Ethyl Acetate Extract Of Leaves Research Articles

Analysis of Quantitative Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of Leaf, Stem, and Bark of Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes.

To the best of our knowledge, there was no prior report providing valuable preliminary data through a demonstration of the quantitative phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Gymnosporia senegalensis. The total contents of phenols, flavonoid, flavanol, tannin, and saponin were evaluated from different fractions extracted from the leaf, stem, and bark of G. senegalensis by using standards such as gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, tannic acid, and saponin quillaja. The antioxidant potential was measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (H2O2), superoxide anion radical scavenging, metal chelating ferrous ion, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Data were subjected to half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p < 0.05 as a significant value. The total phenol content was found to be highest in the chloroform extract of stem at 97.7 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoid and flavonol contents in the aqueous extract were 97.1 ± 0.03 mg QE/g and 96.7 ± 0.07 mg RE/g, respectively. The total tannin content in the ethyl acetate extract of leaf was 97.5 ± 0.01 mg TAE/g, and the total saponin content in the methanol extract of stem was 79.1 ± 0.06 mg SQE/g. The antioxidant analysis indicated that IC50 and percentage (%) inhibition were dose-dependent and showed the highest antioxidant activity (40.9 ± 0.9 µg/mL) in methanol extract of leaf for DPPH, (88.8 ± 1.12 µg/mL) in the chloroform extract of stem for H2O2, (43.9 ± 0.15 µg/mL) in the aqueous extract of bark for superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, (26.9 ± 0.11 µg/mL) in the chloroform extract of leaf for the metal chelating ferrous ion activity, (7.55 ± 0.10 mg/mL) in the benzene extract of leaf for FRAP, and (2.97 ± 0.01 mg/mL) in the methanol extract of bark for TAC. These results show that G. senegalensis has great potential in antioxidant activities. The isolation and characterization of specific bioactive compounds and the in vivo applicability of such activity await further extensive studies for drug discovery and development.

In Vitro Wound Healing and Anticancer Effects of Ixora coccinea in Malignant Melanoma Cell Lines.

Background Ixora coccinea is a medicinal plant with many active constituents that are responsible for wound healing and have anticancer properties. Herbal extracts increase the mechanisms related to wound healing, like blood clotting, fighting infection, and epithelialization. The effect responsible for this property may be the presence of phytoconstituents like flavonoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids. Many researchers have evaluated the wound-healing effect of I. coccinea leaf extract in aqueous methanol. This study aimed to determine the in vitro wound healing and anticancer efficacy of I. coccinea leaf ethyl acetate extract and evaluate the in silico docking of the selected phytoconstituents of I. coccinea in the 2vcj protein. Materials and methods The human dermal fibroblast cell line was used to determine the rates of cell migration and proliferation for evaluating the wound-healing effect of the I. coccinea leaf ethyl acetate fraction. 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)fluorescence labeling was used to estimate the rate of cell migration. The one-step TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling) in situ apoptosis kit and the annexin V-FITC/7-AAD apoptosis kit were used to perform DNA damage assays in the malignant melanoma cell line. The ethyl acetate fraction of I. coccinea leaves was analyzed for its impact on wound healing markers, including keratin-10, keratin-14, type IV collagen, and α-SMA. Results The wound-healing nature was interesting in the ethyl acetate fraction at doses of 50 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL. Both studies involved in the DNA damage study against malignant melanoma cell lines showed the cleavage of apoptotic cancer cells, which was detected using a fluorescence microscope. When compared with the control, a dose of 100 μg/ml of ethyl acetate fraction from the leaves of I. coccinea showed fibroblast migration of cells into the wound area. The statistical values were considered significant at the level of P < 0.05. An in silico docking study on the 2vcj protein revealed that selected phytoconstituents of I. coccinea resulted in good docking scores to inhibit Hsp90. Conclusion I. coccinea ethyl acetate leaf extract can inhibit the growth of malignant melanoma cell lines and promote wound healing, as shown by the study results. It might be a viable therapeutic modality for skin cancer.

