Ethnomedicinal Properties Research Articles

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and their Biological Properties from Indian Heliotropium Species

Background:Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of plant secondary metabolites which protect the plants from biotic stresses by stimulating defense mechanisms as well as adaptability. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids widely occur in members of Boraginaceae family. This review paper describes about the structural properties of various PAs isolated from various Indian Heliotropium species and their biological and pharmacological activities.Methods:Authors surveyed the per-reviewed research, review papers and bibliographic databases and incorporated in this review paper. We have focused our attention on the answers of reviewed questions. The main themes and characteristics of reviewed papers have been described in this review paper.Results:Twenty three species of Heliotropium genus were reviewed critically and have included in this review paper. The review paper contains the critical information of ethnomedicinal properties of each species of Heliotropium genus, the occurrence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, the biological and pharmacological properties of pyrrplizidine alkaloids. So many pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides possess anticancer activity. Some PAs have demonstrated cytotoxic effects also.Conclusion:The findings of this review paper validate the significance of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, their occurrence and biosynthesis in Heliotropium species, as well as their biological and pharmacological properties.

Zanthoxylum Armatum: A Systemic Review of its EthnoMedicinal Properties, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology

Zanthoxylum Armatum: A Systemic Review of its EthnoMedicinal Properties, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology

Phytochemical Analysis of <i>Telfaria Occidentals</i> and <i>Ocimum Gratissimum</i> Samples Collected from Gwarimpa Abuja Nigeria

This study aims at determining the presence of phytochemical constituents in Telfaria occidentalis and Ocimum gratissimum collected from a location in Abuja, FCT. Standard laboratory procedures were employed to achieve the set objectives. To ascertain the phytochemical components responsible for the ethno medicinal properties, a qualitative and quantitative screening of the extracts of the sampled plants was conducted. Telfaria occidentalis and Ocimum gratissimum leaves were collected from the Kado-Bimko market, Gwarinpa-Abuja in October 2016. Phytochemical screening of the plant materials revealed some differences in the phytochemical constituents of the plants tested but showed the presence of Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Anthraquinones, Saponins, and Tannins. The present data suggest that these extracts could be potential sources phytochemicals that could be of great importance for the treatment of various diseases. It is expected that the important phytochemicals recognised in the study of the medicinal plant sample extracts will be very useful in the curing of various diseases in Nigeria.

Assessment of acute, 14-day, and 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity of Tiglium seed extract in rats

BackgroundSeed of mature Croton tiglium Linne, also known as Tiglium seed (TS), has been widely used as a natural product due to its several health beneficial properties including anti-tumor and antifungal activities. Despite its ethnomedicinal beneficial properties, toxicological information regarding TS extract, especially its long-term toxicity, is currently limited. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate acute and subchronic toxicity of TS extract in rats after oral administration following test guidelines of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).MethodsToxicological properties of TS extract were evaluated by toxicity assays to determine its single-dose acute toxicity (125, 250, 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg), 14-day repeated-dose toxicity (125, 250, 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg) and 13-week repeated-dose toxicity (31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) in Sprague-Dawley rats and F344 rats. Hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathological parameters were analyzed to determine its median lethal dose (LD50) and no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL).ResultsOral single dose up to 2000 mg/kg of TS extract resulted in no mortalities or abnormal clinical signs. In 13-week toxicity study, TS extract exhibited no dose-related changes (mortality, body weight, food/water consumption, hematology, clinical biochemistry, organ weight, or histopathology) at dose up to 500 mg/kg, the highest dosage level suggested based on 14-day repeat-dose oral toxicity study.ConclusionAcute oral LD50 of TS extract in rats was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg. NOAEL of TS extract administered orally was determined to be 500 mg/kg/day in both male and female rats. Results from these acute and subchronic toxicity assessments of TS extract under Good Laboratory Practice regulations indicate that TS extract appears to be safe for human consumption.

