Concentrations Of Ethyl Alcohol Research Articles

MODIFICATION OF THE METHOD OF QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF FLAVONOIDS IN THE GRASS OF THE MOUNTAIN BIRD POLÝGONUM AVICULÁRE L.

Аbstract Aim– Modification a methodology of the quantitative content of the sum of flavonoids in the raw material of bird's knotweed (Polýgonum Aviculáre L.) Material and methods. The raw materials of the bird's mountaineer (grass) were collected near the village of Ponomarevka, Dombarovka, Alekseevka, Orenburg region in June-July 2022. The collected material was dried in accordance with the requirements of the GF. The quantitative content was studied using a Vilitek VBS ultrasonic bath at a temperature of 40 ° C and a power of 60 W, a LAB-TB-6/W water bath at a temperature of 90 ° C, a rotary evaporator "IR-1 LT" at a temperature of 70 ° C. The electronic spectra were measured on a UNICO 2800 UV spectrophotometer, in 10 mm thick cuvettes in the wavelength range from 190 to 700 nm. The comparison solution was prepared using 96% ethyl alcohol concentration. Results. The presented method of quantitative determination can be used in "end-to-end" standardization, for raw materials of other types of mountaineer, as well as medicinal herbal preparations based on mountaineers. We selected the extraction conditions using 50% ethyl alcohol in a ratio (raw material-extractant) of 1:50 and boiling in a water bath for 60 minutes, which allowed us to achieve the yield of the amount of flavonoids more than 0.5% declared in GF XIV (FS.2.5.0069.18). Conclusion. New, different from pharmacopoeia conditions for the analysis of the quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in the grass of the mountaineer bird are proposed. The main differences, which is a single extraction, in comparison with a three-stage pharmacopoeia; reduction of extraction time in a water bath to 60 minutes, which is 30 minutes less than in the method of GF XIV; the concentration of the extractant and the ratio of "raw materials:extractant". Thus, the method of quantitative determination of the grass of the mountain bird has been modified according to the basic conditions of extraction of raw materials. As a result, based on the data obtained, we can recommend the content of flavonoids in the raw material of bird's knotweed at least 1.5 ± 0.08%.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ И СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИЯ ПОЛИЭКСТРАКТА ПЛОДОВ ЗИЗИФУСА ОБЫКНОВЕННОГО

The main quality indicator for polyextracts is the content of biologically active substances (BAS). Depending on the presence of various groups of biologically active substances, the consistency and stability of the extracts, the regulatory documentation for the extracts contains requirements regarding their composition and quality. Liquid extracts are standardized according to the content of ethyl alcohol. Thick and dry extracts are assessed by their moisture content. Heavy metals are determined in all extracts. Standardization of plant extracts is carried out in accordance with the current regulatory documentation, namely the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation [1-4]. In this study, using the following methods: GC - MS, TLC and UV spectrophotometry, we studied extracts of the fruits of the common jujube Ziziphus Jujuba Mill., obtained by cascade extraction of raw materials with a solvent system with increasing polarity for maximum depletion of raw materials according to the main groups of biologically active substances. As a result of the work, the quality indicators of the polyextract of jujube fruits were determined and the drug was standardized in terms of the content of total flavonoids and total polysaccharides. The work was carried out in accordance with the research topic of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VILAR FGUU-2022-0011.

Understanding the Manufacturing Process of Lipid Nanoparticles for mRNA Delivery Using Machine Learning.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), used for mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, protect mRNA and deliver it into cells, making them an essential delivery technology for RNA medicine. The LNPs manufacturing process consists of two steps, the upstream process of preparing LNPs and the downstream process of removing ethyl alcohol (EtOH) and exchanging buffers. Generally, a microfluidic device is used in the upstream process, and a dialysis membrane is used in the downstream process. However, there are many parameters in the upstream and downstream processes, and it is difficult to determine the effects of variations in the manufacturing parameters on the quality of the LNPs and establish a manufacturing process to obtain high-quality LNPs. This study focused on manufacturing mRNA-LNPs using a microfluidic device. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), which is a machine learning technique, identified EtOH concentration (flow rate ratio), buffer pH, and total flow rate as the process parameters that significantly affected the particle size and encapsulation efficiency. Based on these results, we derived the manufacturing conditions for different particle sizes (approximately 80 and 200 nm) of LNPs using Bayesian optimization. In addition, the particle size of the LNPs significantly affected the protein expression level of mRNA in cells. The findings of this study are expected to provide useful information that will enable the rapid and efficient development of mRNA-LNPs manufacturing processes using microfluidic devices.