Biochemical and Histoarchitectural evaluation of 4-Vinylcyclohexane induced ovarian cancer against Alpinia purpurata (Vieill). K. Schum

ObjectiveAlpinia purpurata is being studied for its potential to treat various conditions, including diabetes, arthritis, and tuberculosis. This research explores the impact of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill). K. Schum on ovarian cancer induced by 4-vinyl cyclohexane in Wistar albino rats. Materials and methodsFive sets of 100–120 g Wistar albino rats were assembled. Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received intraperitoneal injection of 4-vinyl cyclohexane (80 mg/kg) for one month. Group 3 Treated similarly to Group 2 subsequently for the next two months treated with oral administration of A. purpurata ethyl acetate leaf extract (200 mg/kg body weight) Group 4 Treated similarly to Group subsequently for the next two months treated with Standard Drug Cisplatin (5 mg/kg body weight) weekly twice intraperitoneally. Group 5 acquired daily oral A. purpurata leaf extract (200 mg/kg) for two months. The rats were euthanized after the experiment under light chloroform anesthesia. Ovary and liver samples were obtained for lipid peroxidation, anti-oxidants, membrane-bound enzymes, tumor indicators, and histological investigation. ResultsOver a 60-day period, rats were given an ethyl acetate extract of A. purpurata at a dose of 200 mg/kg, which lead to in a substantial (p < 0.05) increase in body protein content, as well as enzyme levels. Furthermore, the use of the ethyl acetate extract significantly (p < 0.05) recovered the altered lipid peroxidation activities in the ovarian tissues of both control and experimental rats to near-normal levels. These data imply that the extract has the capacity to quench free radicals, indicating possible anticancer effects. ConclusionThe results suggested that, the ethyl acetate extract of A. purpurata exhibited significant antitumor activity against 4-vinyl cyclohexane induced ovarian cancer bearing rats.

Effect of Methanol and Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extracts of Osbeckia octandra L. (Heen Bovitiya) on the Apoptosis and Migration of Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines

Effect of Methanol and Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extracts of Osbeckia octandra L. (Heen Bovitiya) on the Apoptosis and Migration of Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines

In Vitro Evaluation of Extracts From Ixora Species for a Potential Phytosomal Formulation.

Background Ixora species are perennial shrubs and flowering plants belonging to the family Rubiaceae. The leaf and flower parts of Ixora coccinea (I. coccinea)andIxora alba (I. alba) were aimed at isolating their active fractions. The present study was to determine in vitro antitumor activity against malignant melanoma cell lines for phytosome formulation. Materials and methods Two species, I. coccinea (red flowers and leaves) and I. alba (white flowers and leaves), were selected, and this study focused on determining the active fraction by comparing the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hydroalcoholic (ethanol:water, 70:30 v/v) extracts. The identified potent extract was subjected to in vitro anticancer activity in malignant melanoma cell lines. Results A phytochemical study revealed phytosterols, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, and diterpenes. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant effect of I. coccinea and I. alba leaf and flower extracts. In the DPPH assay, I. coccinea flower hydroalcoholic extract (ICFHA) had an IC50 value of 248.99 µg/mL, and I. coccinea leaf hydroalcoholic extract (ICLHA) had an IC50 value of 268.87 µg/mL. These two extracts had a lower value with a higher antioxidant effect. In the total antioxidant assay, I. coccinea leaf ethyl acetate extract (ICLEA) and I. coccinea leaf chloroform extract (ICLCE) have 77.4 ± 0.05 and 68.9 ± 0.03 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per gm of extract, respectively. These two extracts exhibited a high antioxidant effect. The antimicrobial potential was evaluated using selected bacterial and fungal strains using the agar-well diffusion method. Petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of I. coccinea and I. alba leaves and flowers did not possess antimicrobial activity with any of the bacterial or fungal strains. An ethyl acetate extract and a hydroalcoholic extract of I. coccinea leaves and flowers showed antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus. An ethyl acetate extract of I. coccinea flower and a hydroalcoholic extract of I. alba leaf showed a significant zone of inhibition when compared with standard chloramphenicol for all three selected strains, which may be due to the presence of active phytoconstituents. ICLHA showed a MIC of ≤300 µg/mL for Enterococcus faecalisandStaphylococcus aureusand ≤400 µg/mL for Candida albicans microbial strains. The high total flavonoid content was reported in ICLEA at 771.31 µg/mL and in I. coccinea flower ethyl acetate extract (ICFEA) at 694.69 µg/mL. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis showed a high quercetin (QCE) content in the ICLEA extract. To prove the in vitro skin anticancer activity, an MTT assay was performed for the ICLEA extract in a malignant melanoma cell line, and the IC50 value was reported as 7.96 µg/mL. Conclusion I. coccinea leaf ethyl acetate extract revealed a significant total flavonoid content in analysis through the aluminum chloride method, and the presence of a high QCE content was confirmed by HPTLC analysis. The in vitro skin anticancer activity of ICLEA was confirmed by the MTT assay; therefore, it was concluded that the ICLEA extract was a potent fraction and was selected to develop a phytosome.

