Ethylene Glycol-based Nanofluids Research Articles

Thermal Conductivity, Rheology and Electrical Conductivity of Water- and Ethylene Glycol-Based Nanofluids with Copper and Aluminum Particles

Thermal Conductivity, Rheology and Electrical Conductivity of Water- and Ethylene Glycol-Based Nanofluids with Copper and Aluminum Particles

Thermophysical and Electrical Properties of Ethylene Glycol-Based Nanofluids Containing CaCO3

The thermophysical properties of various types of nanofluids are often studied to find more effective working fluids for heat transfer applications. In this paper, the mass density, isobaric heat capacity, thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity surface tension, and electrical properties of calcium carbonate-ethylene glycol (CaCO3-EG) nanofluids were investigated. The samples with mass fractions of 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 were prepared with a two-step method and studied as well as pure base fluid (ethylene glycol). The measurements were conducted at temperatures between 283.15 and 313.15 K and the obtained results show the impact of CaCO3 nanoparticles on the thermophysical and electrical properties of ethylene glycol.

Method of moments solution to ethylene glycol based [formula omitted] nanofluid flow through expanding/contracting rectangular channel

In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of the laminar time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of ethylene glycol-based aluminum oxide nanofluid through a rectangular channel with contracting/expanding porous walls. We investigate the influence of aggregation/non-aggregation of nanoparticles, as well as the presence of thermal radiation. By imposing self-similarities in space and time, we obtain a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations governing the flow. To solve these equations, we employ a well-known semi-analytical technique known as the Method of Moments (MoM). Additionally, we compare our results with the outcomes achieved through an application of another commonly utilized numerical approach (shooting technique with the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg scheme). The comparison shows an excellent agreement that endorses the accuracy of the calculated solutions. The velocity and temperature profiles obtained from our analysis exhibit variations due to the changes in involved dimensionless parameters. We present these variations through graphical representations along with their explanations. Interestingly, our study reveals that the aggregation of nanoparticles influences the fluctuations caused by other parameters, and to some extent, suppresses them. Consequently, we observe less deviation among the velocity and temperature curves for the aggregation case compared to the non-aggregation case. These findings have significant implications in real-world engineering and industry. The understanding of the flow behavior of nanofluids through expanding/contracting rectangular channels can aid in the design and optimization of various engineering systems, such as heat exchangers and microfluidic devices. Additionally, our study provides valuable insights into the effects of nanoparticle aggregation and thermal radiation in such systems, offering opportunities for enhancing their efficiency and performance.

Analysis of Water, Ethylene and Propylene Glycol-Based Nanofluids for Optimal Radiator Coolant

Analysis of Water, Ethylene and Propylene Glycol-Based Nanofluids for Optimal Radiator Coolant

Al2O3-Cu\Ethylene Glycol-Based Magnetohydrodynamic Non-Newtonian Maxwell Hybrid Nanofluid Flow with Suction Effects in a Porous Space: Energy Saving by Solar Radiation

Nanotechnology is well-known for its versatile and general thermal transport disciplines, which are used in semiconductors, spacecraft, bioengineering, functional electronics, and biosensors. As a result, process optimization has attracted the interest of scientists and technologists. The main aim of the current analysis is to explore the enhancement of energy/heat transfer via the dispersion of cylindrical-shaped nanoparticles of alumina and copper in ethylene glycol as a base fluid using a non-Newtonian Maxwell fluid model. In the current study, the effects of solar radiation, plate suction, and magnetohydrodynamics on a Maxwell hybrid nanofluid are encountered. The flow is induced by linearly stretching a sheet angled at ξ=π/6, embedded in a porous space. The proposed problem is converted into a mathematical structure in terms of partial differential equations and then reduced to ordinary differential equations by using appropriate similarity variables. In the similarity solution, all the curves for the velocity field and temperature distribution remain similar, which means that the symmetry between the graphs for the velocity and temperature remains the same. Therefore, there is a strong correlation between similarity variables and symmetry. The obtained model, in terms of ordinary differential equations, is solved using the built-in numerical solver bvp4c. It is concluded that more nanoparticles in a fluid can make it heat up faster, as they are typically better at conducting heat than the fluid itself. This means that heat is transferred more quickly, raising the temperature of the fluid. However, more nanoparticles can also slow the flow speed of the fluid to control the boundary layer thickness. The temperature field is enhanced by increasing the solar radiation parameter, the magnetic field parameter, and the porous medium parameter at an angle of ξ=π/6, which serves the purpose of including radiation and the Lorentz force. The velocity field is decreased by increasing the values of the buoyancy parameter and the suction parameter effects at an angle of ξ=π/6. The current study can be used in the improvement of the thermal efficiency of nanotechnological devices and in renewable energy sources to save energy in the energy sector. The present results are compared with the published ones, and it is concluded that there is excellent agreement between them, which endorses the validity and accuracy of the current study.

