Ethnic Groups Research Articles

Intergenerational Care and Subjective Well-being: A Study of the Particularities of Ageing Amongst the Indigenous Peoples of Chile

Abstract This empirical study explores intergenerational caregiving and subjective well-being amongst older adults in Indigenous communities in rural Chile. Facing substantial social and economic challenges, these communities depend heavily on cultural traditions and family support systems. Data were collected from 1,348 older adults, aged sixty and above, using surveys to assess caregiving practices, intergenerational support and subjective well-being, measured by the Personal Wellbeing Index and the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire. Findings reveal that caregiving is deeply rooted in cultural and historical contexts, with positive aspects such as increased satisfaction and social connectedness, and negative aspects including stress and social isolation. Women predominantly assume caregiving roles, maintaining cultural traditions and supporting family well-being. Notable differences in intergenerational support and subjective well-being were observed based on ethnic group and gender. The implications for social work practice are insightful. The study highlights the need for culturally sensitive social work policies and inclusive strategies that address the well-being of older adults in these communities. Social workers and policymakers must consider cultural nuances and the unique needs of Indigenous populations, taking into account cultural identity, economic conditions and acculturation to develop effective support programmes.

Disparities in child protective services involvement in pediatric traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of pediatric death and disability. Abusive head trauma confers greater morbidity and mortality compared with accidental TBI. National trends reveal disproportionate involvement of minority children in the child welfare system. The study investigates socioeconomic disparities in child protective services (CPS) involvement in pediatric TBI. Retrospective chart review was conducted for TBI patients (n = 596) admitted to an academic pediatric level I trauma center from 2015 to 2022, where institutional policy dictates automatic CPS referral for TBI patients ≤ 2years. Analysis of variance, chi-squared, and logistic regressions compared racial and ethnic groups and calculated adjusted odds of CPS case acceptance. Rates of non-accidental trauma, CPS involvement, insurance, and marital status differed across racial and ethnic backgrounds (p < 0.05). Of patients ≤ 2years, Hispanic patients (OR: 0.38, 95%CI [0.16,0.91]) had decreased odds of CPS involvement compared to non-Hispanic White patients when adjusting for confounders including injury severity, injury type, and socioeconomic status. We highlight racial and ethnic differences in incidence of pediatric TBI and CPS involvement, even in the setting of an automatic CPS referral policy for pediatric TBI patients ≤ 2years.

The self can be associated with novel faces of in-group and out-group members: A cross-cultural study

The self can be associated with arbitrary images, such as geometric figures or unknown faces. By adopting a cross-cultural perspective, we explored in two experiments whether the self can be associated with faces of unknown people from different ethnic groups. In Experiment 1, Asian Japanese participants completed a perceptual matching task, associating Asian or White faces with themselves. The same task was used in Experiment 2 with White Italians. Both experiments showed a reliable association between the self and facial stimuli. Importantly, this association was similar for both Asian and White faces. Additionally, no correlations were found between the strength of this association and an index of implicit bias towards Asian and White individuals. These results suggest that the self is malleable and can incorporate social stimuli from different groups.

The Influence of Gentrification on Adverse Birth Outcomes in California.

Evidence has documented the effects of place on perinatal outcomes, but less is known about the sociopolitical mechanisms, such as gentrification, that shape neighborhood context and produce spatialized inequities in adverse birth outcomes. Leveraging a diverse sample in California, we assessed theassociations between gentrification and birth outcomes: preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age, and low birth weight. Gentrification was measured using the Freeman method and the Displacement and Gentrification Typology. Descriptive analysis assessed outcome prevalence and race and ethnicity distribution by exposure and participant characteristics. Overall and race and ethnicity-stratified mixed effects logistic models examined associations between gentrification and birth outcomes, sequentially adjusting for sociodemographic status and pregnancy factors, with a random intercept to account for clustering by census tract. In a sample of 5,116,131 births, outcome prevalence ranged from 1.0% for very preterm birth, 5.0% for low birth weight, 7.9% for preterm birth, and 9.4% for small-for-gestational-age. Adjusting for individual-level factors, gentrification was associated with increased odds of preterm birth (Freeman OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.07-1.10; Displacement and Gentrification Typology OR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.09-1.13). While Displacement and Gentrification Typology-measured gentrification was consistently associated with greater odds of adverse outcomes, Freeman-measured gentrification was associated with slightly lower odds ofsmall-for-gestational-age and low birth weight. Furthermore, gentrification was associated with birth outcome odds across multiple racial and ethnic groups, but the directions and magnitudes of the associations varied depending on the gentrification assessment methodology and the outcome assessed. Results demonstrate that gentrification plays a role in shaping adverse birth outcomes in California.

