Concentrations Of Ethyl Alcohol Research Articles

Formulation and Characterization of Nanosized Ethosomal Formulations of Antigout Model Drug (Febuxostat) Prepared by Cold Method: In Vitro/Ex Vivo and In Vivo Assessment.

Febuxostat (FXT) is a xanthine oxidase (XO) drug which indicated for the treatment of gout. FXT loaded nanosized ethosomes were prepared using cold method with varied concentrations of ethyl alcohol and soya lecithin (SL). The prepared ethosomes were characterized by size, entrapment efficiency (DEE), FT-IR, in vitro release, kinetic studies of in vitro release profile, in vitro skin permeation and deposition, and stability study. The selected ethosomal formulation was incorporated in HPMC gel and characterized for drug content, ex vivo diffusion study through rat skin, and in vivo study and determination of pharmacokinetic parameters using HPLC technique. The results of size analysis showed that minimum size was 124.2 ± 16.77 nm with PDI values between 0.2 and 0.6. The zeta potential was from - 43.5 ± 3.0 to - 20.6 ± 1.42 mV. DEE ranged from 48 to 86%. The results of in vitro skin permeation showed that the amount FXT permeated ranged from 43.33 ± 5.3 to 82.14 ± 5.8%, flux ranged from 14.85 to 28.02. The results of ex vivo study showed that the amount of FXT permeated from unprocessed FXT gel was 49.42 ± 3.29% which was lesser than from FXT ethosomal gel. The results of in vivo study showed that Cmax and tmax were significantly different and higher for transdermal administration of FXT than oral administration. The developed FXT nanosized selected ethosome-based transdermal drug delivery gel system would provide a promising method for better management of gout.

Characteristics of Cornelian cherry sour non-alcoholic beers brewed with the special yeast Saccharomycodes ludwigii

Recipes for traditional and sour non-alcoholic beers were developed in this study employing a special yeast species Saccharomycodes ludwigii. They were characterized for their basic physicochemical properties, antioxidative activity as well as subjected to the quantitative and qualitative analysis of their biologically-active compounds, and to the sensory assessment. Sour non-alcoholic beers were brewed with the addition of juice from fruits of red-colored Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) variety, which are characterized by naturally sour taste and aroma. Ethyl alcohol content in the beers manufactured ranged from 0.41%v/v in traditional non-alcoholic beers to 0.43%v/v in sour non-alcoholic beers. The final products had a low energy value, ranging from 116 to 148 kcal/500 mL of beer. The sour beers had several times higher antioxidative potential and significantly higher polyphenols concentration compared to the control ones. In addition, they were rich in anthocyanins and iridoids, and presented novel sensory attributes.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ СУЧАСНИХ ПРОБЛЕМ ВИРОБНИЦТВА АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНИХ ПАЛИВ ДЛЯ БЕНЗИНОВИХ ДВИГУНІВ В УКРАЇНІ

Мета. Визначення проблем розвитку ринку біопалив та показників експлуатаційнихвластивостей палив альтернативних для бензинових двигунів із різним співвідношеннямприсадок.Методика. При дослідженнях використовували передбачені діючими державнимистандартами методи, які дозволяють оцінити показники експлуатаційних властивостейпалив.Результати. Встановлено, що ринок альтернативних палив перебуває на етапіформування, має ряд проблем, які необхідно вирішувати, адже перспективи розвиткутакого ринку в Україні значні.Перед Україною відкривається ємнісний ринок біоетанолу країнЄвропейського Союзу. Місця провадження діяльності, на яких планується організаціявиробництва біоетанолу та палива моторного альтернативного, знаходяться в регіонах,де є достатній обсяг цукровмісної та крохмалевмісної сировини. На сьогодні ця сировинаекспортується в країни, де з неї виготовляють біоетанол. Після налагодженнявиробництва даного палива у Вінницькій, Київській, Львівській, Тернопільській, Черкаськійта Чернівецькій областях переробно-харчовий сегмент АПК цих регіонів отримає новіімпульси для розвитку, що поступово виведе зі стану стагнації й суміжні із спиртовимвиробництвом галузі.Важливою проблемою є використання присадок, які забезпечатьхімічну стабільність бензинового біопалива з високими експлуатаційними властивостями,що дасть можливість виробляти та використовувати такі палива з вмістом етиловогоспирту 30 % і вище, а це, в свою чергу, дозволить суттєво збільшувати часткуспоживання альтернативних палив в Україні, що є нагальною проблемою сьогодення.Досліджено, що різний вміст присадок по-різному впливає на експлуатаційнівластивості альтернативних палив для бензинових двигунів, зокрема на октанове число тахімічну стабільність.Наукова новизна. Встановлено вплив складу вихідної композиції альтернативногопалива на його хімічну стабільність та октанове число. Практична значимість. Альтернативні палива для бензинових двигунів широковикористовуються у світі, збільшення вмісту етилового спирту у його складі даєможливість зменшити обсяг використання нафтового бензину, а це, в свою чергу,призведе до покращення екологічної ситуації довкілля та економії дорогої нафтовоїсировини .

