Ethno-social Processes Research Articles

Пространство культур через призму единства и многообразия: к итогам IV Центральноазиатских чтений

В статье обобщаются итоги Международной научно-практической конференции «IV Центральноазиатские исторические чтения: пространство культур через призму единства и многообразия», которая проходила с 20 по 23 сентября 2018 года в г. Кызыле (Республика Тыва) на базе Тувинского государственного университета. Целью конференции явились изучение и анализ с точки зрения социокультурного подхода результатов теоретических и эмпирических исследований особенностей социально-экономического, политического, этносоциального и этнокультурного развития отдельных локусов центральноазиатского макрорегиона в аспекте истории и современности.Центральное внимание на конференции было уделено проблемам развития Тувы, сопредельных регионов и населяющих их народов. Проблематика докладов задавалась тематикой четырех секций: «Этнотрансформационные процессы в Центральной Азии», «Социополитическое пространство Центральной Азии», «Историко-культурное пространство Центральной Азии», «Конфессиональное пространство Центральной Азии», а также Международного семинара «Этносоциальные процессы в Сибири: этнокультура и экономика» и круглого стола «Государственная национальная политика в Российской Федерации и Сибирском федеральном округе».В обзоре отражены значимые идеи наиболее интересных докладов. Делается вывод о важном значении Центральноазиатских исторических чтений для тувиноведения, как в его научно-гуманитарном выражении, так и что касается его социальной миссии.

Субэтнические дифференциации российских этносов (на примере калмыков и тувинцев)

В статье предлагается рассматривать тему разделительных, различительных явлений и процессов в этносоциальной жизни российских регионов, которые имеют в своей основе сложносоставной характер коренного населения. Этот ряд явлений и процессов авторы предлагают называть субэтническими дифференциациями, различая их декларируемые формы и недекларируемые. В качестве материала для анализа авторы рассматривают субэтнические дифференциации современных калмыков и тувинцев.Экскурс в этногенез калмыков и тувинцев показывает сложную структуру данных этносов. Основой социальной структуры общества калмыков и тувинцев был род, который считался по отцовской линии. Вся родня по отцовской линии составляла одно поселение (хотон, аал). Родовым связям, родовой идентификации, знанию своего рода придавалось огромное значение. Тем не менее, внутренняя структура этноса была сложнее и включала не только роды, особенно у калмыков. Исторические события ХХ в. по-разному повлияли на этносоциальные процессы, однако не смогли полностью изменить основы социальной структуры этносов. Долгие годы подчеркивание связей со своим родом воспринималось как «местечковость», но родовое деление, родовая идентичность не теряли своей значимости.Декларируемой формой субэтнической дифференциации авторы называют события, мероприятия, наименования, публичные выступления и акции — все то, что подчеркивается инициаторами и субъектами действий в качестве возрождаемой традиционности этнической культуры, когда родовое, родоплеменное деление признается необходимой частью традиционной культуры. Недекларируемые формы разворачиваются без постановки высоких целей, в сфере социальных, бытовых отношений, в том числе для решения групповых экономических и политических задач.Собственно социально-демографические, миграционные процессы в регионах не указывают на то, чтобы происходили физические расколы этносов, их распады и образования новых групп. Напротив, во многом, идет усиление урбанизации, отток населения из сел и многие внутриэтнические проблемы возникают в условиях концентрации в одном месте представителей разных родственных групп, которые до этого проживали относительно раздельно. Авторы полагают, что актуализация темы внутренней сложности этносов, групп в их составе идет в одном ряду с актуализацией в целом темы этничности в современных условиях.

Методические проблемы эмпирических исследований этнополитических и этносоциальных процессов в регионах российской Арктики

Методические проблемы эмпирических исследований этнополитических и этносоциальных процессов в регионах российской Арктики

MIGRATION PROCESSES AND INTERETHNIC RELATIONS IN A POLYETHNIC REGION

The article examines the impact of migration on the contents and specifics of interethnic relations in Southern Russia. The study, based on the results of the expert survey, revealed that the issue of migration is becoming a global one and that it plays a role of risk factor for the regional community. Intensification of migration processes has an impact on parameters of regional securitysuch as the ethno-social processes, ethnic tensions, conflict and political stability. Currently migration processes play a significant role in the dynamics of ethnosocial development of the South of Russia. The necessary additional measures are aimed at its adaptation to the new social situation caused by the influx of migrants. In modern conditions, the migration policy has become one of the priorities in political and economic activities of our state. The article analyzes migration processes in the Republic of Adygea. It is concluded that in the South of Russia contemporary migration processes have an ethnic component, influencing the social integration.