Bael tree (Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa): importance, biology, propagation, and future perspectives

Major advances have been made in our understanding of the biology and biotechnology of the bael tree (Aegle marmelos), which is used for marmalade and has other applications. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Rutaceae), popularly known as bael fruit or stone apple tree, and the basis of marmalade, is a deciduous tree with extensive medicinal, pharmacological, ethnomedicinal and conventional properties and uses. Aegle marmelos shows wide ecophysiological plasticity, including resistance to high temperature stress, while salt-resistant cultivars also exist. Its ability to grow in a wide range of soil pH makes A. marmelos an economically viable fruit tree for otherwise difficult-to-culture environments, and its adaptability to various ecological niche makes it an excellent candidate for agro-forestry and the reclamation of waste lands, but the choice of breeding parents for cross-pollinated experiments can affect fruit set. The micropropagation of A. marmelos offers an opportunity to conserve, through large-scale propagation, elite genotypes, although greater exploration of genotype collections is required to identify superior germplasm. This review explores the importance, adaptive physiology, disease and pest management, genetic diversity, conventional propagation and the use of tissue culture to propagate A. marmelos, either through direct or indirect organogenesis, or through somatic embryogenesis, genomics and future perspectives.

In vitro Study of Different Partitionates of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Leaf for Thrombolytic and Membrane Stabilizing Activities

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. is a medicinal herb belonging to the family Apocyanaceae. Locally it is known as Chatim and abundant with ethno-medicinal properties. The crude ethanolic extract of A. scholaris leaves along with its n-hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and aqueous soluble partitionates were assayed for their probable thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities. The activities of the leaf extract were compared to standard drugs, streptokinase for thrombolytic and acetyl salicylic acid for membrane stabilizing activities. In this study, among all extractives the highest thrombolytic activity was exhibited by the crude ethanolic extract (55.33±0.08%) (p < 0.001) as compared to Streptokinase (62.07±0.33%) (p < 0.001). Alternatively, ethanol soluble materials also significantly inhibited the haemolysis of human erythrocyte membrane both in induced by hypotonic solution (83.47±0.15%) (p < 0.001) and by heat (79.82±0.71%) (p < 0.001), respectively as compared to standard acetyl salicylic acid (85.09±0.8%) (p < 0.001) and (80.98±1.34%) (p < 0.001).Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 21(2): 145-149, 2018

Antioxidant, compositional evaluation and blood pressure modulating potentials of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.), Viscum album (L.) and Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) leave extracts

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.), Viscum album (L.) and Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) are medicinal plants widely used based on their ethnomedicinal properties in the regulation of blood pressure. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant activities and compositional constituents of these plants. The antioxidant potentials were analyzed using DPPH and FRAP assays, while Folin-Ciocalteu method was employed in the determination of the total phenolic antioxidant contents. Compositional analyses of the leave extracts were determined using Gas Chromatograghy-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The total phenolic contents in Bryophyllum pinnatum, Artocarpus altilis and Viscum album were revealed as; 659.50 ±0.02, 1667.50 ±0.03, 1232.00 ±0.02 mg GAE.100 g-1 respectively. Considering the antioxidant activities, Artocarpus altilis leaf extract showed inhibitory activity on DPPH with IC50 of 2.24 ±0.26 mg.mL-1, Bryophyllum pinnatum and Viscum album with IC50 values 3.63 ±0.07 and 4.65 ±0.06 mg.mL-1 respectively.The FRAP in mg.GAE-1 for Artocarpus altilis, Bryophyllum pinnatum and Viscum album revealed; 2505.20 ±0.04, 1561.80 ±0.01 and 1698.00 ±0.03 respectively. GC-MS identified some vital phenolic components and essential fatty acids in the plants. The findings therefore suggest that; the plants if properly utilized, it could serve as alternatives in regulating blood pressure.

Antioxidant Activity and Genotoxic Assessment of Crabwood (Andiroba, Carapa guianensis Aublet) Seed Oils.