Effect of maturation on wild apricot vermouth of different treatments

Wild apricot vermouths (WAV) of different sugar levels (8, 10 and 12 °Brix), different alcohol levels (15, 17 and 19%) and spice levels (2.5 and 5%) were prepared. The product was matured for six months and evaluated for physico- chemical characteristics at 0, 3 and 6 months of maturation. In general, ethyl alcohol content decreased in wild apricot vermouth of all treatments during maturation for six months, in proportion to their initial values. The decrease in TSS was revealed with the advancement of the storage period of six months. A similar trend was observed for total sugars with the advancement of the ageing period. The amount of reducing sugars, however, increased with the prolongation of the maturation period. The total esters content in WAV increased with the advancement of the ageing period, irrespective of their alcohol content. However, the volatile acidity showed a very little increase during ageing but remained non-significant among the different treatments. Total phenols content in WAV decreased by both the ageing period of six months and an increase in alcohol level. A non-significant increase in the titratable acidity with an ageing period was observed in all the WAV having different alcohol levels. The effect of spice extract levels added in the preparation of WAV showed that with the advancement of storage period total esters increased from 246.8 to 272.8 mg/L and 252.8 to 280.6 mg/L for WAV having 2.5 and 5% spices content, respectively. In brief, an overview of the entire results revealed that there was an interactive effect of alcohol level, the sugar level and the spice extract during maturation of wild apricot vermouth. It can be concluded that the maturation of WAV exerted a favourable effect on physico-chemical properties of wild apricot vermouth and is thus, considered desirable.

Про можливість виявлення і визначення кількісного вмісту етилового спирту в біологічних рідинах (слина, кров, сеча) орієнтовними і доказовими методами у померлих та загиблих при надзвичайних ситуаціях

Про можливість виявлення і визначення кількісного вмісту етилового спирту в біологічних рідинах (слина, кров, сеча) орієнтовними і доказовими методами у померлих та загиблих при надзвичайних ситуаціях

THE POST-MORTEM EVALUATION OF GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD AND ITS DIAGNOSTICAL VALUE

Introduction: Hyperglycemia is a consequence of uncontrolled diabetes and over a long period of time can lead to serious violations of the various systems of the body. In daily clinical practice, glucose level in blood and glycated hemoglobin are major and frequently used worldwide laboratory findings for the diagnosis of glucose metabolism disorders. In forensic medicine, the diagnostic value of post-mortem blood glucose levels is questionable because of its significant and rapid variation after death. Our research was aimed to analyse glucose concentration in blood after death and to estimate its diagnostic value.
 Methods: Data analysis of the State Forensic Medicine Service (SFMS) of Vilnius region of sudden death cases was performed. 238 autopsy findings were analysed. A retrospective analysis was performed using the R commander program.
 Results: The analysis included 238 individuals, 161 (67.6%) were men and 77 (32.4%) women. Mean age was 52.28 ± 15.45 yeras. Mean alcohol level in blood was 2.257 ± 1.482 g/L. Mean post-mortem glucose concentration in blood was 6.716 ± 5.800 mmol/l. The lowest glucose concentration was 0.600 mmol/l and the highest - 33.300 mmol/l. There were no significant glycemia level difference between men and women (p = 0.279). In 6 cases, glucose concentrations were compared before and after death. The difference in blood glucose was insignificant (p = 0.90). There was no strong correlation between ethyl alcohol and glucose concentration (r = 0.037, p = 0.667). There was a weak correlation between age and blood glucose concentration (r = 0.03, p = 0.639).
 Conclusions: According to SFMS autopsy data, post-mortem glucose levels remain within the normal values. Evaluation of glucose after death remains a valuable diagnostic criterion for sudden death due to hyperglycaemia, when the hyperglycaemic episode is first and fatal to the subject.