Исследование истории, языка и культуры юкагиров Якутии в 60-е — 80-е годы ХХ века

On the basis of the analysis of scientific literature and complex of archival material, including those introduced by the author into scientific circulation for the first time, the author presents a pioneer in the domestic historiography attempt of scientific understanding of the history of research activities relating to various aspects of the life of the Yukaghirs of Yakutia in the period from the end of the fundamental Yukaghir complex expedition to the beginning of a new stage in the development of the domestic Yukaghir studies and Russian science in general. In this regard, the main research initiatives implemented in the specified chronological framework are identified and considered. Their personal structure, a technique of carrying out, geography and the main directions are shown. The analysis of the key propositions developed by the participants of these initiatives was carried out. It is established that an important place in the work of scientists during the period under review took the understanding of the materials obtained during the Yukaghir complex expedition, as well as the accumulation of new information, also in the course of research, which included fundamentally new areas of research for Yukaghir studies. It is noted that thanks to the work done, scientists were able to obtain data characterizing the ethnic history, genetic relations and development of the Yukaghir language, language and ethno-social processes taking place in their environment.

The phenomenon of ethnic enclave and its reflection in scientific research

The increased number of migratory flows to the territory of the Russian Federation in recent decades entails a number of negative trends. First of all, this is due to the emergence of the phenomenon of “ethnic enclaves”, the formation of which is one of the most critically perceived by the expert community of contemporary ethno-social processes. In the article, an array of information sources from the Russian electronic scientific library eLIBRARY was analyzed in order to form an initial view of the peculiarities of research on the topic of “ethnic enclaves”, their impact on other socio-cultural and socio-economic processes, using bibliometric analysis and the method of quantitative research of documentary information flows (DIP) from the point of view of: the temporal distribution of publications, the frequency of use of keywords,sectoral and thematic structures, organizations involved in the subject area of research, etc. Conclusions are drawn that, the impact of the enclaveization of the migration community and its consequences on local territories is not sufficiently studied. The bibliometric analysis confirmed that migration processes affect the internal fragmentation of the socium of the host territory, thereby making significant changes in the development of ethnogenesis. Therefore, the formation of a model for monitoring labor migration must necessarily include components that are associated not only with the economic, but also ethnosocial consequences of international migration, which causes further prospects for this direction of research.

Моделирование этносоциальных процессов с использованием цифровых технологий: направления и перспективы

Моделирование этносоциальных процессов с использованием цифровых технологий: направления и перспективы

Кросскультурная коммуникация в контексте творческой самореализации личности

The article discusses one of the key challenges of the global world – the problem of creative self-realization of personality as the way of being human within the framework of cross-cultural interaction. Theoretical-methodological base of research is the concept of creativity reconstruction, revealing the peculiarities of the modern social and cultural mentality and modeling comfortable barrier-free, international environment. The article shows a weak vitality of multiculturalism in the context of intercultural communication and the need for adaptation to the new reality through self-actualization and self-realization of its capabilities and resources through creativity. Authors describe the cultural-historical transformation of art as a way of actualization of a person in the culture. Creativity as a basic life installation is considered as a constitutive element of regulation of ethno-social processes. There is noted the relevance of the issue of cultural objectivism, creating a personality through its spiritual powers and abilities of the social program of "raspredelennykh" (“abstract”) meanings of culture through creativity, considered as overcoming cultural isolation, different cultural space, given the cultural-historical transformation. There is proposed the model of transition to higher stages of effectiveness of cross-cultural interaction through creativity, which is based on the methodology of reconstruction of creative processes in social and cultural space. To implement the adaptive capacity of the model there are selected the most relevant indicators of potential self-realization of migrants and host community. It is concluded that for realizing the potential of the contextual environment, as the bearer of possible properties that contribute to the manifestation of the meaning of human activities, it is necessary to create relevant models of effective cross-cultural communication and cultural migration, which foundation is the creativity as a way of actualization of a person in the culture.