The seed oil of Carapa guianensis (Aublet), a tree from the Meliaceae family commonly known as andiroba, is widely used in Brazilian traditional medicine because of its multiple curative properties against fever and rheumatism and as an anti-inflammatory agent, antibacterial agent, and insect repellant. Since there is no consensus on the best way to obtain the C. guianensis oil and due to its ethnomedicinal properties, the aim of the present research was to evaluate the chemical composition, free-radical scavenging activity, and mutagenic and genotoxicity properties of three C. guianensis oils obtained by different extraction methods. The phenolic contents were evaluated by spectrophotometry. Oil 1 was obtained by pressing the dried seeds at room temperature; oil 2 was obtained by autoclaving, drying, and pressing; oil 3 was obtained by Soxhlet extraction at 30–60°C using petroleum ether. The oil from each process presented differential yields, physicochemical properties, and phenolic contents. Oil 1 showed a higher scavenging activity against the DPPH radical when compared to oils 2 and 3, suggesting a significant antioxidant activity. All oils were shown to be cytotoxic to bacteria and to CHO-K1 and RAW264.7 cells. At noncytotoxic concentrations, oil 2 presented mutagenicity to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and induced micronuclei in both cell types. Under the same conditions, oil 3 also induced micronucleus formation. However, the present data demonstrated that oil 1, extracted without using high temperatures, was the safest for use as compared to the other two oils, not showing mutagenicity or micronucleus induction.

Therapeutic potential of wild edible vegetables - A Review

Wild edible plants play an important role in the livelihood of people residing in rural areas. Even today in most of the remote areas, people depend on plants which are available in their natural surroundings for food, medicine, shelter etc. Majority of wild edible vegetables have medicinal property and can be used to treat common ailments. The present paper focuses on ethno-medicinal properties of some non-cultivated, traditional vegetables from published research articles, books and web based search engines. On the basis of available ethno-botanical information through published literature studies, it is observed that one or the other part of wild vegetables belonging to about 97 species of 48 families are used as medicine apart from their nutritional benefits. About 43 species of leaves, 14 species Rhizome/tuber, 11 species of fruits, 9 species of shoot/stem, and 7 species of flowers are used for food as well as medicinal purposes. Total 66 among these are used internally, 21 are used externally and 14 are being used for both internal and external administration. About 52 different disease conditions like diabetes, rheumatism, dysentery, dyspepsia, gastritis, constipation, urinary disorders are frequently treated by these wild vegetables. These are easily available in natural habitat, cheap and excellent source of nutrients like proteins, carbohydrates, iron, essential minerals and other secondary metabolites. Regular use of these vegetables may indirectly act as an alternative source of medicinal drugs along with nutritional benefits. Further, they can be analyzed for their bioactive constituents and introduced as diet in routine clinical practice.

ETHNOMEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF BATHUKAMMA (TELANGANA STATE FLORAL FESTIVAL) FLOWERS

Bathukamma is a floral festival of Telangana state in Peninsular India. It is a major festival celebrated by the Hindu womenfolk of the region. They make Bathukamma with colorful and beautiful flowers that grow exclusively in Telangana region. This festival is a cultural identity and a symbolic icon of Telangana people. The present study mainly focus on the ethnomedicinal properties of Bathukamma flowers and also to reveal the importance of less known plants used by tribal people who lived in rural areas before the evolution of urban culture. The present study helps to bridge between tribal and urban therapy systems. This study also helps to preserve biodiversity of the region.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Tridax procumbens flavonoids: a prospective bioactive compound increased osteoblast differentiation and trabecular bone formation