Analysis of the Glycoside Composition of Calendula Extract

Purpose of research. The aim of the article is to comparatively analyse the glycoside (flavonoid) composition of liquid dosage forms containing calendula medicinalis as an initial raw material.Methods. To achieve this goal, methods for extracting medicinal plant materials were studied, scientific literature on the research topic was analyzed, qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out, and the obtained UV spectra were examined. Obtaining liquid dosage forms from Calendula officinalis flowers was carried out using a Soxhlet extractor and the maceration method. The optimal conditions for the extraction of glycosides were determined by varying the ratio of raw materials and extractant, as well as the concentration of the extractant. For quantitative assessment, the content of extractive substances in the resulting dosage forms was calculated. Confirmation of the presence of flavonoid compounds was carried out using UV spectroscopy. A comparative analysis of the content of flavonoids in liquid dosage forms based on calendula officinalis was carried out.Results. As a result, liquid dosage forms were obtained from calendula officinalis flowers by two different methods, using different formulations, extraction was carried out by maceration and circulating extraction in a Soxlet apparatus, in ratios of 1:5 and 1:10, different concentrations of ethyl alcohol were also used (40%, 70%, 96%). Optimal extraction conditions were determined – for this raw material, the best indicators were achieved when obtaining the dosage form using the Soxlet extractor, in addition, according to the experiment, the concentration of ethyl alcohol, which extracts more target components, is 70%, the most effective ratio is 1:5.Conclusion. The study examined changes in the glycosidic (flavonoid) composition in dosage forms prepared independently according to various recipes and drugs obtained in pharmaceutical production. The use of flavonoid extraction methods provides a great opportunity for further scientific research into the extraction of dietary supplements for the purpose of their production.

Measurement uncertainty of ethyl alcohol concentration in the exhaled breath of drivers and determination of sobriety at the time of incident.

The aim of the study was to determine the components of measurement uncertainty in the concentration of alcohol in exhaled breath and to determine the state of sobriety at the time of incident. Based on the literature review and the authors' experience in providing opinions for law enforcement and the judiciary, the influence of various factors on the final interpretation of sobriety state is described on the basis of measurement uncertainty of breath analyzers, uncertainty of retrospective and prospective calculations, and uncertainty related to the conversion of alcohol concentrations detected during breath and blood tests. The paper pays particular attention to interpreting the concentrations of ethanol in exhaled breath close to the legal limits of the state of sobriety and the state after alcohol use, or the state after alcohol use and the state of insobriety. Analyzing the results of an exhaled breath test concerning concentrations close to the values of 0.1 mg/dm3 and 0.25 mg/dm3, it is necessary to take into account the factors affecting the measurements obtained, including the measurement uncertainty of the determination of alcohol in exhaled breath, the processes of absorption, distribution and metabolism of ethyl alcohol, and the possibility of the presence of alcohol lingering in the oral cavity. The incorrect execution of measurements of the tested person's alcohol concentration is also a problematic issue. When determining sobriety state by means of retrospective and prospective calculations, it is important to remember that the uncertainty of the result is affected by a number of factors and depends, among other things, on the information provided by the suspect. Hence, the expert should draw conclusions particularly cautiously and any overestimation or underestimation of the components of uncertainty can lead to erroneous conclusions. Awareness of the uncertainties inherent in the results of a sobriety test or alcohol calculation allows for meaningful interpretation of test results and determination of the sobriety state of the person tested.

STUDY OF THE PROCESS OF EXTRACTION OF ISOSALIPURPOSIDE FROM THE FLOWERS OF HELICHRYSUM MARACANDICUM (HELICHRYSUM MARACANDICUM POPOV EX KIRP.)