S100B Serum Level is Independent of Moderate Alcohol Intoxication.

In Germany, among patients with minor head injury (MHI), the incidence of coexisting alcohol intoxication is indicated up to 50%. The neurological symptoms of patients with MHI may be caused or altered by alcohol intoxication, this could mislead to further, potential harmful, diagnostic steps or to misinterpretation of the symptoms and to non-execution of necessary treatments. In order to decide which patients need further diagnostics by CCT, S100B has been proposed as a potential selection criterion. On the other hand, studies have hypothesized that alcohol intoxication may lead to elevated S100B serum levels. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between the blood ethyl alcohol concentration and the S100B serum concentration in an experimental setting in young human adult volunteers. In a cohort of 58 healthy volunteers, serum S100B concentration and blood ethyl alcohol concentration were measured before and after liberately drinking alcohol. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty Mannheim (Ethics Committee II, AZ 2012-272 N-MA). Instantaneous analysis of the samples was carried out using state-of-the art automated measuring systems. (Analyzer Cobas e411, Roche and Analyzer Dimension Vista 1500, Siemens). After drinking, alcohol levels ranged from 0,23 to 1,92 g/l. The S100B value ranged from to 0,021 to 0,115 µg/l after alcohol consumption (S100B standard value < 0,11 µg/l). By calculating the Pearson correlation of empirical correlation after drinking alcohol with r = 0.01181, a correlation between serum S100B concentration and ethyl alcohol concentration is not probable. The S100B concentrations were independent on the alcohol intake in low to medium alcohol levels. A relevant alcohol blood concentration (~ 1 g/l), in otherwise healthy volunteers, does not affect the serum concentration of S100B. S100B may be a useful brain injury marker in low to moderate drunken patients.

Effects of ethyl alcohol on injuries severity according to injury severity scales in pedestrian fatal injury in traffic crashes

Introduction: The dominant cause of injuries in traffic crashes. A significant portion of them affects victims under the influence of ethyl alcohol. The goal of the studies was to assess the correlation between the state of sobriety and the severity of injuries expressed by injury severity scales in fatal pedestrian victims of traffic crashes. Research Material and Method: The data were obtained from the Warsaw Medical University's Department of Forensic Medicine. The analysis covered the data for 2009–2013 and included 200 fatal pedestrian victims hit by passenger cars. The assessment of the effect of risk factors on injury severity expressed in terms of injury severity scales such as Life Threat Indicator (LTI), International Classification based Injury Severity Score (ICISS), Injury Severity Score (ISS) and New Injury Severity Score (NISS), was made using adequately selected methods of statistical analysis. Results: As alcohol concentration increases in women, the values of LTI, ICISS-10 and ICISS-15 decrease, which denotes more severe injuries. In the ISS and NISS, the effect of alcohol concentration on the severity of injuries turned out to be negligible. However, these injuries are significantly heavier in women than in men. According to all the scales used, the older the victims, the milder injuries cause their death. Conclusions: The studies show that ethyl alcohol concentration may harm injury severity, especially in the case of women. The assessment of the severity of injuries in traffic crash victims is significantly influenced by their age and gender. The more risk factors the scale takes into consideration, the more precise is the assessment.

The effect of ethyl alcohol on the severity of injuries in fatal pedestrian victims of traffic crashes.

IntroductionA substantial percentage of traffic crashes involve people under the influence of ethyl alcohol. In such circumstances, we speak of the possible effect of ethanol upon trauma outcomes. The present research aimed to assess the state of sobriety fatal pedestrian victims and the correlation between the level of sobriety and the severity of injuries.Research material and methodThe data was obtained from the Warsaw Medical University’s Department of Forensic Medicine. The analysis covered the data for the period of 2009–2013; it encompassed 158 fatal pedestrian victims hit by passenger cars. The appropriate methods of statistical analysis were applied.ResultsThe majority of the fatal pedestrian victims were individuals under the influence of ethyl alcohol (72.15%). Significant correlations were observed between the concentration of ethyl alcohol and the victims’ gender (p<0.0001) and age (p = 0.0026). The analysis showed that pedestrians under the influence of ethyl alcohol more often died on the scene (78.95%).ConclusionsPedestrians under the influence of ethyl alcohol are a significant group of victims of traffic crashes. Ethyl alcohol is not an independent factor affecting the severity of injuries. A higher percentage of pedestrian victims die on the scene, especially in rural areas.