BackgroundThe Tridax procumbens extracts (TPE) are known for their ethno-medicinal properties to increase osteogenic functioning in mesenchymal stem cells. Recently, we found that the T. procumbens flavonoids (TPF) significantly suppressed the RANKL-induced osteoclasts differentiation and bone resorption. The TPF also promoted osteoblasts differentiation and bone formation demonstrated by increasing bone formation markers in cultured mouse primary osteoblasts. However, the effects of the TPF on in vivo bone formation remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of the TPF on in vivo bone formation, injected the TPF (20 mg/kg) twice a day in the low calcium diet mice and killed them after 21 day. Radiographic and histomorphometric analyses were performed on the dissected bones to determine the anabolic effects of the TPF.ResultsBone mineral density and bone mineral content of the TPF-treated mice were significantly increased compared to the control mice. Bone formation-related indices like osteoblast number, osteoblast surface, bone volume, mineralizing surface, mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate were significantly increased in the TPF-treated mice compared to the control mice.ConclusionOur findings point towards the stimulation of bone formation by TPF, suggested that the TPF could be a potential natural anabolic agent to treat patients with bone loss-associated diseases such as osteoporosis.

Annona cherimola Mill. (Custard apple): a review on its plant profile, nutritional values, traditional claims and ethnomedicinal properties

Annona cherimola Mill., commonly known as Custard apple has recently gained attention of researchers because of copious anticancer bioactive chemicals and nutrients. Plants of the Annonaceae family have a long history of medicinal use in the treatment of several disease conditions such as epilepsy, cardiac diseases, pathogenic infections, hemorrhage, ulcer, cancer, liver disorders and other ailments. Annona cherimola Mill. (Custard apple) is widely used in the traditional and folkloric systems of medicine. It contains numerous bioactive chemicals like annonaceous acetogenins, annocherine A, cherianoine, annocherine B, cherimoline, annomolin, romucosine H, anonaine etc. The fruit of Annona cherimola Mill. is nutritionally important as it contains high amount of carbohydrates and is a rich source of diverse vitamins such as vitamin C, vitamin B6, thiamine, riboflavin and folate. Several phytopharmacological studies have proved and explored medicinal properties of Annona cherimola Mill. Annonaceous acetogenins isolated from the seeds were found to posses potent cytotoxicity against different cancer cell lines. The crude extracts as well as isolated compounds from different plant parts exhibited pharmacological activities such as antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antidepressant, anxiolytic, antiviral, antitumor and cytoprotective. The present review focuses in detail the plant profile, nutritional and traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of different parts of Annona cherimola Mill. plant.

Proximate composition, phytochemical analysis, and in vitro antioxidant potentials of extracts of Annona muricata (Soursop).

Numerous bioactive compounds and phytochemicals have been reported to be present Annona muricata (Soursop). Some of these chemical compounds have been linked to the ethnomedicinal properties of the plant and its antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to assess the proximate composition, phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant properties of A. muricata using standard biochemical procedures. The defatted Annona muricata crude methanolic extracts of the different parts of the plant were used for the estimation of proximate composition and phytochemical screening. The crude methanolic extracts of the different parts of the plant were also fractionated using solvent–solvent partitioning. Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and methanol‐water (90:10) were the solvents used for the fractionation. The different fractions obtained were then used to perform in vitro antioxidant analyses including, 1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, ferric reducing properties, and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. The leaf methanolic extract had a higher lipid content, whereas its chloroform fraction demonstrated a better ability to quench DPPH free radical. The root‐bark methanol‐water, leaf methanol, fruit pulp chloroform, and leaf petroleum ether fractions demonstrated potent ferric reducing properties. The leaf and stem‐bark petroleum ether fractions demonstrated better hydroxyl‐free radical scavenging abilities. The leaf and fruit pulp of Annona muricata have a very potent antioxidant ability compared to the other parts of the plant. This can be associated with the rich phytochemicals and other phytoconstituents like phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and essential lipids, etc. Significant correlations were observed between the antioxidant status and phytochemicals present. These results thus suggest that some of the reported ethnomedicinal properties of this plant could be due to its antioxidant potentials.