Predicting the risk of diabetes complications using machine learning and social administrative data in a country with ethnic inequities in health: Aotearoa New Zealand

BackgroundIn the age of big data, linked social and administrative health data in combination with machine learning (ML) is being increasingly used to improve prediction in chronic disease, e.g., cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this study we aimed to apply ML methods on extensive national-level health and social administrative datasets to assess the utility of these for predicting future diabetes complications, including by ethnicity.MethodsFive ML models were used to predict CVD events among all people with known diabetes in the population of New Zealand, utilizing nationwide individual-level administrative data.ResultsThe Xgboost ML model had the best predictive power for predicting CVD events three years into the future among the population with diabetes (N = 145,600). The optimization procedure also found limited improvement in prediction by ethnicity (using area under the receiver operating curve, [AUC]). The results indicated no trade-off between model predictive performance and equity gap of prediction by ethnicity (that is improving model prediction and reducing performance gaps by ethnicity can be achieved simultaneously). The list of variables of importance was different among different models/ethnic groups, for example: age, deprivation (neighborhood-level), having had a hospitalization event, and the number of years living with diabetes.Discussion and conclusionsWe provide further evidence that ML with administrative health data can be used for meaningful future prediction of health outcomes. As such, it could be utilized to inform health planning and healthcare resource allocation for diabetes management and the prevention of CVD events. Our results may suggest limited scope for developing prediction models by ethnic group and that the major ways to reduce inequitable health outcomes is probably via improved delivery of prevention and management to those groups with diabetes at highest need.

The OBS UK Dashboard: an interactive tool for representative trial site selection to facilitate equality and diversity in maternity research

BackgroundObstetric Bleeding Study UK (OBS UK) (award ID: 152057) is a National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)-funded stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial of a complex intervention for postpartum haemorrhage. This was developed in Wales and evaluated in a feasibility study, with improvements in maternal outcomes observed. Generalisability of the findings is limited by lack of control data and limited ethnic diversity in the Welsh obstetric patient population compared to the United Kingdom (UK): 94% of the Welsh population identifies as White, versus 82% in the UK. Non-White ethnicity and socioeconomic deprivation are linked to increased risk of adverse maternal outcomes. Traditionally, decisions regarding site selection are based on desire to complete trials on target in ‘tried and tested’ research active institutions. To ensure widespread applicability of the results and investigate the impact of ethnicity and social deprivation on trial outcomes, maternity units were recruited that represent the ethnic diversity and social deprivation profiles of the UK.MethodUsing routinely collected, publicly available data, an interactive dashboard was developed that demonstrates the demographics of the population served by each maternity unit in the UK, to inform site recruitment. Data on births per year, ethnic and socioeconomic group of the population for each maternity unit, across the UK, were integrated into the dashboard.ResultsThe dashboard demonstrates that OBS UK trial sites reflect the ethnic and socioeconomic diversity of the UK (study vs UK population ethnicity: White 79.2% vs 81.7%, Asian 10.5% vs 9.3%, Black 4.7% vs 4.0%, Mixed 2.5% vs 2.9%, Other 3.0% vs 2.1%) with variation in site demography, size and location. Missing data varied across sites and nations and is presented.ConclusionThe NIHR equality, diversity and inclusion strategy states studies must widen participation, facilitating individuals from all backgrounds to engage. The development of this novel interactive dashboard demonstrates an innovative way of achieving this. National Health Service (NHS) maternity researchers should consider using this tool to enhance diversity in research, address health disparities and improve generalisability of findings. This approach could be applied to healthcare settings beyond maternity care and across different global populations.Trial registrationISRCTN 17679951. Registered on August 30, 2023.

