electrocatalyst.Reference N. Yamada, S. Kitano, Y. Yato, D. Kowalski, Y. Aoki and H. Habazaki, ACS Applied Energy Materials, in press, doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c02362.

Flame-retardant composite gel polymer electrolyte with a dual acceleration conduction mechanism for lithium ion batteries

In recent years, the pursuit of high electrochemical stability and safety are considered as the newly growing and leading trend of next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIB). The gelation of polymer electrolytes(GPEs) is the most direct and effective way to improve electrochemical performance. Herein, a novel composited polyethylene glycol (PEG) electrolyte is reported with a dual acceleration conduction effect of Li+ by the nano-TiO2 and triethyl phosphate (TEP). The negative ZETA potential of nano-TiO2/PEG internal interface promoted the dissociation of lithium salt by the unstable adsorption in diffusion layer, which enhanced the lithium ion migration and promoted the uniformity of lithium deposition. The flame retardant TEP improved safety performance, adjusted the affinity between EO and Li+, which bestowed it a high discharge 125.7mAh/g at 0.2C, with a low average capacity decay rate of 0.08% per cycle. The well-designed PEG-TEP-TiO2 GPEs showed wide electrochemical window, stable Li+ stripping/plating, smaller voltage polarizations and excellent cycling performance. The new understanding of composite electrolytes provides a powerful avenue for facilitating the gelation-solid-state lithium ion batteries.

On Growth and Morphology of TiO2 Nanotubes on Ti6Al4V by Anodic Oxidation in Ethylene Glycol Electrolyte: Influence of Microstructure and Anodization Parameters.

Different studies demonstrated the possibility to produce TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) on Ti6Al4V alloy by electrochemical anodization. However, the anodizing behavior of α and β-phases in organic electrolytes is not yet clarified. This study reports on the anodizing behavior of the two phases in an ethylene glycol electrolyte using different applied potentials and anodizing times. Atomic force and scanning electron microscopies were used to highlight the anodic oxides differences in morphology. It was demonstrated that the initial compact oxide grew faster over the β-phase as the higher Al content of the α-phase caused its re-passivation, and the higher solubility of the V-rich oxide led to earlier pores formation over the β-phase. The trend was inverted once the pores formed over the compact oxide of the α-phase. The growth rate of the α-phase TNTs was higher than that of the β-phase ones, leading to the formation of long and well defined nanotubes with thin walls and a honeycomb tubular structure, while the ones grown over the β-phase were individual, shorter, and with thicker walls.

Polyphenylene sulfide-coated wrench composites by nanopinning effect

Abstract When using a wrench, the nut is easily damaged due to improper operation or impact. Although coating a polymer layer on the surface of the wrench can effectively solve the above problem, the layer is easy to be deboned due to the lack of adhesion between the polymer and the surface of the wrench. Herein, we implemented an anodizing treatment strategy on the surface of the wrench to obtain a porous oxide film. Interestingly, during the anodization process, micro-nanopores with a specific diameter can be obtained by adjusting the voltage, temperature, and electrolyte concentration. Furthermore, the ammonium fluoride/ethylene glycol electrolyte was used to etch the formed large hole to form the large hole sleeve small hole structure. In order to inject polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) molecules into multiscale holes to form a pinning effect, we also used nano molding technology to inject PPS into the metal surface. The results showed that the adhesion between PPS and the wrench was greatly improved compared with the commonly used dip coating method.

Study on a Superhydrophobic Stainless Steel (SUS 304) Surface to Enhance Corrosion Resistance

Stainless steel is a metal with excellent workability, economy, and corrosion resistance, so it is used in various industrial applications including the marine, machinery, electronic parts, piping, power generation, and nuclear power fields. However, in contaminated environments such as marine and gas pipelines, stainless steel has problems, including surface aging and corrosion. Several surface treatment methods have been proposed to address those problems. This study was conducted to observe the water repellency and corrosion resistance of a superhydrophobic phosphorylated film on the surface of stainless steel. The anodization was carried out using a step-by-step process under voltage in an ethylene glycol electrolyte, at 30, 50, and 70 V for 3 hours, respectively. The distance between the anode electrode and cathode electrode was maintained at 5 cm. A water-repellent surface was achieved using a FDTS (1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane) solution, a material with low energy, on the surface of the fabricated specimen. A Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) was used to analyze the surface shape of the structure, and water repellency was analyzed using an angle meter. The corrosion behaviors of the electrochemical oxide film were investigated through polarization experiments.