Дифференцирующее действие растворителя при необменной сорбции аминокислот ионообменниками

При необменной сорбции ионообменниками веществ одной природы действующие силы являются одинаковыми, что осложняет разделение многокомпонентных смесей. Регулирование доминирующих взаимодействий в сорбционных системах с помощью изменения условий проведения процесса, позволит более эффективно разделять вещества без применения дополнительных электролитов. Известно, что растворитель играет важную роль во многих физико-химических процессах, особенно на границе раздела фаз, поэтому целью работы являлось выявление закономерностей необменной сорбции глицина и триптофана из водно-спиртовых растворов с различным соотношением компонентов в растворителе анионообменником АВ-17-2П (Сl). В работе использована простейшая аминокислота, не имеющая бокового радикала (глицин) и самая гидрофобная аминокислота (триптофан), а также высокоосновный анионообменник АВ-17-2П в Сl-форме, имеющий в качестве функциональных групп четвертичный азот. Исследованы свойства водно-спиртовых растворов аминокислот, анионообменника и равновесие необменной сорбции при различном содержании этилового спирта в составе растворителя (0, 25, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100 % по объему). Установлено, что свойства водноспиртовых растворов аминокислот (триптофана и глицина) и ионообменника АВ-17-2П (Сl) определяются соотношением воды и этилового спирта в составе растворителя, а также наличием полярных и гидрофобных частей в структуре объектов исследования. Изменение свойств сорбента и исследуемых сорбатов в зависимости от содержания органического компонента в растворе носит немонотонный характер: набухание анионообменника минимально при 75% alc, а растворимость триптофана имеет максимум при 40% alc, чего, однако, не наблюдается для глицина. Выявлено, что необменная сорбция аминокислот анионообменником АВ-17-2П из водно-спиртовых растворов также носит немонотонный характер в зависимости от содержания органического компонента в составе растворителя – наблюдается минимум сорбции триптофана и максимум сорбции глицина при сопоставимом содержании воды и спирта в составе растворителя. Различие в закономерностях сорбции исследуемых аминокислот определяется различием в их свойствах – полярностью глицина и гидрофобностью триптофана. Изменение состава растворителя позволяет регулировать сорбционные характеристики в системах анионообменник-аминокислота и более эффективно разделять смеси цвиттерлитов за счет дифференцирующего действия растворителя.

Evaluation of force-carbonated Czech-type lager beer quality during storage in relation to the applied type of packaging

The scope of the study was the evaluation of selected physicochemical parameters and organoleptic properties of Czech-type lager beer [11.00% (w/w) original wort extract; 4.60% (v/v) ethyl alcohol content] during a 12-month storage period (25 ± 2 °C), in relation to the applied type of packaging [glass bottle, aluminum can, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle and stainless steel beer keg]. The examined beer samples organoleptic characteristics were off-flavors, carbonation level, fullness, bitterness intensity and overall rating. Furthermore, the examined physicochemical parameters during storage were CO2 concentration, color, turbidity (haze) and foaming stability. Generally, the type of packaging significantly influenced the physicochemical and organoleptic properties of the examined samples (P < 0.05). The more intensive changes were observed in the CO2 content, color and turbidity of the examined samples. The aluminum can and stainless steel keg were evaluated as the most suitable types of packaging for beer storage. On the contrary, the PET bottle was evaluated as the least appropriate for long-term storage period.

Impact of triticale malt application on physiochemical composition and profile of volatile compounds in beer

In brewing industry, adjuncts may replace malt, but they may also represent a raw material for brewing beer demonstrating different, specific organoleptic qualities. Triticale grain may give good quality malts, characterised by high extraction capacity, high diastatic power and short saccharification time. The purpose of the research was to determine the impact of triticale malt application on physiochemical composition and profile of volatile compounds in beer. In fermented wort, the content of ethyl alcohol, extract, sugars, general acidity, colour, haze, free aminonitrogen and volatile compound profile (GC-SPME) was determined. Beers produced from the triticale malt or with use of a malt mixture were characterised by higher acidity and lower ethyl acetate butanol and isoamyl alcohol. The worts analysed in the process demonstrated parameters normative for pale malts. The triticale malt may be an alternative for barley malt.