The purpose of this research is to study the process of extraction of isosalipurposide, and on the basis of the data obtained, the development of an optimal technology for obtaining a dry extract from the flowers of Helichrysum maracandicum (Helichrysum maracandicum Popov ex Kirp.).
 In the studies, the circulation extraction method, which is widely used in local pharmaceutical enterprises, was used. Based on the characteristics of the technology for obtaining a dry extract, a four-factor experimental plan based on a 5x5 Greek-Latin square was used to study the extraction process of the target BAS. Four quantitative factors were chosen as variables: the degree of grinding of the raw material (factor A), the concentration of ethyl alcohol (factor B), the hydromodulus (factor C) and the soaking time of the raw material (factor D). The output parameter was the percentage of the sum of flavonoids in terms of isosalipurposide in the resulting product.
 The results of dispersion analysis showed that the most complete yield of isosalipurposide was observed with the following indicators of variable factors: raw material grinding – 5–7 mm, extractant – 50% ethyl alcohol, hydromodulus 1 : 5, raw material soaking time – 9 hours. The expediency of using a short-term (10 min) ultrasonic treatment, which allows to increase the yield of the target BAS by 1.12 times, has been proved. The developed technology for obtaining a dry extract has been tested in industrial conditions. The resulting extract of Helichrysum maracandicum flowers in terms of quality met the requirements of pharmacopoeial articles: "Extracts" (SP XIV, GPM.1.4.1.21), "Extracts" (European Pharmacopoeia, 9th edition).
 Dry extract of Helichrysum maracandicum is recommended for use as a substance for the production of medicines and dietary supplements.

The influence of raw materials on the biochemical profile of distillates

This study focuses on exploring novel ingredients for the production of safe, high-quality alcoholic beverages and enhancing the processes involved in fermenting beverages. These efforts aim to support local community development initiatives targeting food security, food sovereignty, and small businesses. The article presents the technology for producing distillates from vegetative raw materials, integrating digital technologies for quality control across all manufacturing stages. Distillates were obtained using the “Minispirtzavod Simpl 2018 set “Authentic” equipment, featuring remote control capabilities and a built-in Wi-Fi module. The quality of distillates derived from various vegetable raw materials, including grapes, apples, wheat, and birch sap, was evaluated through organoleptic analysis, assessing appearance, aroma, and taste. Gas chromatography was employed to determine the content of ethyl alcohol, furfural, methyl alcohol, aldehydes, ethers, and fusel alcohol in the distillates. The resulting distillates contained 40.9% to 43.5% vol.% ethanol and exhibited distinct aromatic profiles and flavors based on the vegetative raw material used. This diversity offers opportunities to expand the range of alcoholic products available.

Determination of a robust headspace GC-MS/MS method for analysis of ethyl alcohol and acetaldehyde: clinical application to pharmacokinetics study.

Due to the forensic aspects of drinking and exposure to toxic substances, more sophisticated quantitative technology is needed to quantify the concentration of ethyl alcohol and acetaldehyde in the blood. In this study, we developed a headspace gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method that could simultaneously detect ethyl alcohol and acetaldehyde in human plasma. Through a simple preparation process, ethyl alcohol and acetaldehyde were quickly detected within 4 min, and a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) (20 and 0.2 µg/mL) was obtained; these results confirmed the suitability of the system. According to Food and Drug Administration guidelines, the linearity (correlation coefficient > 0.9996), intraday and intraday accuracy, precision, and both short- and long-term stability and freeze-thaw stability satisfied the evaluation criteria (within 100.0 ± 15.0% and 20.0% of the LLOQ). Carryover and batch size assessment for the evaluation of the sample influence during analysis also satisfied the evaluation criteria. A valid method was applied to the pharmacokinetics study, and the plasma from 43 subjects after oral administration of the placebo or HK-GCM-H01 was analyzed. The developed analysis method for ethyl alcohol and acetaldehyde in blood could be used in various fields, such as forensics and those requiring precise quantification.