Preparation of Ti-Nb-Fe-O Nanotubes on Ti10NbxFe Alloy and the Application for Photocatalytic Degradation under Solar Irradiation

Highly oriented and self-ordered titanium-niobium-iron mixed oxide nanotubes were synthesized by anodizing Ti10NbxFe alloys in ethylene glycol electrolytes containing NH4F and water at 20 °C. The nanostructure morphologies were found to depend closely on the nature of the alloy substrates. The results demonstrate the possibility of growing mixed oxide nanotubes possessing several-micrometer-thick layers by a simple and straightforward electrochemical route. The methylene blue degradation rate of fabricated Ti-Nb-Fe-O nanotubes increased by 33% compared to TiO2 nanotubes and TiO2 nanoparticle films under solar irradiation. The combination of the gully-like morphology and the rich defects introduced by Nb and Fe co-doping in Ti-Nb-Fe-O mixed nanotube oxides was demonstrated to be beneficial for enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance. Ti-Nb-Fe-O nanotubes can achieve effective photodegradation without secondary pollution with more reusability than powder photocatalysts.

A134 A MULTI-CENTRE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL TO COMPARE TWO BOWEL CLEANSING REGIMENS AFTER A COLONOSCOPY WITH INADEQUATE BOWEL PREPARATION

Abstract Aims Failed bowel preparation is common during colonoscopy, yet the optimal purgative regimen to use for the next attempt is unknown. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of two regimens at supratherapeutic doses for use after failed bowel preparation. Methods A multi-centre phase III endoscopist blinded randomized controlled trial (NCT02976805) was conducted in patients who failed bowel preparation, using the US Multi-Society Task Force (USMSTF) definition of inability to exclude polyps >5 mm in size and requiring a shortened interval to next colonoscopy. Regimen A consisted of 15 mg of bisacodyl and 2 + 2 L of split dose polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (PEG) and Regimen B consisted of 15 mg of bisacodyl and 4 + 2 L of split dose PEG. The primary outcome was adequate bowel preparation, defined as a Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) total score ≥ 6 with all segment scores ≥ 2. Secondary outcomes were adequate bowel preparation using the USMSTF definition, median BBPS, adenoma detection (ADR), advanced adenoma detection (aADR), sessile serrated polyp detection (SSPDR), and cecal intubation (CIR). Adverse events were assessed at the time of the colonoscopy and 14 days later. Results Between February 2017 and December 2019, 250 subjects were screened at four academic centres in Canada, of which 195 were randomized: 96 to Regimen A and 99 to Regimen B. The mean (SD) age was 60.6 (11.4) years, 87 (45.1%) were female, and the median (IQR) total BBPS score at previous failed colonoscopy was 3 (1,4). Regimen B was not superior to Regimen A in achieving adequate bowel preparation using the BBPS definition (87.6% vs. 91.1%, p=0.45) or the USMSTF definition (85.4% vs 91.1%, p=0.24), nor was it superior with respect to the median BBPS score (7 vs 7, p=0.50), mean ADR (31.5% vs 37.8%, p=0.37), aADR (11.2% vs 18.9%, p=0.15), SSPDR (5.6% vs 8.9%, p=0.40) or CIR (92.1% vs 96.7%, p=0.19). Regimen A had a higher adherence rate (88.2% vs. 74.7%, p=0.02) and greater willingness to undergo the bowel preparation again (91.2% vs. 66.2%, p<0.001). The only serious adverse event occurred in a patient randomized to Regimen B who was admitted to hospital for vomiting after colonoscopy. Conclusions Split dose 4L PEG with 15mg of bisacodyl is highly efficacious, well tolerated, and can be used for patients who previously failed first line bowel preparations. The additional 2L of PEG in Regimen B did not improve bowel preparation and was not as well tolerated. Funding Agencies AMOSO Opportunities Grant, Pharmascence Inc.