Effect of size of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on thermal conductivity and viscosity of ethylene glycol-based nanofluids for solar thermal applications

The paper investigates the influence of the length of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dispersed as an additive in solar thermic fluids to enhance thermal conductivity. Here, pure ethylene glycol was chosen as solar thermic fluid due to its low viscosity, high boiling point, excellent chemical stability, and compatibility with the materials used in solar thermal systems. Pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes are ball milled for 5, 10, and 20 h to reduce the length due to attrition. The effect of ball milling duration on the defect formation and damage to the tubular structure is assessed using Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the ball-milled MWCNTs were oxidized to separate amorphous carbon produced during ball milling, increasing their purity. The pristine long nanotubes and ball-milled nanotubes are mixed in pure ethylene glycol in 0.25 wt. %, and the stability of liquids is estimated using Ultraviolet–Visual (UV-Vis) spectroscopy for two months. The stability of the fluids and thermal conductivity have considerably enhanced with the dispersion of shortened MWCNTs. The dispersion of short MWCNTs in ethylene glycol resulted in a 20%–30% increase in thermal conductivity compared to pure ethylene glycol. It was also found that higher ball milling times resulted in ultra-high stability but the properties deteriorated due to the destruction of the MWCNTs' tubular structure, making them useless.

Investigations on thermo–physical properties of ethylene glycol-based hybrid Al2O3 and ZrO2 nanofluid as coolant

In the current study, a hybrid Al2O3 and ZrO2 nanofluid based on ethylene glycol was made using the sonication method, and combinations of Al2O3 and ZrO2 nanoparticles were produced by the ball milling process. The development of a suspension with an average particle size of less than 100 nm has been confirmed by zeta-sizing analysis, which measures the average particle size, and zeta potential analysis, which examines the stability of the nanofluid system. The primary goal of the current work is to better understand how thermal conductivity affects machining parameters like cutting force and surface roughness, as well as how nanofluid acts as a coolant. Moreover, thermal conductivity is assessed because it is thought to be one of a nano fluid's most important thermo-physical characteristics. The thermal conductivity value increases as particle concentration increases. The addition of dispersant (Poly vinyl alcohol, sodium dodecyl sulphate) to nanofluid is essential for the stability and suspension of nanoparticles throughout the fluid system. At 27 °C and 3.0% vol. of generated hybrid nano fluid, the experimental examination of thermal conductivity shows a 15% improvement above base fluid data. The findings of the machinability research in the hybrid Al2O3 and ZrO2 nano cutting fluid environment show improvements in tool life and surface quality with less cutting force.

Impacts of thermal radiation with nanoparticle aggregation and variable viscosity on unsteady bidirectional rotating stagnation point flow of nanofluid

Interest in nanofluids with nanoparticle-induced aggregation effects like solar-powered energy and crossflow heat transfer is growing in the modern industrial sector. The main goal of this research is to find out how nonlinear radiation, changes in viscosity, and aggregation affect the flow of ethylene glycol-based nanofluids in three dimensions. It is concerned with stagnation point flows that are not axisymmetric and that take place on stretching sheets. In accordance with the imposed hypotheses, the governing equations will be modelled. With the help of a similarity transformation, a complicated set of nonlinear partial differential equations can be turned into a simpler set of ordinary differential equations. This simplification facilitates the process of solving the equations. The algorithm will then be used to perform a numerical solution of the simplified set of equations. Runge-Kutta (RK-IV) and the shooting method are used to derive the numerical results. Different parameters and their effects are graphically displayed. As the concentration of nanoparticles in the skin increases, it appears that both the rate of heat transmission and the coefficient of friction increase. The heat transfer rate and the skin coefficient of friction inclination both increase as the instability parameter is increased. To the contrary, it was found that delaying boundary layer's separation by increasing stress rate of surrounding fluid was effective. Tables also compare the nanoparticles aggregation effects with and without radiation and show the variation in Nusselt numbers. High levels of agreement were found between the findings of the current study and those of a previous publication for the same instance, lending further support to the findings.