Research on the Determination of the Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of the Wine Produced by Malolactic Fermentation from Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot and Kalecik Karası Grapes

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine how malolactic fermentation and classical fermentation affect the physicochemical and sensory properties of wines made from red and white grapes.
 Methods: In our research, we opted for Sauvignon blanc variety in white grapes and locally produced Kalecik karası and French Merlot variety in red grapes all of which are recognised as important grape varieties both in our country and around the world. To preserve the natural aroma of the grape, start the fermentation rapidly and ensure formation of a balanced amount of glycerol, the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain among vine yeasts deemed suitable. Oenoccus oeni MBR®UVAFERM®BETA (2x1011CFU/g) (Lallemand Inc., France) strain was used for malolactic fermentation. Sensory analyzes of the produced wines, chromatographic analysis of organic acids, and pysico-chemical analyses of products which are formed as a result of the processing of the fruits, were also made. For this purpose, the panelists evaluated the wines according to seven different criteria and the evaluation was made on a nine-point hedonic scale, and the most liked sample was given 9 points and the least liked one was given 1 point. Chemical and sensory properties of the produced wines were evaluated statistically.
 Results: As a result of our study, it has been determined that the amount of ash in red wines is higher which indicates higher amount of grape extracts obtained from Kalecik karası and Merlot grapes.When compared according to fermentation types, the amount of lactic acid increased in wines produced by malolactic fermentation whereas the amount of phenolic compounds was higher in ethyl alcohol concentrations, and these values decreased with malolactic fermentation. Additionally, the accommodation of two foreign origin grapes one of which is red and the other one white, country’s geography has been revealed in this study with the characteristics of the wine produced.
 Conclusion: The harmony of two foreign grapes, one red and one white grape, to the geography of our country was revealed with the characteristics of the wine produced. As a result of the thesis study, it was found that malolactic fermentation improved the quality of the wine, making it more pleasurable. In this context, the results of the research has the quality and attributes that will shed light on winemakers.

The Use of Gaseous Ozone to Reduce the Microbial Load of Rhubarb (Rheum L.) Petioles as an Additive to Craft Wheat Beers

Abstract Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum L.) is a valuable source of active components responsible for laxative, antibacterial, diuretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. On the other hand, ozone being an allotropic form of oxygen, due to its potential is a powerful antimicrobial agent. Treatment of rhubarb petioles with gaseous ozone, especially at a concentration of 50 ppm, for 30 minutes had a positive result on the microbiological stability and quality of the finished material. Sensory evaluation of prepared beers enriched without ozonated and ozonated rhubarb pulp showed that wheat beer with the addition of ozonated (50 ppm) rhubarb pulp was characterized by a balanced aroma and taste. The physico-chemical analysis of wheat beers demonstrated that the increasing concentration of ozone had an impact on, among others, increased the degree of final real attenuation (by 21.97%), decreased pH (by 18.43%) and energy value (by 36.30%), but had a negative impact on the content of ethyl alcohol (by 17.32%) compared to the control beer. Among the analyzed beers enriched with rhubarb, the beer product with the addition of ozonated (50 ppm) rhubarb was the most microbiologically stable. The research shows that wheat beers enriched with fragmented rhubarb can be a new trend to expand the range of wheat beers, and the use of gaseous ozone, especially at a concentration of 50 ppm for 30 minutes, can be a trend to extend the microbiological stability of beers, especially craft beers.

CATALASE AND PEROXIDASE BIOMIMETIC SENSOR BASED ON Ag-ELECTRODE

Research has been carried out on the development of a biomimetic sensor of the catalase and peroxidase type to determine trace amounts of peroxide hydrogen and low concentrations of ethyl alcohol in an aqueous solution. By potentiometric research, the physicochemical feature of the catalase and peroxidase biomimetic sensor was studied, the transducer of which was Ag. Rapid and accurate determination of hydrogen peroxide is very important, but no less important side of this issue is associated with the determination of trace amounts of C2H5OH in aqueous media of various origins. The need to develop express methods for determining the concentration of C2H5OH in aqueous solutions follows from the requirements for the quality of wine and alcohol products. As you know, the taste and drinking qualities of the product depend on the ratio of methyl and ethyl alcohols. In this work, biomimetic sensors of the catalase and peroxidase types based on an Ag electrode were developed for determining trace amounts of hydrogen peroxide and ethanol. Biomimetic sensors of the catalase and peroxidase types based on an Ag electrode have been developed for the determination of microquantities of hydrogen peroxide and ethyl alcohol. The applicability of a biomimetic sensor for determining trace concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, as well as for determining microquantities of ethyl alcohol in an aqueous solution with a low detection limit, high sensitivity, wide recognition range, high stability, and repeated use, is shown. The developed and synthesized biomimetic sensor of the catalase and peroxidase types based on TPhPFe3+/Al2O3/Ag have high sensitivity, stability, and do not lose their activity for a long time