Нормы обычного права в предметном поле этнологических экспертиз

The article raises the question of the inclusion customary law in the subject field of ethnological examinations as a separate section devoted to functioning in the environment of the studied ethnic groups. The relevance of the development is the manifestation of this phenomenon as a sustained stabilization factor (regulator) of ethno-social situation in a number of subjects of the Russian Federation. In addition, there is an ambivalent attitude to this phenomenon by regional authorities. Based on the experience of the ethnological expertise formalization of primary data obtained during field work is proposed on the five key features, defining the place of customary law in current legal systems. The author focuses on the need for analysis of the interaction of two ethno-social processes: the conservation (formation) of social institutions which function is the regulation of social relations based on customary law and development of a wide range of forms of ethnic entrepreneurship. It is proved that the change in the subject area should be based on correction of research procedures and a list of key indicators in the model regulations for ethnological assessments.

Установки в межэтнических отношениях как индикатор этносоциальной ситуации (на материале массового опроса в Республике Алтай)

<p>В статье представлены некоторые результаты социологического исследования, проведенного методом массового опроса сотрудниками Института философии и права СО РАН (г. Новосибирск) при участии авторов в Республике Алтай в2014 г. Фиксируется проблематика обусловленности специфики отдельного региона его историко-культурными особенностями и протекающими в нем современными этносоциальными процессами.</p><p>Авторы фокусируют внимание на этносоциальной ситуации в Республике Алтай, а именно на установках в межэтнических отношениях в данном регионе. Отмечается необходимость различения понятий «этносоциальные процессы» и «этносоциальная ситуация». Этносоциальные процессы рассматриваются как процессы, протекающие в системе межэтнических взаимодействий в многонациональных обществах. Представляется значимым учет локализации этносоциального процесса, имеющего свои особенности в каждом регионе.</p><p>Этносоциальная ситуация может быть зафиксирована посредством анализа закономерностей развития этносов и межэтнических сообществ, а также вопросов, связанных с регулированием межэтнических отношений. Межэтнические отношения (понимаемые не только как «чувства», но и как «действия») являются индикатором этносоциальной ситуации, которая, в свою очередь, является единомоментным срезом этносоциальных процессов в регионе.<strong></strong></p><p>Республика Алтай является полиэтничным регионом Российской Федерации, где по численности выделяют три основные этнические группы — русские, алтайцы и казахи. В регионе также проживают представители коренных малочисленных народов Севера (КМНС). Зафиксировано, что у населения выработаны определенные практики бесконфликтного межэтнического соседства.</p><p>Анализ данных опроса позволил подтвердить, что установки русских, алтайцев, казахов и представителей КМНС по отношению друг к другу являются достаточно благожелательными. Так, респондентами позитивно оценены межэтнические отношения, существующие в настоящем, а также отмечена стабильность их развития в недавнем прошлом. В то же время зафиксирована некоторая неуверенность опрошенных в отношении дальнейшего развития межэтнических отношений и вероятности возникновения конфликтов между этносами, очевидно, спровоцированная общим фоном нестабильности политической и экономической ситуации в России и в мире.</p><p>Взаимные симпатии и антипатии представителей разных этносов Республики Алтай в целом мало зависят от этнической принадлежности, что свидетельствует о низком фоне межэтнической напряженности. Взаимные симпатии русских, казахов и алтайцев, выраженные опрошенными, характеризуют установки в межэтнических отношениях в позитивном ключе.</p>

Modeling in Studying the Accultural Strategies of Youth

Background/Objectives: Development of mathematical methods and their penetration into ethno sociology expanded the horizons of modeling applications in the study of ethno-social processes and, in particular, ethnically mixed families, which determines urgency and significance of this research. Methods: To study the influence of the type of family on the accultural strategies selected by the child the following methods were applied: simulation, typologization, mass sociological survey, technique of Sh. Schwartz for studying value orientations, and individually-typological questionnaire by L. N. Sobchik. The study was conducted in the Republics of Khakassia and Sakha (Yakutia). Findings: The findings have proved the effectiveness of the use of modeling to study the dynamics of ethnically mixed and ethnically homogeneous families in Russia, as well as youth typology. The results of the specific socio-psychological studies carried out by the authors enable to conclude that modeling as a method of studying the ethno-social processes taking into account the different levels of diverse tendencies, as well as the phenomena determined by them, make it possible not only to reconstruct the reality, describe and explain the running processes, identify the vectors of their development, but also to take into account regularities determined by it in the elaboration of educational and socio-economic programs of development of regions and the country as a whole, including those concerning the formation of youth policy and the demographic situation. Applications/Improvements: These original results offer a new angle in studying the role of the family in the formation of the child\'s behavior patterns, his values, and the choice of the future environment. Keywords: Ethnosocial Processes, Modeling, Types of Families