Darcy–Forchheimer micropolar flow of (Cu, Al2O3, and TiO2) nanomaterials-based-ethylene glycol: Successive over relaxation method

Nanofluids have a crucial rule in augmentation of the heat transfer in several energy systems. Also, the whirling constituents of micropolar fluid have many practical employments in modern engineering and technology. The concerned work investigates the novel features of micropolar and nanoparticles’ flow over a stretching cone under the Darcy–Forchheimer and chemical reaction effects. Our analysis covers the features of three types (Cu, Al2O3, and TiO2) on ethylene glycol-based nanofluids. The pertinence and importance of Darcy–Forchheimer flows can be found in large spectrum of engineering mechanisms like solar absorption and filtration, drainage problems, solar cells, ground stream hydrology, solar panels, and irrigation. Mathematical procedure is carried out via the Successive over Relaxation technique. The consequences evidently point out that the effect of porosity as well as Forchheimer parameter is to decelerate the azimuthal and tangential velocities. Moreover, the chemical reaction sufficiently reduces the concentration in the flow regime.

Mathematical investigation of nanoparticle aggregation and heat transfer on mixed convective stagnation point flow of nanofluid over extendable vertical Riga plate

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects that aggregation of nanoparticles has on mixed convective stagnation point flow and porous media across a permeable stretched vertical Riga plate in the occurrence of a heat source or sink for ethylene glycol-based nanofluids. It is possible to evaluate nanoparticle aggregation with modified versions of the Krieger-Dougherty and Maxwell-Bruggeman models. To obtain numerical solutions to the mathematical model of the present issue, the Runge–Kutta (RK-IV) with shooting technique in Mathematica was used. Figures in the proposed mixed convection and suction variables along a boundary surface in the stagnation point flow towards a permeable extending Riga plate identify and explain heat transfer processes and interrupted flow occurrences. By combining titania (TiO 2) nanoparticles with ethylene glycol as the base fluid, improved heat transmission is possible. The effects of different inputs on temperature and velocity profiles, skin friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number were graphically shown using tables and graphs. The heat transmission and skin friction rates both increased when the suction parameter was given larger values. Increases in both skin friction and the Nusselt number may be attributed to variations in the volume percentage of nanoparticles. Heat source parameter increased the temperature profile and reduced the Nusselt number. Aggregation models provide more accurate velocity and skin fraction profiles than homogeneous models, which is why they are more often used. The findings were confirmed by comparing the most up-to-date research with previously published results for the same situation. Results indicated that the two sets of data were consistent with one another.

Mathematical analysis of mixed convective stagnation point flow over extendable porous riga plate with aggregation and joule heating effects

It is still not quite apparent how suspended nanoparticles improve heat transmission. Multiple investigations have demonstrated that the aggregation of nanoparticles is a critical step in improving the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. However, the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid would be greatly affected by the fractal dimension of the nanoparticle aggregation. The purpose of this research is to learn how nanoparticle aggregation, joule heating, and a heat source affect the behavior of an ethylene glycol-based nanofluid as it flows over a permeable, heated, stretched vertical Riga plate and through a porous medium. Numerical solutions to the present mathematical model were obtained using Mathematica's Runge-Kutta (RK-IV) with shooting technique. In the stagnation point flow next to a permeable, heated, extending Riga plate, heat transfer processes and interrupted flow phenomena are defined and illustrated by diagrams in the proposed mixed convection, joule heating, and suction variables along a boundary surface. Data visualizations showed how different variables affected temperature and velocity distributions, skin friction coefficient, and the local Nusselt number. The rates of heat transmission and skin friction increased when the values of the suction parameters were raised. The temperature profile and the Nusselt number both rose because of the heat source setting. The increase in skin friction caused by changing the nanoparticle volume fraction from φ=0.0 to φ=0.01 for the without aggregation model was about 7.2% for the case of opposing flow area (λ=−1.0) and 7.5% for the case of aiding flow region (λ=1.0). With the aggregation model, the heat transfer rate decreases by approximately 3.6% for cases with opposing flow regions (λ=−1.0) and 3.7% for cases with assisting flow regions (λ=1.0), depending on the nanoparticle volume fraction and ranging from φ=0.0 to φ=0.01, respectively. Recent findings were validated by comparing them to previously published findings for the same setting. There was substantial agreement between the two sets finding.

Boundary layer and heat transfer analysis of mixed convective nanofluid flow capturing the aspects of nanoparticles over a needle

Since their significance in commercial and scientific procedures has been recognized, studies regarding boundary layer flow and heat transfer have increased. The goal of this research is to examine the effects of hydromagnetic forces, mixed convection, and joule heating on ethylene glycol-based nanofluids suspended above a thin vertical needle. For thermal conductivity and viscosity, both aggregation and non-aggregation models are used. Here, we employed the similarity transformation to turn partial differential equations (PDEs) into dimensionless ODEs. Skin friction coefficients, Nusselt numbers, velocities, and temperature profiles were computed over a wide range of parameter values. The velocity and temperature profiles generated by the models that account for aggregation are superior to those generated by the homogeneous model. Velocity profile increases with λ and ε and decreases with M and e. Thermal profile increases with ϕ,M,e and Ec and decreases against λ. Skin friction and Nusselt number increases with increasing values of ϕ and λ towards ε. When comparing the findings from the present research to those from the past, it is clear that there is a high level of concordance between the two. Data availability“Data will be available on demand from Bilal.Ali”.