Metabolite Profiling and in silico Studies to Elucidate the Anti-inflammatory Properties of Pterocarpus milbreadii

Background:: Pterocarpus milbreadii (PM), called Rosewood in English, is a leafy vegetable used in preparing soup and has also proven medicinal. Objective:: This study aimed to evaluate the most abundant compound in the ethylacetate fraction of PM using Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and docking it against cyclooxygenase isoenzymes. Methods:: The PM leaves were extracted with ethyl acetate using the cold maceration method. The extract was subjected to GC-MS assay. The spectra obtained were matched with NIST 17. AutoDock Vina was used to perform the molecular docking of the most abundant compound of PM and cyclooxygenase. Celecoxib was used as the standard ligand. Results:: The results of the study revealed that the ethyl acetate leaf extract of PM contained different phytochemicals, with hexadecenoic acid being the most abundant, with an intensity count of 9.5 x108 CPS. Docking of hexadecenoic acid and Celecoxib with COX-2 yielded binding energies of -6.7 and -7.7 kcal/mol, respectively, while with COX-1, the binding energies of -6.3 and -9.8 kcal/mol were respectively recorded. Hexadecenoic acid interacted with both COX-1 and COX-2 largely via Van der waals and pi-Alkyl bonds. Celecoxib made conventional hydrogen, carbon-hydrogen, halogen, pi-sigma, pi-alkyl interactions with the cyclooxygenase isoenzymes. Conclusion:: It was concluded that hexadecenoic acid was the predominant phytochemical in the ethylacetate leaf extract of PM. The hexadecanoic acid ligand produced a better inhibitory effect on COX-2 compared to COX-1.

Antiinflammatory Activity of Syzygium Caryophy Llatum and Syzygium Nervosum (Myrtaceae)

In the present study examined, the anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous, hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanolic leaf extracts of Syzygium caryophyllatum and Syzygium nervosum (Family: Myrtaceae) was carried out according to method of Mizushima et al (1968) and Sakat et al (2010) with slight modifications. The absorbance was checked at 660nm against the blank. Acetyl Salicylic acid was used as positive control and water as negative control. The experiment was performed in triplicates for all the test samples. Percentage of inhibition was calculated. Our results indicate that the leaf extracts of Syzygium caryophyllatum and Syzygium nervosum were showed potent anti-inflammatory activity than the standard Acetyl Salicylic acid.

Phytochemical evaluation, embryotoxic, and teratogenic effects of Buwakan (Decalobanthus peltatus (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples) leaf extracts on duck embryo.