High aspect ratio TiO2 nanotube layers obtained in a very short anodization time

Over the past years, the growth of high aspect ratio (HAR) anodic TiO2 nanotubes in a very short time (minute scale) has remained challenging. In the present report, TiO2 nanotube (TNT) layers with HAR ≈ 450 were obtained during only 15 min of optimized anodization. The key feature is the use of NH4F/H2O/ethylene glycol (EG) electrolytes with the addition of lactic acid (LA) that prevents the dielectric breakdown and enables anodization at higher potentials compared to the classical NH4F/H2O/EG electrolyte without LA. The thickness and average diameter of the obtained TNT layers for 15 minutes’ anodization at 160 V were approximately 80 µm and 170 nm, respectively. Furthermore, we show for the first time that high temperature anodizing, previously introduced as a driving force for the growth of HAR nanotubes in a short time, can be avoided by an accurate optimization of the anodization conditions at room temperature. The results clearly show that electrolytes containing LA can serve as a promising candidate for the ergonomic and economic production of HAR TNT layers on Ti substrates in very short anodization times, i.e. with the addition of LA, the anodization time can be significantly reduced from several hours or several days to 15–30 min.

A Comparative Clinical Study of a Novel Pre-colonoscopy Bowel Capsule Preparation Against Two Commercially Available Liquid Preparations.

Background and Aims: Colonoscopy surveillance depends on effective bowel preparation. Inadequate bowel preparation can lead to inaccurate clinical diagnosis, insufficient visualization of the colon and increased risk of missed diagnosis. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of a novel Capsule Bowel Preparation (RitePrep), high-volume (2L) polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (MoviPrep®) and low-volume (1L) polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (Plenvu™).Methods: Patients (n = 120) were divided into three groups and were administered either RitePrep, MoviPrep® or Plenvu™ as a pre-colonoscopy bowel preparation followed by a colonoscopy at a single center. Validated Boston Bowel Preparation Score (BBPS) and bubble score were used to evaluate bowel cleanliness. Blood tests were also evaluated. The scores and the blood results were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-squared tests.Results: A total of 120 patients (median age of 55; 57 males) [RitePrep (n = 40), MoviPrep® (n = 40) and Plenvu™ (n = 40)] were included in the study. RitePrep was the most effective method for cleansing the bowel, with a significantly higher median BBPS compared to MoviPrep® and Plenvu™ (p = 0.006 and 0.024, respectively). Nearly 50% of the patients in Plenvu™ group showed increased serum osmolality disturbance. Nausea and vomiting were higher in Plenvu™ and MoviPrep® groups than RitePrep group.Conclusions: RitePrep was demonstrated to be a more effective and safe preparation than the other two preparations. RitePrep was not only well-tolerated by all patients; the preparation sufficiently cleared the ascending, transverse, and descending colon, enabling optimal visualization for the clinician. RitePrep was also much safer than the comparators, with no alteration in electrolytes measured. For both the clinician and the patient, RitePrep was the preferred preparation.

Fabricating low-temperature-tolerant and durable Zn-ion capacitors via modulation of co-solvent molecular interaction and cation solvation

Aqueous Zn-based energy-storage devices have aroused much interest in recent years. However, uncontrollable dendrite growth in the Zn anode significantly limits their cycle life. Moreover, the poor low-temperature performance arising from the freezing of aqueous electrolytes at sub-zero temperatures restricts their practical applications in cold regions. Here, we fabricated low-temperature-tolerant and durable Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) via modulating a co-solvent water/ethylene glycol electrolyte. The interaction of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between water and ethylene glycol as well as cation solvation was systematically investigated by tuning the co-solvent composition. The results illustrate that the ZnSO4/water/ethylene glycol (65%) electrolyte possesses high ionic conductivity at low temperatures and effectively prevents the dendrite formation of the Zn anode. The as-fabricated ZHSCs exhibit long-term cyclability and are capable of working at sub-zero temperatures as low as −40°C. The present ZHSCs are anti-freezing and cost-effective, which may find new applications in the fields of next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices.

Development of Electropolished Surfaces in 304 Stainless STEEL Using Ethylene Glycol Electrolytes and Halide SALTS

Stainless steels are susceptible to deterioration by tribocorrosion when it is exposed to extreme conditions such as found in marine environments. One solution that has been studied is surface modification using electrochemical methods to obtain an electropolished surface with passive films properties. For this, a complete factorial design was carried out manipulating the current density and the exposure time, in ethylene glycol or glycerol electrolytes (as H donors) and halide salts (sodium and potassium chloride). The surface reflectance (as response variable) results of AISI 304 stainless steels favor electropolishing performed on EG electrolytes and halide salts, where the surface was electropolished at current densities between 1.77 mA / cm2 current density and 315 s with respect to at time for EG and KCl and 2.12 mA / cm2 current density and 315 s time for EG and NaCl. The most representative surfaces of each of the electrolytes that were studied were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, using the techniques of X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDS), the surface composition and verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).