Street Food Discourses and the Case of the Ugandan “Rolex”

ABSTRACT This article examines the multiple ideological and symbolic meanings associated with the Ugandan street food called “rolex”. Rolex is a popular street food that was declared a tourist attraction in Uganda by the then Minister for Tourism after the snack was ranked by CNN as the fastest-growing street food in Africa in 2016. Rolex seems to derive its name not from the Swiss watch brand, but from the act of rolling the omelette inside a chapati. The article discusses the evolving identities of this snack, and analyses how the street food is constructed in Uganda’s press. I argue that the street food serves a number of cultural functions: it serves as a delicious meal, a celebration of national identity and resilience, a marker of economic activity, an index of Asian influences, and a symbol of diplomacy. In addition, it creates nostalgia and longing from outside the country. The article shows how this street food for the urban poor has become a national delicacy that tells the story of Uganda’s attempt to produce an identity and unity constructed around a “national meal” that caters to different ethnic and social groups.

Rare genetic variants of NLRP12 in Admixed Latino-American Children with SARS-CoV-2-related Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a rare, potentially fatal complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Genetic defects in inflammation-related pathways have been linked to MIS-C, but additional research is needed, especially in diverse ethnic groups. The present study aimed to identify genetic variants underlying MIS-C in Brazilian patients. Whole-exome sequencing was performed, focusing on genes involved in the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Functional assays assessed the impact of selected variants on NF-κB signaling. Nine rare, potentially deleterious variants were found in eight of 21 patients, located in IL17RC, IFNA10, or NLRP12 genes. Unlike the wild-type NLRP12 protein, which inhibits NF-κB activation in HEK 293T cells, the mutant NLRP12 proteins have significantly reduced inhibitory properties. In conclusion, our results indicate that rare autosomal variants in immune-related genes may underlie MIS-C, highlighting the potential role of NLRP12 in its predisposition. These findings provide new insights for the appropriate management of MIS-C.

Epidemiological characteristics, diagnosis and treatment effect of rifampicin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (RR-PTB) in Guizhou Province

BackgroundRifampicin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (RR-PTB) presents a significant threat to global public health security. China bears a substantial burden of RR-PTB cases globally, with Guizhou Province experiencing particularly alarming trends, marked by a continual increase in patient numbers. Understanding the population characteristics and treatment modalities for RR-PTB is crucial for mitigating morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.MethodsWe gathered epidemiological, diagnostic, and treatment data of all RR-PTB cases recorded in Guizhou Province from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2023. Utilizing composition ratios as the analytical metric, we employed Chi-square tests to examine the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of RR-PTB patients and the evolving trends among different patient classifications over the study period.ResultsIn our study, 3396 cases of RR-PTB were analyzed, with an average age of 45 years. The number of RR-PTB patients rose significantly from 176 in 2017 to 960 in 2023, peaking notably among individuals aged 23–28 and 44–54, with a rising proportion in the 51–80 age group (P < 0.001). Since 2021, there has been a notable increase in the proportion of female patients. While individuals of Han ethnic group comprised the largest group, their proportion decreased over time (P < 0.001). Conversely, the Miao ethnicity showed an increasing trend (P < 0.05). The majority of patients were farmers, with their proportion showing an upward trajectory (P < 0.001), while students represented 4.33% of the cases. Geographically, most patients were registered in Guiyang and Zunyi, with a declining trend (P < 0.001), yet household addresses primarily clustered in Bijie, Tongren, and Zunyi. The proportion of floating population patients gradually decreased, alongside an increase in newly treated patients and those without prior anti-tuberculosis therapy. Additionally, there was a notable rise in molecular biological diagnostic drug sensitivity (real-time PCR and melting curve analysis) (P < 0.001). However, the cure rate declined, coupled with an increasing proportion of RR-PTB patients lost to follow-up and untreated (P < 0.05).ConclusionsEnhanced surveillance is crucial for detecting tuberculosis patients aged 23–28 and 44–54 years. The distribution of cases varies among nationalities and occupations, potentially influenced by cultural and environmental factors. Regional patterns in RR-PTB incidence suggest tailored prevention and control strategies are necessary. Despite molecular tests advances, challenges persist with low cure rates and high loss to follow-up. Strengthening long-term management, resource allocation, and social support systems for RR-PTB patients is essential.