In vitro antimicrobial potential of potentilla polyphylla Wall. ex Lehm. taproot extract against human pathogens

Background: The whole plant of Potentilla polyphylla Wall. ex Lehm. (Rosaceae) is valued for its ethno-medicinal properties. It has been used as a folk remedy against a variety of ailments. Aim: This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial potential of P. polyphylla taproot extract against human pathogens. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the aqueous methanol extract (1:4) against bacterial strains and clinically important yeast were assessed using the agar diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration studies. Its effect was compared with some standard antibiotics. Results: The extract showed inhibition of 17.5-30.0 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.01 mg/ml and 0.4 mg/ml against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, respectively. Tested pathogens, except P. mirabilis, were found susceptible to standard antibiotics. Conclusions: Results showed that P. polyphylla possesses broadspectrum antimicrobial properties and hence merits detailed phytochemical investigations for its pharmaceutical applications.

Correlation of Thrombolytic and Membrane Stabilizing Activities with Total Flavonoid Content Aerial Parts of Spondias pinnata

Spondias pinnata is a medicinal herb belonging to the family of Anacardiaceae. Locally it is known as Amra and has a history of ethno-medicinal properties. The crude ethanolic extract along with different partitionates of the leaves of S. pinnata were evaluated for their possible thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities. The activities of the leaf extract were evaluated by using standard drugs; streptokinase for thrombolytic and acetyl salicylic acid for anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, among all partitionates the ethyl acetate soluble fraction showed highest % of clot lysis (58.06%) as compared to (69.23%) and (3.03%) exhibited by the standard streptokinase and water. On the other hand, ethyl acetate soluble fractionates also significantly inhibits the haemolysis of human erythrocyte membrane both in induced by hypotonic solution (65.33 ± 0.50%) and by heat (56.22 ± 0.69%), respectively as compared to (75.92 ± 29%) and (71.12 ± 0.26%) demonstrated by acetyl salicylic acid. Our study revealed that satisfactory amount of flavonoid content (132.27 ± 0.25) showed a significant and positive correlation between total flavonoid content with thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 19(1): 48-52, 2016

Carissa opaca: A plant with great potential for future drugs for degenerative and infectious diseases

Emergence of new diseases and development of complications in the old ones, coupled with safety, efficacy and affordability factors associated with existing medicines, have necessitated continuous quest for new remedies. Plants being a virtually unending reservoir of potential bioactive natural products hold great hope for more effective, safer and affordable therapeutic agents. In order to facilitate these studies, it is therefore desirable to publish reviews on medicinal plants. The present review is an effort to cover ethnomedicinal properties and research work done on medicinal plant, Carissa opaca (Apocynaceae), which is traditionally used for a number of purposes, including jaundice, hepatitis, rheumatism and asthma. Pharmacologically, different parts of plant have been studied for various bioactivities, such as, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and cytotoxic. Phytochemical investigations have resulted in the isolation of many natural products including terpenoids and flavonoids. As the extensive literature review suggests, C. opaca holds great promise for novel therapeutic remedies for various degenerative and pathological ailments. More rigorous, in vitro and in vivo, analyses and clinical studies are, therefore, recommended.

Antimicrobial, Thrombolytic, Membrane Stabilizing Activities and Total Flavonoid Content of Various Partitionates of Aerial Parts of Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk

Eclipta alba is a medicinal herb belonging to the family of Asteraceae. Locally it is known as Kalokeshi and has a history of ethno-medicinal properties. The crude ethanolic extract of E. alba leaves was partitioned successively by solvents of different polarities. The crude extract along with different partitionates was evaluated for their possible antimicrobial, thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities. In this study, n-hexane soluble fraction (HXSF) showed 55.56% maximum activity against thrombosis in comparison with streptokinase (SK) 62.67%. For hypotonic solution- and heat-induced conditions, the n-hexane soluble fractionate (67.35 ± 0.50%) significantly inhibited the haemolysis of HRBCs by 67.35 ± 0.50% and 62.12 ± 0.69%, respectively as compared to the standard acetyl salicylic acid (77.91 ± 0.29%). The ethanol extract of the plant showed higher inhibitory action against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas fluroescens. The total flavonoid content was quite significant in ethanolic extract (142.17 ± 0.15 mg/g). Hence, the results of the present study revealed that the leaves of this traditional medicinal plant are a remedy for thrombosis, red blood cell membrane stabilization and microbial infections against some human pathogens.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 14(2): 207-213, 2015 (December)

Rafflesia spp.: propagation and conservation.