Decalobanthus peltatus is a woody vine that is commonly utilized in traditional Southeast Asian medicinal preparations. Despite the documented therapeutic uses of D. peltatus, there is hardly any information regarding its toxic effects on its consumers. In this study, crude leaf extracts (aqueous, methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane) from D. peltatus were prepared and evaluated for their embryotoxicity and teratogenic effects. Phytochemical screening of bioactive compounds from the plants showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins. In addition, investigations on the toxicity of the crude leaf extracts were determined using brine shrimp lethality assay, in which the LC50 was calculated. Results showed that the ethyl acetate leaf extract was the most toxic among the crude leaf extracts, with an LC50 of 14.54 ppm. Based on this result, ethyl acetate leaf extract was treated on duck embryos, and the alteration of vascular branching patterns in the chorioallantoic membrane was quantified. Gross morphological and histological analysis of the skin tissues from the treated duck embryos were also examined. We found significant reduction of primary and tertiary vessel diameters in the duck embryos treated with ethyl acetate leaf extracts in both concentrations compared to the control group. Treated duck embryos exhibited gross malformations, growth retardation, and hemorrhages on the external body surfaces at 1000 ppm. Histopathological analysis of the skin tissues from the 14-day-old treated duck embryos showed a reduced number of feather follicles compared to the control group. These results suggest that D. peltatus crude leaf extracts present risks when taken in significant dosages and comprehensive toxicity testing on therapeutic herbs should be performed to ensure their safety on the consumers.

Ethyl acetate extract of breadfruit leaves (Artocarvus altilis) improves lipid profile and reduces F2-isoprostane in dyslipidemia-induced Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Dyslipidemia is closely related to the process of lipid peroxidation. In the non-enzymatic peroxidation process of arachidonic acid, an esterification process occurs and produces a metabolite in the form of isoprostane. The most common isoprostane found is F2-isoprostane. In traditional medicine, breadfruit leaves (Artocarvus altilis) have been widely used due to their antioxidant compounds, such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and other secondary metabolites. This study aims to evaluate the activity of breadfruit leaf ethyl acetate extract in improving the lipid profile and F2-isoprostane in dyslipidemia-induced Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). This study was an experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design with two treatment groups: fenofibrate 1.65 mg (P1) and breadfruit leaf ethyl acetate extract (760 mg) (P2) for 28 days. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, and F2-isoprostane levels were measured before and after treatment expressed in mg/dL. The data were analyzed using a parametric t-paired and t-unpaired test with a 95% confidence level. The study found that breadfruit leaf extract was better than fenofibrate at lowering total cholesterol (pre 172.41 ± 4.93; post 101.24 ± 2.09), triglycerides (pre 172.41 ± 4.93; post 101.24 ± 2.09), LDL (pre 95.78 ± 8.00; post 12.03 ± 10.06), F2-Isoprostane (pre 924.86±10.40; post 432.99±14.17), and raising HDL (pre 102.29 ± 10.40; post 143.89 ± 5.99). In conclusion, ethyl acetate extract is better than fenofibrate in improving lipid profiles and reducing F2-isoprostane in dyslipidemia-induced animal tests.&#x0D; Keywords: breadfruit leaves (Artocarvus altilis), dyslipidemia, F2-Isoprostane, fenofibrate, lipid profile, total cholesterol

Phytoconstituents, Fourier-Transform Infrared Characterization, and Antioxidant Potential of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Corchorus olitorius (Malvaceae)

Oxidative stress is a condition that is characterized by the generation of reactive oxygen species more than the amount endogenous antioxidants can absorb. Several diseases are associated with oxidative stress, notably during disease progression. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the phytoconstituents and antioxidant potential of the ethyl acetate leaf extract of Corchorus olitorius (ELEC). The phytochemicals were qualitatively and quantitatively determined, followed by characterization using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant potential was determined in vitro. Alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids were detected in concentrations of 8.50 ±2.65, 11.83 ±0.73, and 19.17% ±0.73, respectively. The FTIR spectrum revealed 9 peaks including six at the group frequency region corresponding to alcohols, carboxylic acid, amine salts, alkenes, alkyne, esters, and oxime functional groups. The ELEC exhibited lower total reducing power (11.06 ±1.34 AAE µg/ml) compared to its total antioxidant capacity (49.26 ±2.44 AAE µg/ml) with a higher (60.47% ±2.44) percentage inhibition of peroxidation than AA (37.98% ±1.88). Furthermore, the ELEC exhibited a lower (0.20 ±0.01 nmol/ml) MDA concentration than AA (0.42 ±0.02 nmol/ml). Conclusively, C. olitorius might be applied for the management of oxidative stress-linked ailments and a source of novel therapeutics for these ailments.

Phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of &lt;i&gt;Ceiba pentanra&lt;/i&gt; against some clinical pathogenic bacteria

Many of the plant materials used in traditional medicine are readily available in rural areas and thus have made traditional medicine relatively cheaper than modern medicine. Plants generally produce many secondary metabolites and these constitute an important source of microbiocides, pesticides and many pharmaceutical drugs. Ceiba pentandra is naturally present in equatorial Africa and naturalized in all the humid tropics including Nigeria. Ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous leave extract of Ceiba pentandra were assayed against clinical isolates of S. aureus, P.vulgaris, E. coli and K. pneumoniae by agar diffusion method. All the extracts showed antimicrobial activity against all the test organisms. K. pneumoniae was the most susceptible to the plant extracts while E. coli was the most resistant. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the plant extracts against the test organisms ranged between 15μg/mLto30μg/mL The minimum bactericidal concentration of the extracts was within the ranges of 15μg/mL and 35μg/mL Ethyl acetate extract of leaf of Ceiba pentandra appeared to be more effective than aqueous or ethanol extract as antimicrobial agent against all the test bacteria. The results obtained may suggest that the plant extracts possess useful antimicrobial properties.

Investigation of Anthelmintic Potential of Two Leafy Vegetables from the Amaranthaceae Family

Objective: The present study investigates the anthelmintic potential of Amaranthus viridis Linn. and Amaranthus tricolor Linn. (Amaranthaceae) leafy vegetables from the Pune district, traditionally used as vermicides. Materials and Methods:The ethyl acetate, acetone and ethanol leaf extracts of both plants were subjected to preliminary investigations for thephytochemical elements. The anthelmintic activity of these extracts was tested against fully-grown Eisenia fetida earthworms.Ethyl acetate extract of A. viridis L. and acetone extract of Amaranthus tricolor L. showed the presence of all phytochemicals.Doses of 10–30 mg/ml were used in bioassay. Time of paralysis and death of earthworms was observed. Results: All extractsexhibited considerable dose-dependent activity against the reference drug, showing maximum activity at 30 mg/mL in bothplants. The most promising activity was exhibited by the ethyl acetate extract of the A. viridis L. (P (min.) = 4, D (min.) =5), followed by the acetone extract of the A. tricolor L. (P (min.) = 6, D (min.) = 13). Albendazole (20 mg/ml) and normalsaline were applied as a standard drug and control, respectively. High concentrations of alkaloids, tannins, and phenolicphytochemicals might be responsible for the exceptional activity. Conclusion: The present work scientifically validates thetraditional use and concludes that ethyl acetate and acetone extracts may be further processed to isolate the compoundsresponsible for said activity. One-way ANOVA with a significance level of 5% was used to validate the data (n = 3, p &lt; 0.05).

Phytochemical profiling and GC-MS analysis of Leaf Extracts of Dendrobium anceps Sw. (Orchidaceae)

Orchids have been used in various traditional medicinal systems for their potential therapeutic properties. Dendrobium anceps Sw. is an important medicinal orchid used to treat various diseases. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the phytochemical profile and conduct GC-MS analysis on different solvent extracts derived from D. anceps. The shade-dried leaf powder was subjected to cold extraction using n-hexane, acetone, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvents. Qualitative phytochemical screening was then performed on the resulting crude leaf extracts, following established standard protocols, to identify various phytocompounds. Following this, the methanol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of D. anceps were subjected to GC-MS analysis. The results of the qualitative phytochemical screening indicated that the methanol leaf extract of D. anceps exhibited the presence of phytochemicals such as proteins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids. Further, GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts showed 33 different phytochemical compounds (18 in ethyl acetate and 15 in methanol leaf extracts). The major compounds recorded in ethyl acetate leaf extract are oleic acid, phytol, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 2H-1-Benzopyran-4,7-diol, 3,4-dihydro-2-phenyl-. Compounds such as oleic acid, flavone, thujopsene, bicyclo[7.7.0]hexadec-1[9]-ene, 1-eicosene, and 1-docosene were identified in both the leaf extracts. The findings of the present study conclude that the phytocompounds identified in these leaf extracts possess several biological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Further research on this plant has the potential to unveil novel bioactive compounds that can be utilized in the development of pharmaceuticals for various health conditions, thereby reducing our reliance on synthetic drugs.

Phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of Ceiba pentandra against some pathogenic bacteria

Many plant ingredients used in traditional medicine are widely available in rural regions, making it cheaper than modern medication. Several secondary metabolites from plants are used to make microbiocides, insecticides, and pharmaceuticals. Ceiba pentandra grows natively in equatorial Africa and other humid tropics, including Nigeria. The agar diffusion method was used to test ethyl acetate, ethanol, and C. pentandra leaf extract against clinical isolates of S. aureus, P. vulgaris, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae. All extracts were antibacterial against test organisms. K. pneumoniae was most vulnerable to plant extracts, and E. coli was most resistant. The plant extracts had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 15 µg/ml to 30 µg/ml against the test organisms. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of extracts ranged from 15 to 35 µg/ml. The ethyl acetate leaf extract of C. pentandra was more efficient than the aqueous or ethanol extract against all test microorganisms. The data may indicate that plant extracts are antibacterial.

Assessment of Drimia delagoensis (Jessop) Baker Total Phenol, Flavonoids Content and Antioxidant Activity of Both Bulb and Leaves.

Drimia delagoensis has been utilized for its medicinal properties since antiquity. The bulb and leaves are predominantly composed of secondary metabolites that exhibit biological activity. The quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as the assessment of antioxidant activity was conducted using the Folin-Ciocalteus method, coulometric analysis, DPPH and the FRAP assays. The ethyl acetate, aqueous, and hexane extracts of the bulb exhibited significantly high total phenolic contents (167.9000±0.3376 μg GAE/mg, 56.2500±0.0043 μg GAE/mg, and 26.4000±0.0198 μg GAE/mg, respectively) compared to the ethyl acetate (49.4400±0.1341 μg QE/mg), aqueous (9.5200±0.1274 μg QE/mg), and hexane leaf extracts (1.8091±0.0049 μg QE/mg). On the other hand, the ethyl acetate leaf extract exhibited the highest antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate extract of D. delagoensis, was identified as a significant source of natural antioxidants, and its use in the management of diabetic foot ulcers linked with oxidative stress is supported.

Endophyte Inoculation Enhances Growth, Secondary Metabolites and Biological Activity of Endostemon obtusifolius Grown Under Drought Stress

There is a need to cultivate medicinal plants to meet the growing demand. Their cultivation is hampered by extreme environmental conditions such as drought that affect plant growth and its pharmacological potential. Application of stress-tolerant endophytic species may potentially attenuate these negative impacts. This study assessed the effects of individual and co-inoculation of two native endophytic species (bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa and fungus Fusarium oxysporum) on growth, physiological responses, metabolite accumulation and therapeutic efficacy of Endostemon obtusifolius subjected to varying watering regimes (well watered, mild and severe stress) under greenhouse conditions. Drought stress negatively affected root and shoot biomass, carotenoid content, chlorophyll fluorescence and relative water content in E. obtusifolius. Electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide accumulation increased with drought stress. Individual and co-inoculation endophyte treatments significantly improved growth and stress tolerance mechanisms via increased osmolyte production (soluble sugars, proline), up-regulation of the enzymatic antioxidant system (superoxide dismutase) and increased antioxidant metabolite content (total phenolics, flavonoids). Antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP) and in vitro α-glucosidase activity of ethyl acetate leaf extracts were negatively affected by water stress but significantly improved when plantlets were subjected to endophyte inoculation. The most active extracts were from plants subjected to mild water stress with co-inoculation. Thus severe drought stress negatively affected growth and therapeutic efficacy of E. obtusifolius. Inoculation with beneficial endophytes enhanced the biochemical responses, osmoregulatory network and improved the therapeutic efficacy of E. obtusifolius.

Nutritional Composition, Mineral Profiling, In Vitro Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of Selected Indian Guava Cultivars Leaf Extract.