The synergic inhibitory effects of dark tea (Camellia sinensis) extract and p38 inhibition on the growth of pancreatic cancer cells.

Background: Dark tea is one of the most popular types of Chinese tea, which has been reported to exhibit anti-obesity, anti-oxidation and antitumor activities in according human cell lines. In terms of tumorigenesis, the systemic study of the physiological effect of specific fraction of dark tea and the relevant molecular mechanism warrant more attention.Methods: Dark tea was firstly isolated through solvent extraction method. Dissolved ethyl acetate extract was further fractioned by elution with various concentration of ethyl alcohol. The cytotoxicity effect of dark tea on cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK8 assay in HPDE human normal pancreatic duct epithelial cells, SW1990 and PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells, and SW1116 human colorectal cancer cells. Immunoblotting and flow cytometry analysis were utilized to examine the status of protein and reactive oxygen species respectively. Gene expression profile was analyzed by cDNA microarray and real-time PCR. The plasmid for ID1 expression was stably transfected into SW1990 cells for relevant functional analysis. The effect of dark tea extract on tumorigenesis in vivo was studied in xenograft tumor model.Results: Water eluate fraction of the ethyl acetate extract from dark tea inhibited the growth of SW1990, PANC-1 and SW1116 cells more efficiently compared with that in HPDE cells. Meanwhile, p38 activity was increased and AKT activity was dropped in cancer cells with dark tea extract treatment. Further functional analyses indicated that water eluate fraction and p38 inhibitor treatment exerted a synergic inhibitory effect on cancer cells growth, which was related to their suppressive effect on expression level of ID1 (inhibitor of differentiation protein 1), which was highly expressed in cancer cells. The analysis utilizing xenograft tumor model further indicated water eluate fraction exhibited a significantly inhibitory effect on tumorigenesis.Conclusion: Based on the sequential extraction procedure, our results reveal the inhibitory effect of water eluate fraction of the ethyl acetate extract from dark tea and its synergistic effect with p38 inhibition on the growth of pancreatic cancer cells, in which ID1 is identified as a downstream effector. This sheds insights into the physiological relevance of specific fraction of dark tea to tumorigenesis in pancreatic cancer.

Importance of effusion of blood under the dura mater in forensic medicine

Subdural hemorrhage is commonly associated with mechanical brain injury and has a correspondingly high mortality rate. Subdural hematomas may immediately provoke symptoms or may be initially asymptomatic, with further symptoms evolving rapidly and fatally.The data regarding forensic autopsy of victims were obtained from The State Forensic Medicine Service of Lithuania between the years 2013 and 2016. A retrospective study was performed including 110 patients, whose cause of death was subdural hemorrhage. 95% confidence intervals were calculated.It was calculated, that in cases of sudden death, after subdural hemorrhage was diagnosed, a higher concentration of ethyl alcohol in blood (mean 2.22 ± 1.3%) demanded a smaller amount of blood under the dura matter (mean 81.6 ± 60.5 g) in order for the patient to die. It was also noted that hospitalized patients with subdural hemorrhage had a smaller concentration of blood ethyl alcohol (mean 1.33 ± 1%) and a larger amount of blood under the dura (mean 135.6 ± 82.9 g).Due to the toxic effect of ethyl alcohol, even a small amount (81.6 ± 60.5 g) of blood under the dura matter can determine a sudden death.