Influence of magnetic field location on the heat transfer and friction factor of CoFe2O4-BaTiO3/EG hybrid nanofluids in laminar flow: An experimental study

This report describes the heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of CoFe2O4-BaTiO3/ethylene glycol hybrid nanofluids flow in a tube with and without a magnetic field. The CoFe2O4 and BaTiO3 nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol–gel method individually and then ball-milled to form 35:65% (in mol.) composite hybrid nanoparticles. Structure, morphology, and size were characterized by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. Temperature-dependent magnetization was studied by a vibrating sample magnetometer. The stable ethylene glycol-based hybrid nanofluids were prepared and the heat transfer and friction factor experiments were conducted in the following parameters: 248.03 < Re < 1995.43; 0 <ϕ < 1.0%; and 0 < Gauss < 4000, respectively. The magnetic field is applied at different places with x/d (distance/diameter) of 30, 60, and 90, respectively. It was found that the Nusselt number is raised by 22.19% at 1.0% vol. of nanofluid and at a Reynolds number of 1240.15, with a penalty in friction factor of 21.88%, against base fluid data without magnetic field. The Nusselt number is further raised by 68.95% and 72.33%, respectively, for 1.0% vol. of nanofluid with magnetic field B→ of 1600 G and 4000 G, compared to the base fluid. Under the magnetic field of 4000 G and for 1.0% vol. of nanofluid, the Nusselt number is improved by 41.03%, 35.14%, and 25.94% at different places of x/d of 30, 60, and 90, respectively, as compared to the absence of magnetic field. The results are further showed that at location of x/d of 30 under magnetic field of 4000 G, the greatest Nusselt number had been attained. With the magnetic field of 4000 G and at 1.0% vol. of nanofluid, the friction factor is further enhanced to 68.75%, compared to without magnetic field.

Heat and mass transfer analysis of non-Newtonian radiative nanofluid flow driven by the combined action of peristalsis and electroosmosis

The present numerical investigation uncovers the flow, heat, and mass transfer of ethylene glycol-based nanofluid (BN-EG) led by the combined impacts of peristaltic pumping and electroosmosis. The thermal conductivity of carrier liquid is deemed to change with temperature. Further, the features of electric field, Ohmic heating, radiative heat flux, mixed convection, and magnetic field are taken. Mathematical modeling is conducted under the assumption of lubrication theory. The nonlinear-coupled equations are addressed numerically by implementing Shooting method. The effective results of all physical constraints linked with the flow model are vigilantly studied and highlighted through various curves. The observations obtained from current analysis reveal that temperature augments with higher electroosmotic parameter. However, the Joule heating parameter increases the rate of heat transmission, while a lower rate of heat transfer is perceived for the radiation parameter. An increment in Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity increases the velocity profile. Pressure gradient rises in a forward way when electrical field favors peristaltic flow. Concentration of nanomaterial considerably declines when concentration Grashoff number is assigned higher values.

Three-Dimensional Swirling Flow of Nanofluid with Nanoparticle Aggregation Kinematics Using Modified Krieger–Dougherty and Maxwell–Bruggeman Models: A Finite Element Solution

The current study explores a three-dimensional swirling flow of titania–ethylene glycol-based nanofluid over a stretchable cylinder with torsional motion. The heat transfer process is explored subject to heat source/sink. Here, titania–ethylene glycol–water-based nanofluid is used. The Maxwell–Bruggeman models for thermal conductivity and modified Krieger–Dougherty models for viscosity are employed to scrutinize the impact of nanoparticle aggregation. A mathematical model based on partial differential equations (PDEs) is developed to solve the flow problem. Following that, a similarity transformation is performed to reduce the equations to ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which are then solved using the finite element method. It has been proven that nanoparticle aggregation significantly increases the temperature field. The results reveal that the rise in Reynolds number improves the heat transport rate, whereas an increase in the heat source/sink parameter value declines the heat transport rate. Swirling flows are commonly found in many industrial processes such as combustion, mixing, and fluidized bed reactors. Studying the behavior of nanofluids in these flows can lead to the development of more efficient and effective industrial processes.