Influence of alcohol intoxication on the survival period in patients with subdural hemorrhage

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury is an urgent problem in forensic medical examination, and subdural hematoma is considered the most fatal among them. In forensic medical practice, the outcomes of subdural hematoma should be understood depending on its volume to represent the pathohistological evolution of subdural hematoma and determine the essence of brain damage at the same time.
 AIM: To evaluate the influence of alcohol intoxication on the survival period in patients with subdural hemorrhage.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 42 deaths from subdural hematoma, of which two groups were identified: those who died before medical care (n=20) and those who received medical care in a hospital (n=22). The injury circumstances, the blood volume spilled under the dura mater, the presence and degree of alcohol intoxication, and the level of consciousness on the Glasgow coma scale were recorded. Histological examination of a subdural hematoma was performed to determine its prescription.
 RESULTS: Subdural hematoma is commonly caused by street injuries and traffic accidents. Hematomas are combined with skull fractures in 52.3% of cases, leptomeningeal hemorrhages in 73.8%, bruises in 81%, and cerebral edema in 88%. Unilateral subdural hematoma is more common than bilateral. The fact of alcoholic intoxication was recorded in most victims, whereas the ethyl alcohol concentration in the blood of persons who died before medical care was 2 times higher. Significant correlations were observed between the degree of impaired consciousness on the Glasgow coma scale and the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood (r=0.701, p 0.05) and between the volume of subdural hematoma (r=0.526, p 0.05) and hospitalization period (r=0.559, p 0.05).
 CONCLUSION: Persons with subdural hemorrhage in a state of high degree of alcohol intoxication, as a rule, die before medical care is provided to them. Similarly, if help was provided, the outcome is most often unfavorable with a shorter survival period even in the presence of a small hematoma. Histological examination is currently the most optimal method in terms of determining the prescription of subdural hematoma.

Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in the zebrafish after ethanol exposure

Ethanol exposure during pregnancy is an important problem and is the cause of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). The etiology of FAS and FASD can be elucidated using animal models. Recently, a novel model, the zebrafish (Danio rerio), has garnered the interest of researchers. This study confirmed the negative influence of ethyl alcohol (0.5 %, 1.5 %, and 2.5 % v/v) on the development of zebrafish embryos. The observed malformations included pericardial and yolk sac edema, increased body curvature, tail edema, and a decreased embryo hatching rate. The differences in body length, body width, and heart rate were statistically significant. Due to the similarities in the quantity and function of ethanol biotransformation enzymes between zebrafish and mammals, this study investigated the nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol – ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) – in zebrafish following ethanol exposure. This research confirmed that EtG and EtS concentrations can be measured in zebrafish embryos, and the levels of these metabolites appear to be associated with the ethyl alcohol concentration in the medium.

Effect of the Shape of Ultrasonic Vessels on the Chemical Properties of Extracts from the Fruit of Sorbus aucuparia

The goal of this study was to analyse the effect of sonoreactor dimensions on the effectiveness of the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive substances from rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.). Sonication was carried out with a VC750 Sonics processor at the following amplitudes of ultrasound: 12, 24, and 36 µm. The frequency of the ultrasound was 20 kHz. Extraction was conducted in a 2 s on–4 s off pulse system. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were determined using a spectrophotometric method. The pH value of the extracts was measured using a combined pH metric electrode, type EPS-1 (Elmetron). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise the investigated variables. On the basis of the developed model, the following variable values were obtained: TPC—12.48 gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) values—126.54 μmol Trolox (TE)/g, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) values—79.58 μmol TE/g, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) values—120.65 μmol TE/g for an extraction vessel with a diameter of 35 mm and TPC—11.68 mg GAE/g, ABTS values—120.49 μmol TE/g, DPPH values—75.90 μmol TE/g, FRAP values—155.54 μmol TE/g for an extraction vessel with a diameter of 25 mm. Significant influences of time, ultrasound amplitude, and alcohol concentration on the course of the extraction process in the tested extraction vessels were found. The optimum extraction conditions for an extraction vessel with a diameter of 35 mm were obtained for an ethyl alcohol concentration of about 60%, and for an extraction vessel with a diameter of 25 mm the optimum conditions were for an alcohol concentration in the range of 30–50%. A very strong positive linear correlation was found between the concentration of ethyl alcohol and the pH value of the obtained extracts for both extraction reactors. The developed models of pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction were characterised by a good predictive capacity (77.49–91.39%) and can be used for obtaining polyphenols from rowan.