Association of polymorphic variants of the leptin gene with anthropometric and biochemical parameters in adolescents with different weight status

The leptin gene (LEP) is considered as a potential candidate gene affecting metabolic disorders associated with predisposition to overweight and obesity.The aim of the study. To search for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the leptin gene and to assess their relationship with anthropometric and biochemical parameters in Russian and Buryat adolescents with different weight status.Materials and methods. The study included adolescents of two ethnic groups – Caucasoid (Russians) and Mongoloids (Buryats) – aged 11–17 years (mean age 14.8 ± 0.45 years) with different weight status. We assessed anthropometric parameters, determined biochemical parameters and leptin level in the blood plasma, and sequenced the leptin gene fragment localized in the 128253475–128255334 region (1859 bp) of this gene using the Sanger method.Results. The sequencing of the leptin gene fragment identified 10 single nucleotide substitutions (rs28954118, rs3828942, rs759854910, rs199893150, rs7788818, rs144755411, rs917105894, chr7:128255051, chr7:128255092, chr7:128254681), two of them (rs28954118, rs144755411) had a correlation with biochemical and anthropometric parameters. In the group of Russian adolescents with overweight and/or obesity, the carriers of the AT variant of rs28954118 had statistically significantly higher levels of triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, skin fold thickness on the abdomen and fat mass percentage compared with carriers of the AA genotype. In the control group of Buryat adolescents, the parameters of waist width, skin fold thickness on the hip and waist width/height ratio are statistically significantly lower in carriers of the CT variant of rs144755411 compared with carriers of the CC genotype.Conclusion. AT genotype of rs28954118 was identified only in Russian adolescents with overweight and/or obesity, and was accompanied with statistically significantly high values of TG, VLDL cholesterol, skin fold thickness on the abdomen and fat mass percentage. The SNPs we identified do not affect the concentration of leptin.

Barriers to Reproductive Justice for Women Seeking Sanctuary in the UK: Narratives from Birth Companions and the Maternity Stream of Sanctuary

Women living in the UK with insecure immigration status are often from ethnic minority groups, have limited understanding of English, and have significant experience of trauma. Recent confidential inquiries into maternal deaths have repeatedly shown how intersecting and multiple disadvantage puts these women at higher risk of maternal mortality and morbidity. Multiple voluntary sector organisations are relied upon to support these women as they navigate the journey to parenthood. A reproductive justice framework is here employed to examine the multitude of factors intersecting to influence the access women with insecure migrant status have to maternity services. Narrative construction of three composite case studies took place to highlight the various ways reproductive justice is both violated and protected by the immigration and maternity systems in the UK. The discussion section comments on prevalent themes throughout each case study: gendered dynamics of insecure immigration status, structural barriers and complex systems, and reliance on the fragile voluntary sector. This article concludes that, alongside the work of the voluntary sector, women’s reproductive justice rights must also be emphasised and protected throughout statutory systems and services.

Lanostane triterpenoids from Ganoderma calidophilum exhibit potent anti-tumor activity by inhibiting PTP1B

The species Ganoderma calidophilum represents a distinct variety within the genus Ganoderma and used by the indigenous Li ethnic group as a medicinal agent for the prevention and treatment of cancer. However, the precise biological activity and role of G. calidophilum in antitumor treatment remain largely unresolved. Several lanostane triterpenoids have been isolated from G. calidophilum. The enzyme activity analysis revealed that four lanostane triterpenoids exhibited PTP1B inhibition activity, with minimal inhibition towards SHP2, SHP1, PTPN5, PTPRA, STEP and TCPTP. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that these compounds primarily bind to the substrate recognition and entry regions of PTP1B. Further analysis indicated that among them, ganoderic aldehyde A (GAA) is a selective and non-competitive PTP1B inhibitor. GAA inhibited the proliferation, colony formation and migration of C33A and MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner. GAA has the capacity to induce apoptosis in a cell-type-specific manner, both in a caspase-dependent and -independent manner. PTP1B siRNA significantly reduced the cytotoxic effect of GAA, while overexpression of PTP1B significantly increased cell growth after GAA treatment. These findings confirm that PTP1B is a functional target of GAA. Research into the mechanisms of action of GAA has revealed that it could inhibit the activation of AKT by inhibiting PTP1B, while simultaneously activating p38, which promotes cell death. It is possible to develop specific PTP1B inhibitors based on the lanosterol triterpene skeleton. G. calidophilum has the potential to be developed into functional foods or drugs with the aim of preventing and treating cancer.