Сhronic toxicity testing complex phytopoliextraction of sedative action

Development and introduction in medical practice sedative meals on the base of complex phytopoliextracts from the domestic medical plants permitted for medical application is highly actual because of incrised incidence of abnormal psychology disorders determined by socioeconomical problems, global informative boom, ecological problems, worsening of life quality.&#x0D; The aim of a study – determination of the sedative phytopoliextraction complex chronic toxicity parameters in experiments after oral administration to laboratory rats.&#x0D; Standardized phytopoliextraction сomplex which is composed of extracts of medical plants (Valeriana officinalis L., Crataégus, Melissa officinalis L., Hypericum, Mentha piperita L., Húmulus lúpulus, Viburnum).&#x0D; It was determined that phytopoliextraction complex is non-toxic compound – LD50 drug after a single oral administration to mice is &gt; 5.0 ml/kg, to rats &gt; 10.0 ml/kg. A two-month administration of a phytopolietextraction complex in an effective and sub-toxic dose (1 ml/kg and 5 ml/kg, respectively) does not exert a toxic effect on the general state of the behavior and the increase in the weight of the animals. Phytopolietextraction complex in the subtotoxic dose does not change the functional state of the CNS in male rats, but in the effective state it increases the research activity. At the same time, it exerts a certain stimulating effect on females, due to the content of ethyl alcohol, and in a sub-toxic dose has a hypoglycemic effect largely due to the presence of ethyl alcohol.&#x0D; Thus, futher experiments have to be provided to learn other chronic toxicity parametres like local localirritating action, embrio- and gonadotoxicity.

Study of polyphenolic compounds in composition of thick extracts from immature walnut fruit

Topicality. Phenolic compounds – the most common class of biologically active substances of plant origin, which have low toxicity, positively affect the physiological processes in the human body, increasing its stability. Phenolic compounds include tannins, tannins, lignin, melanin, humic acids. In human body and animals aromatic rings are not synthesized, but can get into through plant food consumption and are included in many vitally important phenolic compounds – adrenaline, thyroxine, serotonin, etc. Most of the pharmacological effects of polyphenols are associated with their high antioxidant activity. Now an active search for new sources of plant-derived antioxidants, in particular polyphenols for the pharmaceutical industry, is underway. Our attention was attracted by thick extracts from unripe walnut fruit and their antimicrobial, gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity.Aim. To investigate the quantitative and qualitative composition of polyphenolic compounds of thick extracts from immature walnut fruit.Materials and methods. Dense aqueous extract and thick water-alcohol extracts with an extractant concentration of 30 % ethyl alcohol, 70 % and 96 % were obtained on the basis of the NPAU under the guidance of Professor V. A. Georgiyants, by complex processing of immature fruits of the milk-waxy ripeness of walnut (Júglans régia L.). Determination of the content of polyphenolic compounds in thick extracts from immature HB fruits was carried out by the method of absorption spectrophotometry.Results and discussion. We found out that the test solutions from the dense aqueous extract and the thick aqueous-alcoholic extracts with an ethyl alcohol concentration of 30 %, 70 % and 96 % are characterized by the presence of an absorption maximum at a wavelength of 745 nm, which is close to the maximum absorption of the solution of the standard pyrogallol substance prepared in the same conditions. The tannins content, in terms of pyrogallol, in percent for water extract was 1.94 %, and for water-alcohol (30 %, 70 %, 96 %) – 2.02 %, 2.10 %, 1.42 %.Conclusions. By the method of absorption spectrophotometry, polyphenolic compounds were found in composition of all the studied thick extracts from immature walnut fruit. The highest amount of tannins is contained in water-alcohol 70 % extract (2.10 %), the lowest – in water-alcohol 96 % (1.42 %). The number of polyphenol compounds in aqueous and hydroalcoholic 30 %, 70 % extracts has no significant differences.

Experimental design and response surface methodology applied to the dielectric properties of hydroalcoholic solutions containing sodium chloride

Abstract The main focus of this study was to use an experimental design to and the response surface statistical technique to predict and optimize the dielectric properties of hydrated ethanol-sodium chloride blends. Several samples of these blends were prepared considering the following variables: hydrated ethyl alcohol concentration, sodium chloride concentration and temperature. The main dielectric properties of these blends, i.e., the dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and dissipation factor, were measured in a calibrated device suitable for liquid or pasty substances. For this study, experimental tests were carried out according to a Central Composite Design (CCD). Response surface techniques were used to predict the magnitude of the effect of the input variables on the responses investigated, particularly on the dissipation factor. This factor represents the ability of the substance to convert electromagnetic energy into heat. Within the experimental range studied here, the values of the variables that optimized the response were as follows: sodium chloride concentration of 2.21%, hydrated ethanol concentration of 4.64% and temperature of 87 °C.