Psidium guajava L. is a small evergreen tree known for its magnificent medicinal and nutritional value. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional profile and in vitro pharmacological potentialities of the different leaf extracts of four cultivars of Psidium guajava namely Surka chitti, Allahabad safeda, Karela, and Lucknow-49. The standard procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) were followed to carry out the nutritional analysis and all of the cultivars recorded the presence of elements at a nominal range. The highest presence of phenols (125.77 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (92.38 mg QE/g) in the methanolic leaf extract of the Karela cultivar was recorded. A wide range of minerals such as sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, and boron were recorded with a higher percentage in the Karela cultivar of Psidium guajava. In the enzyme inhibitory assays, Allahabad safeda showed potential inhibition with an IC50 of 113.31 ± 1.07, 98.2 ± 0.66 and 95.73 ± 0.39 μg/mL in α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase inhibition assays, respectively. The strong antioxidant effect was established by Lucknow-49 (IC50 of 74.43 ± 1.86 μg/mL) and Allahabad safeda (IC50 of 78.93 ± 0.46 μg/mL) for ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively. The ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts of the Allahabad safeda cultivar showed better inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an MIC of 14.84 and 28.69 µg/mL, respectively. A decent mean zone of inhibition was recorded in methanolic leaf extract that ranged from 21-25 mm in diameter against the tested bacterial strains (Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, and P. aeruginosa). This is the first scientific report on the comparative and comprehensive analysis of indigenous guava cultivars to evidently shortlist the elite cultivars with enriched dietary nutrition and biological activities.

Toxicity of Anti-Inflammatory Substances in Hemigraphis Alternata Leaves: In Silico Study Using ProTox-II

Hemigraphis alternata is empirically used to treat wounds. Hemigraphis alternata leaves ethyl acetate extract can assist in resolving the inflammatory process by inhibiting enzymes that play a role in the inflammatory cycle. Twenty-two substances found in the leaves of Hemigraphis alternata were predicted to have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) as an enzyme target. In-silico toxicology was carried out to acquire new anti-inflammatory drugs with low toxicity from 22 compounds. ProTox-II was utilized to measure the level of toxicity of these drugs at many endpoints. In this study, five compounds have LD50 &gt; 5000 mg/kg body weight, toxicity class 5-6, and inactive for cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity, mutagenicity and immunotoxicity parameters. They are 2-methyleneoctanenitrile, nerolidol, 2,7-dioxa-tricyclo[4.4.0.0(3,8)]deca-4,9-diene, 9,9-dimethoxybicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,4-dione, and phytol. Keywords: in silico, toxicity, Hemigraphis alternata, anti-inflammatory, ProTox-II

Valorization of Nam Wah Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) Byproducts as a Source of Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties: In Vitro and In Silico Studies.

Nam Wah banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) is the most common banana cultivar in Thailand. Large amounts of its non-consumable byproducts are considered undervalued and thrown as waste. Exploring the potential utilization and application of banana byproducts for human benefit can add to their value and minimize the risk of threats. This study aimed to investigate phytochemicals, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and toxicity of Nam Wah banana byproducts. Five banana plant parts, including the midrib, leaf, peduncle, unripe and ripe peels, were extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water. Among the extracts tested, the ethyl acetate leaf extract showed the strongest antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity, probably through the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Positive correlations existed between the activities and the total phenolic/flavonoid content of banana byproducts. An in silico docking analysis demonstrated that flavonoid glycosides in banana byproducts, such as kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and rutin, may bind to inducible iNOS, whereas omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid, may bind to 15-LOX and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The extracts showed either low or no toxicity. These findings suggest that banana byproducts are a natural source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. It is recommended that additional investigations be conducted to explore their potential therapeutic applications in treating disorders linked with oxidative stress or inflammation. This research has the potential to enhance the value of banana byproducts.

Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection with Rubus multibreatus Le’Vl Leaf Extract

Background: Rubus multibreatus Le’vl is a wild-type shrub of the Rosacea family, commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is claimed to invigorate the kidney and liver and reduce inflammation. From other literature, the Rubus genus has been defined by the presence of diterpene glycosides, with or without the presence of triterpene glycosides, and classifying its phyto-chemical activity owing to a number of oleanane ursane glucosides.&#x0D; Research objectives: To determine whether or not the plant had medicinal properties; To determine the structure of the metabolite(s) responsible for its medicinal properties; To determine the in-vivo activity of the active plant extract and medicinal significance.&#x0D; Study design: Solvent extraction using different solvents with different polarities was used to test for antibacterial activity. The choice solvent extract was tested for metabolites via chemical tests and HPLC. The pure compound(s) identified from HPLC results were tested for antibacterial activity to determine the compound(s) responsible for antibacterial activity. The extent of bacterial inhibition was determined by MBC (minimum bacterial concentration), bacterial growth curve, SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), and qPCR (quantitative polymer chain reaction) amplification of viral RNA. The histopathological changes of the liver and kidney, inflammatory cytokines, and IgG were used to explain relief from, or lack thereof, upon treatment with choice plant extract(s).&#x0D; Methodology: Antibacterial activity was determined using both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; MSSA S. aureus ATCC25923, E. coli serotype 078, and S. typhi ATCC14028. Different solvent extracts were used to test for its antibacterial activity in vitro. The powdered leaf sample was first macerated in ethanol (90%) and concentrated using different organic solvents with different polarities; ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-butanol. The ethyl acetate leaf extract of the plant, which was rich in flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, resins, and saponins, was preferred as the crude extraction method, to the other organic solvents; dichloromethane and n-butanol, whose extracts showed no antibacterial activity towards the gram-positive MSSA S. aureus ATCC25923, E. coli serotype 078 and S. typhi ATCC14028. Only the ethyl acetate extract showed antibacterial activity towards methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Further experiments were done using the methicillin-resistant S. aureus TCH1516 (ATCCBAA-1717) (USA300), which poses a greater threat to the modern-day treatment of bacterial infections. A murine model approach using specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice was used to investigate whether the extract could inhibit S. aureus in-vivo, as it did in-vitro, to determine the bacterial concentration that could cause infection and mortality, and the significance of the plant extract as treatment, during the infection period, both at the beginning of infection and post-infection.&#x0D; Results: The histopathological analyses of the liver and kidney, expression of inflammatory cytokines; IFN-?, TNF-R1, IL-1?, 1L 6, and IgG, showed the significance of the leaf extract in the treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection. HPLC analyses of the ethyl acetate extract confirmed the presence of 6 compounds; kaempferol, quercetin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid, and the absence of rutin. The most active compound of the 6, against S. aureus, was identified to be gallic acid, at a minimum bacterial concentration value (MBC) of 0.1111µg/µL while ellagic acid and ferulic acid followed next at 0.6666µg/µL and 1.7776µg/µL respectively. This, however, is not to say that another compound was not present, that could have inhibited the bacteria. Mass spectroscopic analysis may identify other unknown compounds that could significantly have useful medicinal properties.&#x0D; Conclusion: Rubus multibreatus Le’vl certainly has antibiotic properties against Staphylococcus aureus and gallic, ellagic, and ferulic acids can be attributed to the anti-staphylococcal activity, however, only three bacterial species were used; S. aureus, E. coli and S. typhi, and it was not determined whether the plant or the pure compound metabolites; kaempferol, quercetin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid, had other antimicrobial activities; anti-anthelmintic, anti-fungal or anti-viral properties. The histopathological analyses of the liver and kidney, expression of inflammatory cytokines; IFN-?, TNF-R1, IL-1?, 1L 6, and IgG, showed the significance of the leaf extract in the treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection. Rubus multibreatus Le’vl plant extract improved survival, reduced inflammation in the anal glands, and cleared kidney abscesses. Both IL-6 and IFN-? expression was reduced upon administration of the plant extract, however, IL-6 expression was not reduced when treatment was administered post-infection. IFN-? was significantly reduced in the post-infection group, compared to the positive control group, which expressed 3-4 times as much. R. multibreatus Le’vl was also effective in reducing neutrophilia and necrosis, and overall preventing the formation of bacterial-like cells as seen in the liver of the positive control group.