Adulteration of the Fuel Sold at Gas Stations in Two Towns in the Eastern Amazon Region of Northern Brazil

Purpose: The aimed witch of this study was to verify the quality of the fuel sold by gas stations in the Amazonian towns of Bragança and Tracuateua (Brazil). Method: It were applied physicochemical analyses to verify the anhydrous ethyl alcohol content of samples of gasoline, as well as the specific mass of samples of diesel and gasoline. Result and conclusion: Just over a quarter (26.47%) of the samples of gasoline collected in Bragança contained more ethanol than permitted by Brazilian law and were thus classified as in non-conformity. Three (75%) of the four gasoline samples from Tracuateua were non-conformity. In addition, 11.76% of the gasoline samples collected in Bragança were less dense at 20 °C than specified by the Brazilian legislation, and were thus considered as in non-conformity. Based on this same criterion, half (50%) of the gasoline samples collected in Tracuateua were also non-conformity. Diesel was the only fuel that presented no alteration in specific mass in either town. Research implications: There is a lack of academic studies related to this serious problem in the surveyed sites. This pioneering study is of great importance because it will alert local authorities about the problem of marketing fuels that do not meet the current specifications of the Brazilian legislation and whose emission of gases causes atmospheric pollution besides being harmful to life and to the environment. Originality/value: This study indicated that both types of gasoline (regular and premium) may be subject to adulteration in both Amazonian towns (Pará, Brazil).

Quantitative Determination of Ethyl Alcohol in Kombucha Using an Inexpensive Sensing Device

Kombucha, a popular probiotic beverage, contains detectable concentrations of ethyl alcohol. To be sold as a nonalcoholic product, alcohol concentrations in kombucha must be shown to be less than 0.5% by volume. This paper describes the use of an inexpensive, commercially available sensor to reliably and accurately measure alcohol concentrations in kombucha across a variety of undergraduate chemistry laboratory courses. Procedures and assessment data are also provided for two courses: an introductory course for nonchemistry majors and upper-division analytical chemistry. In the case of the analytical chemistry course, results from the alcohol sensor were compared to headspace gas chromatography as a capstone assessment. In all cases, the alcohol content of multiple commercial kombucha samples were determined, and students submitted final reports using appropriate scientific writing aligned with precise learning objectives.

Characterization of alcohol levels in autopsies carried out by Forensic Medicine (Honduras) during December 2022 and January 2023

To determine the existing relationship between ethanol levels in biological fluids, such as blood and urine, and their correlation with causes of death in corpses admitted to the forensic medicine autopsy service in Honduras. The gas chromatography method was employed to determine the concentration of ethyl alcohol. After a statistical analysis using measures of central tendency, it was found that the urine sample presented a median of 227.30mg/dL, while in the blood, it was 276.86mg/dL. After some distribution tests and correlation, it was determined that higher alcohol concentrations influence the "ACCIDENTAL" cause of death, with values of median alcohol concentration of 228.56mg/dL in blood and 277.44 mg/dL in urine. Still, the most frequent cause of death was "HOMICIDE", which differs in the age of the subjects and their ethanol concentration, with values of median alcohol concentration of 227.20mg/dL in blood and 276.86mg/dL in urine; similarities of median indicates that both samples are related or share a standard feature. Subsequent statistical tests showed that blood concentration values are more representative than urine values since the latter represents the final metabolic stage of alcohol in the body and exhibits more excellent dispersion. The average age of the individuals analyzed was 33 years old. However, it should be noted that individuals involved in "ACCIDENTAL" causes of death were in the lower age range corresponding to the so-called young adults. Keywords: Forensic sciences; blood alcohol concentration; autopsy; alcohol in urine

The influence of Torulaspora delbrueckii on beer fermentation.