Study on the Interactive Mechanism between Racism and Terrorism in Europe

Given the growing racial and religious tensions in Europe and the frequent occurrences of terrorist activities, studying the correlation between the two can provide a theoretical basis for preventing terrorist activities. This study aims to explore the logical relationship and interaction mechanism between them. Taking the Paris terrorist attack in 2015 as an example, adopting the analytical dualism theory, this paper analyzes the mutual influence paths between racial discrimination and terrorist activities and discusses from cultural and structural perspectives the conditions under which racism becomes the hotbed for extremism, as well as the ways terrorist organizations manipulate racial issues to expand influence. The study concludes that racial divides in Europe provide a real basis for the spread of extremism, while extremist organizations also manipulate racial, customary, and religious emotions through online and offline means to expand influence, and the two reinforce each other. To thoroughly break this vicious cycle, positive multicultural identity needs to be promoted, structural discrimination between races needs to be eliminated at the social system level, and the independent thinking abilities and subjectivity of minority ethnic groups need to be enhanced to block the conduction of resentful emotions towards terrorism at its root.

Selkea! Memories of Eating Non-Kosher Food among the Spanish–Moroccan Jewish Diaspora in Israel

Drawing on life-story interviews and ethnography conducted in Israel from 2009 to 2023, this article examines how members of the Spanish-speaking Moroccan–Jewish diaspora in Israel recalled their habits of eating non-kosher food in Morocco. We explore how these memories emerged in response to commonplace discourses that depict Moroccan Jews as a distinctly religious-traditional ethnic group, untouched by European secular influences, and dichotomous to modern secular cultures in Israel. Contrary to this image, members of the community whom we interviewed highlighted a Jewish Moroccan life that was deeply connected to Spanish colonialism and the broader Hispanic and Sephardi worlds. We focus specifically on the concept of selkear, a Haketia (Judeo-Spanish) term meaning to let something go, make an exception, or turn a blind eye. Our analysis of our participants’ memories provides a nuanced understanding of Jewish religiosity in the context of colonialism and of how Mizrahi–Sephardi immigrants in Israel reclaimed their Judaism. Highlighting the practice of eating non-kosher food is thus a strategy used to challenge dominant notions of rigid religious commitment within the Sephardi diaspora and their interpretation in Israel.

Racial and ethnic minority representation in dementia risk factor research: a scoping review of cohort studies

BackgroundDespite a potentially greater burden of dementia, racial and ethnic minority populations around the world may be more likely to be excluded from research examining risk factors for incident dementia....

Healthcare Utilization and Geographic Distribution of Advanced Therapy in Minority Race and Ethnic Groups With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Biases in healthcare pose challenges for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients from underrepresented races and ethnicities. Our study aimed to assess the quality of and access to care among underrepresented racial and ethnic populations using a diverse database. We used the OneFlorida Data Trust, representing over half of Florida's population. We performed a retrospective study from 2012 to 2020. Advanced IBD therapies included a prescription of at least 1 biologic agent or tofacitinib. Disease activity markers included C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin (Hgb), albumin, and white blood cell (WBC). Regression analyses compared the rates of medication use, healthcare utilization, and disease severity by race and ethnicity. Geographic distribution of advanced IBD therapy was analyzed at the county level. Our study included 10 578 patients. Hispanic patients utilized more biologics than non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients (odds ratio [OR]: 1.3, P<.0001). Non-Hispanic Black patients utilized more steroids than NHW (OR: 1.2, P=.0004). Hispanics had fewer visits to emergency departments (EDs) and fewer admissions compared with NHW (OR: 0.7 and 0.6, respectively; P<.0001). Non-Hispanic Black patients visited ED more frequently than NHW patients (OR: 1.3, P<.0001). Hispanics had lower disease activity markers than NHW based on CRP (OR: 0.5, P=.005), Hgb (OR: 0.4, P<.0001), albumin (OR: 0.7, P<.0001), and WBC (OR: 0.5, P<.0001). Geographic distribution of advanced IBD therapy showed clustered areas in southern and northern Florida. Our data show an improved access to care pattern in Hispanic patients. However, disparities still exist, and this is evident in the healthcare utilization trends observed among non-Hispanic Black patients.