The propagation of Rafflesia spp. is considered to be important for future development of ornamental and other applications. Thus far, the only successful propagation technique has been grafting. This mini-review succinctly emphasizes what is known about Rafflesia species. Members of the genus Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae), which are holoparasitic plants known to grow on a host vine, Tetrastigma sp., are widely spread from the Malayan Peninsula to various islands throughout Indonesia. The plant's geographical distribution as well as many other aspects pertaining to the basic biology of this genus have still not been studied. The young flower buds and flowers of wild Rafflesia hasseltii Suringar, Rafflesia keithii Meijer and Rafflesia cantleyi Solms-Laubach are used in local (Malaysia and Indonesia) traditional ethnomedicine as wound-healing agents, but currently no formal published research exists to validate this property. To maintain a balance between its ethnomedicinal and ornamental use, and conservation, Rafflesia spp. must be artificially cultivated to prevent overexploitation. A successful method of vegetative propagation is by host grafting using Rafflesia-impregnated Tetrastigma onto the stem of a normal Tetrastigma plant. Due to difficulties with culture contamination in vitro, callus induction was only accomplished in 2010 for the first time when picloram and 2,4-D were added to a basal Murashige and Skoog medium, and the tissue culture of holoparasitic plants continues to be extremely difficult. Seeds harvested from fertile fruit may serve as a possible method to propagate Rafflesia spp. This paper provides a brief synthesis on what is known about research related to Rafflesia spp. The objective is to further stimulate researchers to examine, through rigorous scientific discovery, the mechanisms underlying the ethnomedicinal properties, the flowering mechanisms, and suitable in vitro regeneration protocols that would allow for the fortification of germplasm conservation.

Associated microflora of medicinal ferns: biotechnological potentials and possible applications

Plant associated microorganisms that colonize the upper and internal tissues of roots, stems, leaves and flowers of healthy plants without causing any visible harmful or negative effect on their host. Diversity of microbes have been extensively studied in a wide variety of vascular plants and shown to promote plant establishment, growth and development and impart resistance against pathogenic infections. Ferns and their associated microbes have also attracted the attention of the scientific communities as sources of novel bioactive secondary metabolites. The ferns and fern alleles, which are well adapted to diverse environmental conditions, produce various secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenols, triterpenoid compounds, variety of amino acids and fatty acids along with some unique metabolites as adaptive features and are traditionally used for human health and medicine. In this review attention has been focused to prepare a comprehensive account of ethnomedicinal properties of some common ferns and fern alleles. Association of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere and endosphere of these medicinally important ferns and their interaction with the host plant has been emphasized keeping in view their possible biotechnological potentials and applications. The processes of host-microbe interaction leading to establishment and colonization of endophytes are less-well characterized in comparison to rhizospheric and phyllospheric microflora. However, the endophytes are possessing same characteristics as rhizospheric and phyllospheric to stimulate the in vivo synthesis as well as in vitro production of secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities such as plant growth promotion by production of phytohormones, siderophores, fixation of nitrogen, and phosphate solubilization. Synthesis of pharmaceutically important products such as anticancer compounds, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antiviral substances and hydrolytic enzymes could be some of the promising areas of research and commercial exploitation.

Antibacterial potential of fungal endophytes isolated from Boerhaavia diffusa L.

Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Artemisia annua LPuji Astuti, Wahyono, Titik Nuryastuti, Indah Purwantini, Purwanto