Влияние миграции на этносоциальные процессы (на примере Сибири)

<p>В статье миграция и связанное с ней взаимодействие народов рассматриваются как существенно значимый и постоянно действующий фактор всемирной истории. В фокусе внимания авторов — влияние миграции на этносоциальные процессы. На примере Сибирского региона демонстрируется позитивный опыт такого влияния, о чем свидетельствует ретроспективный анализ конкретных фактов, характеризующих воздействие миграции, связанной главным образом с большими потоками переселения в Сибирь русского населения, на этносоциальное развитие коренных народов.</p><p>Современный социально-экономический и этнокультурный облик Сибири — во многом продукт миграционных процессов. В целом этносоциальная ситуация здесь как в прошлом, так и сегодня отличается относительной стабильностью. В постсоветский период под влиянием миграционных процессов наблюдаются новые тенденции в этнической структуре населения Сибири: снижение общей численности и доли представителей славянских этносов, рост численности представителей тюркских народов, увеличение численности и доли титульных этносов в соответствующих национальных образованиях, заметное увеличение численности представителей тюркских этносов, имеющих собственные государства за пределами России. В результате произошло усиление влияния тюркского и уменьшение славянского этнодемографических компонентов. Во многих регионах наблюдается территориальное сжатие русского населения. Усложнились межэтнические контакты, а миграционные процессы рассматриваются местными жителями как общая угроза их социальному благополучию.</p><p>Как показывают результаты проведенных под руководством Ю. В. Попкова массовых и экспертных опросов в сибирских регионах в 2000-х годах, именно с мигрантами местные жители связывают существующую напряженность в межэтнических отношениях. Среди основных причин существующей напряженности в отношениях между людьми разных национальностей эксперты назвали увеличение доли мигрантов в своем регионе. К числу наиболее заметных изменений в этносоциальной обстановке в последнее время респонденты отнесли также концентрацию людей по этническому принципу в отдельных микрорайонах, а также на работе, в отдельных отраслях (по 39%), что также характерно прежде всего для мигрантов.</p><p>Перспективы снижения межэтнической напряженности лежат на пути, во-первых, преодоления имевшего место в 1990–2000-е годы стихийного характера миграционных процессов, во-вторых, усиления внимания органов власти к удовлетворению потребностей коренных жителей и вопросам адаптации их (а не только мигрантов) к новой для них этносоциальной ситуации.</p>

Этносоциальные процессы в Крыму в постсоветский период: конфликтогенные факторы и исторические предпосылки

Этносоциальные процессы в Крыму в постсоветский период: конфликтогенные факторы и исторические предпосылки

NATIONAL INTERESTS IN THE CONTEXT OF ETHNIC-SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA

The article discusses the features of the influence of the geopolitical processes in the nature of ethnic social changes in the socio-cultural space of the South of Russia in the context of Russia's national interests. Geopolitical Factor escalation of international tension is due to increase of the militarypolitical pressure North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to the East, as well as an extremely inert position of the USA and the European Union in combating international terrorism in the Middle East. It is noted that geopolitical tensions are one of the main factors ethnic-social entropy causing civilizational and cultural restructuration of Southern Russia and the North Caucasus region. Of particular importance in the maintenance of ethnic and cultural diversity as the basis of unity of socio-cultural space of the South Russia is an ethnic ideology that can weaken the leveling effect of the globalization process and enhance the incorporation of ethnic consciousness in the principles of civic identity. Based on the analysis of ethno-social processes in the context of their cultural and historical transitive, there are three groups of ethnic community. The first group is characterized by the prevalence of the traditional values on of civilians. The second group is characterized by the gradual convergence ethnic-social traditional values on of society and elements of society modern. Finally, the third group of ethnic communities as a result of the incorporation of the active principles of modernity in the public consciousness and involvement in modern globalization processes radically break with the traditional values of unity. It is concluded that the South of Russia is multistructure, dynamic and multicultural space, built-in system of geopolitical interests of modern actors of international relations.