Сучасні глобальні проблеми етнонаціональної політики України: на прикладі правового регулювання статусу національних меншин

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problems of ethno-national policy in modern conditions of the development of statehood and points to the prospects of improving the legislation in the context of ensuring the proper legal status of national minorities. The article examines the main problems in the field of ethno-national policy of Ukraine and legal regulation of the status of national minorities. The author emphasizes the absence of a single strategy for the development of ethno-national relations, which leads to fragmented legislation. The implementation of a comprehensive normative act could determine the direction of the development of statehood and form the ideological basis for future normative acts regarding the status of national minorities, indigenous peoples, and other ethnic groups. It is also emphasized that the issues of national minorities were often ignored in national law, and the legislative framework regarding indigenous peoples and the protection of the status of national minorities was formed mainly as a reaction to external circumstances, such as the occupation of the Crimean peninsula. Gaps in legislation make it difficult to ensure the rights of national minorities, in particular, due to the lack of up-to-date statistical data, since the all-Ukrainian population census was conducted only once in 2001. The author draws attention to the low level of tolerance in Ukrainian society, which is demonstrated by a survey conducted in 2022–2024. Respondents often do not consider their actions illegal or discriminatory towards Roma, but do not wish to have themin their environment. This indicates a lack of education regarding national characteristics as a factor of discrimination and a lack of attention on the part of the state to issues of language moderation and protection of the rights of national minorities. The lack of an effective policy of integration of national minorities is another significant problem. The legislator often considers national minorities as a group of citizens of a different ethnic origin living in Ukraine traditionally, which is a wrong approach. In order to improve ethno-national politics, it is necessary to solve problems in related areas, such as education, political rights, participation in local selfgovernment and the fight against hate speech.

Postpartum Health of Ethnic H’mong Women

Regardless of the country, locality, or region in which they live, women are generally regarded as the more submissive gender in society. There are critical phases in a woman’s life, including pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Women of the H’Mong ethnic group also experience these stages, but due to their residence in remote and challenging areas with traditional practices, postpartum healthcare often lacks essential resources and may pose life-threatening risks. In the following article, the research team highlights the importance of addressing postpartum health for H’Mong women, provides an overview of postpartum health, examines the current state of postpartum healthcare for H’Mong women, identifies existing limitations, and proposes solutions to enhance postpartum care for this ethnic minority.

Abatement of the Survival Cliff in Older Adolescents and Young Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Lymphoblastic Lymphoma in the United States.

Purpose: In 2018, a "survival cliff" in the United States was identified among older adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL). This study reassessed the cliff and associated putative causes. Methods: Survival data were obtained using the U.S. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI) SEER 22 Registries. Accrual data on cancer treatment trials conducted by the NCI cooperative groups and NCI-designated cancer centers were obtained from the NCI Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program. Trend and average percent changes and statistical significances were identified with the NCI Joinpoint Regression Program. Results: A previous cliff-like decrement in the survival of 17- to 20-year-olds is no longer apparent, overall and in all racial and ethnic groups. The "survival cliff" age range was coincident with a clinical trial accrual cliff, and both diminished when more clinical trials were available to, and participated in by, young adult patients. Older AYA patients of ages 30-39 had minimal improvement in clinical trial accrual and least survival gain among the AYA age group. Conclusion: The survival cliff has abated, resulting in thousands of fewer premature deaths and tens of thousands of years of life saved-a remarkable achievement. The survival improvement may be attributed to improved clinical trial availability for and recruitment and participation of AYAs on treatment trials, application of pediatric-inspired ALL treatment regimens to AYAs, expanded national health insurance for -18 to 25 year olds, improved AYA cancer services, and a national focus on AYA oncology.

A longitudinal investigation of parenting, depression, and counseling use among Asian American adolescents.

Asian American adolescents are equally or more likely to experience depression but less likely to seek treatment for depression than adolescents from other racial and ethnic groups in the US. The current study examined the long-term effects of parental care, parental control, and parental closeness on depression and counseling use among Asian American adolescents. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we conducted a cross-lagged path analysis with 270 Asian American adolescents (48.1% female; 51.9% male). The study used data from Waves I, II, and III (1994-2002) with participants' mean ages ranging from 14 to 23. Findings indicated that the cross-sectional relationships between parenting characteristics and depression were stronger than the longitudinal relationships suggesting that parenting practices may be a stronger proximal, rather than distal, predictor of depression. Specifically, parental closeness was associated with less depression in early and mid-adolescence (age 12-18), but the relationship changed direction in young adulthood (age 18-26). Additionally, a significant interaction suggested that parental care was related to fewer depressive symptoms for those who reported high, compared to low, parental control in mid-adolescence (age 14-18). Furthermore, high parental care was associated with more counseling use at high levels of control. However, high parental care was associated with less counseling use at low levels of parental control in early adolescence. These results highlight the importance of understanding parenting characteristics using longitudinal designs when examining the development of depression and help-seeking behaviors among Asian American adolescents.