Computational study of consequence of effect of velocity slip on nanofluids with suspended CNTs

In this article, we have discussed two-dimensional steady, incompressible, and laminar hydromagnetic flow along with the transfer of heat above a plane plate that contains water and ethylene glycol-based nanofluids with multi- and single-wall CNTs. The velocity slip boundary condition is included in this research article to evaluate the nature of flow. The plate surface is subjected to variable wall temperature. The transfer of heat has been contemplated in the company of suspended CNTs above a flat plate. Navier–Stokes and the concept of the Prandtl boundary layer have been used to determine the governing equations of heat transfer and flow. Since the attained governing equations representing energy and flow are nonlinear PDEs, they are altered into nonlinear ODEs accompanied by analogous boundary limitations by applying some appropriate similarity transformations. Hence the "RK45" function is used to solve them numerically. The influence of governing parameters on the dimensionless flow and heat transfer profiles are studied and discussed thorough graphical plots .

Comparative analysis of the hydrothermal features of TiO2 water and ethylene glycol-based nanofluid transportation over a radially stretchable disk

This study focuses on the comprehensive analysis of the thermal characterization of an electrically conducting nanofluid flow containing TiO2 nanoparticles dissolved in two different common liquids (H2O and C2H6O2) and contained within a continuously extending disk. The heat and concentration formulation are modified by incorporating the standard interpretations of the Joule heating, energy source, dissipation, and modified activation energy with binary chemical reactions. The Darcy–Forchheimer addition is used to highlight the significance of porous media. The Brownian dispersion’s effects are clearly discernible in the current investigation. Furthermore, as a novelty, special thermophysical models of viscosity and thermal conductivity are included. The obtained differential formulations are tackled through the analytical procedure HAM. The veracity of the finding is verified through a numerical scheme (ND-solve technique). Using several graphs and charts, the perception trends of model factors are evaluated. The influence of and are estimated based on flow characteristics. The curve pattern for both nanofluids is declined by the increasing magnitude of and while thermal profile. The drag force and heat transmission rate are shown to optimize with as well as in the pictorial simulations produced from the existing model. The can also be strengthened by the presence of a high degree The outcomes are validated by previous studies and a good degree of consistency is revealed.

Surface Tension of Ethylene Glycol-Based Nanofluids Containing Three Types of Oxides: Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Magnesium Oxide (MgO) and Indium Oxide (In_2O_3)

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the density and surface tension of ethylene glycol-based nanofluids containing zinc oxide, magnesium oxide and indium oxide. Du Noüy ring method was employed to determine the values of the surface tension of these nanofluids. Samples were prepared in various mass fractions from 0.01 to 0.05 with 0.01 step. Examination was performed in the temperature range from 283.15 K up to 318.15 K. The averaged surface tension values for the studied ZnO14-EG, ZnO25-EG, MgO-EG, In_2O_3-EG nanofluids at 298.15 K are 48.685, 48.471, 48.335, and 48.462 mN·m^{-1}, respectively. It was presented that surface tension value could be consider as constant within the examined mass fraction of the particles, and the explanation of such behaviour was provided.

Equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation for investigation on the enhancement of thermal conductivity in ethylene glycol-based ZnO nanofluid

The thermal conductivity of ethylene-glycol based ZnO nanofluid is computed using Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations in the Green-Kubo framework, taking into account the impact of nanoparticle volume fraction and nanofluid temperature. Mean square displacement (MSD) of the liquid phase for base fluid and nanofluid is also studied to investigate the thermal conductivity enhancement mechanism.

Magnetohydrodynamic Flow and Heat Transfer Analysis on Ethylene Glycol Based Nano Fluid Over a Vertical Permeable Circular Cylinder with Joule Heating and Radiation

This research’s contribution is towards determining heat transfer characteristics of Ag–C2H6O2 and Cu–C2H6O2 nano fluid over a vertical porous circular cylindrical surface. The mixed convection flow in the presence of electric conductivity, Joule heating and thermal radiation near a stagnation point is considered for investigation. Ethylene glycol is taken as base fluid while copper and silver are nanoparticles. Through similarity transformations, the governing PDEs for momentum, energy, and concentration are turned into ODEs, which are then interpreted using a fourth-order exactness programme (Bvp4c). The parametric impacts on concentration, temperature and velocity are thoroughly discussed graphically while impact on the rate of heat transfer, skin friction and rate of mass transfer is obtained in numeral form. The obtained results are compared to published literature and a comparison between Ag–C2H6O2 and Cu–C2H6O2 nano fluids is demonstrated.