Actual Issues of Ethnic Minorities’ Integration in the Context of Nation Construction

Strategies of interconnection of social and ethnic systems as well as ethnic entities – ethnos, ethnic groups, national minorities as components of politically organized social space – depend on two main development models of present day ethno-social and cultural processes, singled out by Russian researches: i.e. demotic one and ethnic one.Demotic type of state is based on the centripetal model. It’s aimed at the integration of different ethnic groups in the society. This ideology means merger of minorities’ cultures into one common culture. Ethnic communities are gradually losing certain ethnic boundaries, specifics of ethno-cultural characteristics and are being dissolved in the society, making it a little bit culturally identical. As a result of integration process there emerges culturally and politically heterogeneous nation-state community.Processes of centralization, political space unification within a country can’t be infinite and boundless. There exist so called “limiters”, for example vast territory and its lopsided development, apparent multicultural and multi-confessional character of the people inhabiting Russia, present-day political situation, brining democratic values and equal rights to the spotlight, inertia of the territories and so on. External factors also restrain unitarizing tendency. They are high standards of economic increase overseas demonstrating attractive patterns to follow, economic integration and globalization trends within global village, support of the minorities’ rights in the international legal documents and their recognition in Russia. Conception of minorities is excluded from Russian academic and political agenda because ideology of the minorities has failed. Support of minorities is associated with policy of separatism, destructive conflicts, radicalism and aggression of those groups. Ignoring ethnic and cultural specifics and the right to preserve cultural identity and minorities’ institutions splits the society and becomes the factor of erosion of national unity.Global experience of multiculturalism proves that there is no any unified norm and form of this phenomenon; on the contrary there is wide range of national patterns to accommodate cultural pluralism satisfying national challenges and needs.It means that in Russia multiculturalism must pursue the following national goals and objectives:1) manage Russian multinational population on the way of federalism development, meaning practice of multinational federalism;2) solve ethnic and cultural issues of numerous diasporas on the territory of Russian Federation; 3) integrate migrants and immigrants as well as legitimate workforce from overseas;4) create favorable internal policy basis for protecting interests of compatriots and Russian speaking people outside Russian Federation in the direction of nationalism of external historical motherland.

Ethno-Social and Confessional Processes in Modern Society

Ethno-Social and Confessional Processes in Modern Society

Nation-Building and Ethnic Integration in Post-Soviet Societies: An Investigation of Latvia and Kazakhstan by Pål s> Kolstø (review)