In this study, the effect of five different Torulaspora delbrueckii strains in combination with an ale type Saccharomyces cerevisiae on physical, chemical, microbiological, aroma composition, and sensory profiles of beer were examined. The ethyl alcohol content of produced beers ranged from 5.46% (v/v) to 5.93% (v/v), while the highest alcohol amount was obtained using a pure culture of S. cerevisiae. The major volatiles among beer aroma compounds was acetaldehyde, n-propanol, 3-methyl-butanol, 2-methyl-butanol, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, 2,3-butanedione, and 2,3-pentanedione. It was ascertained that the total amount of higher alcohols was higher in the S. cerevisiae control beer compared to all mixed fermentations. Total ester levels were higher in all the mixed culture beers than the control beer. Sensory evaluation showed that all the mixed cultures of S. cerevisiae and T. delbrueckii positively influenced the sensory profile of the beers. Strain Y1031 was the most preferred and was characterized as rich in hop aroma and full bodied. It is therefore a suitable strategy to use T. delbrueckii in mixed fermentations with S. cerevisiae to produce beer with a distinctive flavor. The results demonstrate that, T. delbrueckii strains isolated or commercialized for winemaking can be equally employed as well in brewing.

Оптимізація процесу перегонки спиртової бражки

Criteria for optimization of the distillation process of the distillated liquor are qualitative composition of the liquor distillate, concentration of ethyl alcohol in the distillate and bard and specific flow rate of heating steam in the distillation column. These characteristics depend on the quality composition of the mash, the number and type of plates, the hydraulic mode of their operation, the temperature mode of the distillation process, the method of heating the column, the degree of decarbonization of the mash and the effectiveness of automation of control and monitoring of technological parameters. An important optimization factor is increase of the con-tact time of steam and mash on the column plates in order to achieve a phase state close to equilibrium. The authors proposed an energy-saving technology for distillation of the mash in the mode of controlled cycles of its delay and overflow, developed a design of distillation column for the implementation of the innovative method and hardware-technological scheme of inclusion it to work. Under production conditions, the optimal technological parameters and hydraulic operating modes of the experimental column of cyclic action are established. It is proved that the innovative way allows to prolong time of contact of steam and mash on each plate to 35—40 s and to reduce time of its overflow from plate to plate to 1.5—1.7 s, due to this the concen¬tration of ethyl alcohol in the distillate increased by 33% (up to 60% vol.), the column capacity — by 17% (from 15000 to 18000 dm3/h) and specific consumption of heating steam for distillation process decreased by 60% (from 25 to 10 kg/dl in terms of anhydrous alcohol, introduced to the feed plate). In order to achieve the above-mentioned indicators, it is sufficient to install 24 flake plates with variable free cross-secti¬on, which allows reducing the metal-intensity of the technological equipment.

Assessing the applicability of cerebrospinal fluid collected from the spinal cord for the determination of ethyl alcohol in post-mortem toxicology

This paper presents the results of a study on the applicability of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from the spinal canal in the post-mortem determination of ethyl alcohol. The present study reviewed data of autopsy cases (n = 45), in which ethyl alcohol was detected in CSF using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (HS-GC-FID), to investigate ethyl alcohol concentrations in CSF, compared with blood. As a result of statistical analysis of the obtained data, a high positive correlation was found between blood ethanol concentration and cerebrospinal fluid collected from the spinal canal ethanol concentration. The Pearson correlation coefficient was statistically highly significant (p < 0.001) (r = 0.9503). The data obtained allowed us to conclude that cerebrospinal fluid collected from the spinal canal can be collected during an autopsy as an alternative biological specimen to assess the ethanol content. Cerebrospinal fluid collected from the spinal canal can corroborate and lend credibility to the results obtained for blood and, in special cases, when blood is drawn from putrefied bodies and may even be a superior specimen to blood for assessing ethyl alcohol intoxication status.