Vitreous humour as an alternative material for the determination of alcohol concentration in human corpses.

The aim of the study was to assess the suitability of vitreous humour (VH) for determining alcoholaemia in deceased bodies. The study presents acorrelation between the content of ethyl alcohol in vitreous humour and the concentration of ethyl alcohol in venous blood (femoral blood - FB). The study material consisted of blood and vitreous humour samples taken from 62 individuals who died in the period 2012-2016 and whose post-mortem examinations were carried out at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok. The content of alcohol was determined using the method of gas chromatography (GC). The findings of the study were analyzed statistically with MF Excel and Statistica 12.5, and then presented in adescriptive form, including figures and charts. Statistical analysis did not reveal significant differences between the concentration of ethanol in VH and FB. Spearman's correlation between the concentration of ethanol in the materials under study was r = 0.96, p < 0.01. The study demonstrated no statistically significant differences between the concentration of alcohol in VH and in FB. Consequently, vitreous humour can be used as areliable alternative material in cases where there is no possibility of collecting venous blood for toxicological tests.

Antimicrobial Potential of Vapour Phase Acetic Acid in Combination with Ethyl Alcohol against Salmonella Typhimurium Contaminated on Bird Eye Chili (Capsicum frutescens L.)

Bacterial contamination is the main cause of food poisoning. The currently decontamination methods arise to find novel, effective and safe approach. Acetic acid (AC) in both aqueous and vapour forms have been conducted on its effectiveness against several bacterial contaminations. The use in high concentration can cause strong smell and corrosives that have an effect on the qualities of food. This study aim to assess the potential of Mechanically Vapourized AC solution in combination with ethyl alcohol (EA) (MVA-E) on the reduction ofSalmonella entericaserotype Typhimurium ATCC 13311 contaminated on both microbiological media and on fresh Bird Eye Chili (Capsicum frutescens L.). In vitro surface inhibitions of S. Typhimurium at low population, ca. 1.0 CFU/cm2, and high population, ca. 10.0 CFU/cm2 were examined on Tryptic Soya Agar (TSA). MVA-E at the concentration of 10:95 (AC:EA) presented the absolutely inhibited S. Typhimurium within 20 min at 27±2°C. At the concentration of 10:75 (AC:EA), the absolutely inactivated S. Typhimurium was observed within 10 min at 50±2°C. For the evaluation of antimicrobial activity of MVA-E over time, the results indicated that ca. 8.00 Log10 reductions were observed within 20, 25 and 25 min at the concentration of AC:EA ratio as 10:95, 10:75, and 10:45, respectively at 27±2°C. The effectiveness of MVA-E increased when the temperature of MVA-E process increased. The reduction of S. Typhimurium contaminated on fresh Bird Eye Chili by MVA-E was also determined at 4°C, 27±2°C and 50°C. The efficiency of MVA-E on the reduction of S. Typhimurium depended on the concentration of EA in MVA-E process, the fumigation time and also the temperature. To the best of knowledge this is the first time a combination of AC and EA in vapour phase has been tested as a preservative method prevent microorganism proliferation.

The effect of additive chemicals on synthesis of bismuth nanoparticles

Bismuth nanostructures are of interest due to unique properties such as strong diamagnetism, high magnetoresistance under magnetic field, as well as biocompatibility compared with lead. Previous study have reported a relationship of obtained nanostructures and synthesized conditions including pH, temperature and time during nucleation. Most of them confront difficulties on size controlling, particularly in large volume synthesis. Therefore, the goal of this work is to simplify the synthesis method by studying an effect of additive chemicals which are introduced to a growth solution before nanocrystal formation. Ascorbic acid, dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) and ethanol were chosen to slow down the reaction or disturb the micellar template. The study has shown that size of nanoparticles can be easily tuned by adding different amount of aforementioned chemicals. According to different role in nanocrystal forming mechanism, more ascorbic acid tends to increase diameter of obtained particles. Oppositely, more AOT has shrunk synthesized particles due to packed micelles. Loose micelles are found in ethanol experiment leading to bigger particles in size. In addition, crystalline structure exhibited the diffraction plane at (012), (104), and (110) with X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to determine morphology of nanoparticles, and also size distribution was confirmed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). We also found the quench of nanocrystal formation in the presence of high concentration of ethyl alcohol.