REVIEWS I89 In sum, this well-structuredand lively book offersa fascinatingpicture of Russia's post-Soviet economy in the I99os, as well as that of the role played by the state. During this decade, Russia experienced tension between continuity and change, and the main problem was to overcome the Soviet cultural, institutional, and economic legacy. This latter related to the infrastructureof pipelines and power-lines, the location and technologies of industry, and the geographic distributionof the workforcewhich were all a legacy of the Soviet era. According to Gustafson, the ongoing processes of change could evolve in three directions: a return to the pre-I998 Russian Nineties, authoritarian backlash, or continued democratic and market-orientedreform. While the first is unlikely, the second is all too plausible. As to the third, although the face of Russia has already been transformed,Russian politics remains fluid and thereis as yet no stableorviable politicaland economic order. Ruislip J. L. PORKET Kolsto, Pal (ed.). Nation-Building andEthnicIntegration in Post-Soviet Societies. An Investigation ofLatviaandKazakhstan. Westview,Boulder, CO and Oxford, 1999. xii + 3i6 pp. Notes. Tables. Figures.Bibliography.Index. ?57.95. CROss-regionalcomparative works on nation-building in post-Soviet states are very few. This volume is the second major one in the field after David Laitin's Identityin Formation. RussianSpeaking Populations in theNearAbroad (Ithaca,NY, I998), comparingthe differentialpathsof integrationof Russianspeakers in the new states of Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia and Kazakhstan. Describing Latvia and Kazakhstanas ethnically 'bipolarsocieties' (Kazakhstan as 'stronglybipolar' and Latvia as 'moderatelybipolar'), Kolsto and his associatesseek to shed light on the absence of overt ethnic conflict, and assess the prospects for ethnic integration in these states. The volume is aimed at 'contributing to a better understanding of ethno-social processes in bipolar societiesin general'(p. 14). The introductorythreechaptersby Kolsto sketchthetheoreticalframework, and examine the relevance for post-Soviet societies of nation-building and social integration theories developed in the Western contexts. He examines the relative weight of historical, religious, regional, intra-ethnic, and other cleavages, maintaining that these essentially reinforce the bipolarity within these societies. Among other chapters are one on ethnic integration in Latvia by Aina Antane and Boris Tsilevich, on political integration in Kazakhstan by J0rn Holm-Hansen, and one comparing the attitudinaland linguistic integration in both societies by Irina Malkova, Kolsto and Hans Melberg. Offering a refreshinganalysis, Tsilevich and Antane show how Latvia has managed to avoid violent ethnic conflict by steering nationalist sentiments into legal channels. It is evolving in the direction of an 'ethnic democracy' in which general democratic principles prevail alongside ethnic favouritism. Russophones areopting for'aJewish model' of socialbehaviour,seekingintegration I90 SEER, 79, I, 2001 primarilyby engaging in commerce and trade, and leaving the political arena to ethnic Latvians. Holm-Hansen details how Kazakhstan has attempted to attain several incompatible goals at the same time, assertingthat 'ethnic nation-buildingis bound to be controversial', whereas 'civic nation-building' is a 'very demanding task' (p. 157). While offering very useful data on the changing official rhetoric on ethnic relations, the cultivation of formal institutionsfor ethnic management, and the control wielded by the presidential apparatus, the chapteris limited to offeringa top-down analysis.It failsto give a sense of how varyingindividualand groupresponsesto the state'sethnic management can ultimatelysubvertofficialgoals. A troublingconcept throughoutthe book isthatof a 'bipolarsociety',which is treated as an independent variable. Classifying societies into bipolar, homogeneous, and fragmented (the typology used in the book) has little analyticalvalue in predicting futuretrajectories.The descriptionof Kazakhstan as 'stronglybipolar'is problematic for it discountsthe trends towardthe crystallizationof a Soviet identityin the republicbefore i99I, and glossesover the complex natureof ethnic affiliations.A more usefulapproachwould be to probe howbipolarityis arrivedat, which can yield useful insightsinto how it can be preservedor overcome. Despite the initial caveat that 'bipolarization' is only a 'description, and not a prescription' (p. 42), the rest of the book succumbsto treatingit as an objectivecondition. More fundamentally,does a homogeneous societyexistasan objectivefact? Kolsto not only alludes to homogeneity as an overriding goal, but also implicitly equates it with 'civic' and 'integrationist' nation-building, very much in the tradition of Karl Deutsch and Ernest Gellner. Referring to the measuresundertakenby both statesto promote 'de-bipolarization',he states: 'if these differencesare completely eradicated, the bipolaritywill be eliminated , and...

On the typology of ethnoses in insular Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is a geographical and cultural-historical area which comprises the Indo-Chinese Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago. The following countries exist there at present: Burma, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Brunei, Eastern Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines.1 Geographically, culturally and historically, South east Asia is usually subdivided into a continental and an insular region, the Malay Peninsula being included with the latter. Thus the historical ethnographical region known as Insular Southeast Asia includes not only the insular countries proper, i.e. Brunei, Eastern Timor, Indonesia, Singapore and the Philippines, but also those parts of Malaysia on Kalimantan Island and the Malay Peninsula. The insular part of Southeast Asia coincides almost exactly with the area populated by people who speak languages belonging to the Indonesian branch of the Austronesian family. The population of Insular Southeast Asia is made up mainly of people belonging to the small Southern Mongoloid race. Their common racial and linguistic characteristics go back to the common origin of these peoples, as do the common features of their material and intellectual cultures. Certain similarities can also be observed in their history, at least before the European conquest. All of this allows one to regard the insular part of Southeast Asia as an independent historical-ethnographical area, which can be further subdivided, on the strength of certain less general traits, into historical-ethnographical regions and districts. ALEXIS I. KUZNETSOV, who took his Ph. D. at the Moscow Institute of Ethnography, is at present a member of that Institute. His interest focuses mainly on ethnohistory and ethnosocial processes in Southeast Asia, and his principal publications are 'Political and Ideological Factors in the Formation of the Indo nesian Nation', Rasy i Narody 4, Moscow 1974, and 'Specificity of Ethnic Self Identification in the Countries of Southeast Asia', Rasi i Narody 9, Moscow 1979. Dr. Kuznetsov may be contacted at the Institute of Ethnography, 19 Dim. Uljanov St., Moscow 117036, USSR.