Hate Crime Research Articles

The right of transgender people to be resilient!

Abstract Background Anti-trans violence has become the focus in European and international policy as stipulated in the LGBTIQ Equality Strategy 2020-2025. Despite the legal European anti-discrimination law, transgender people are still unable to be themselves without risks of social exclusion, feeling threatened, bullying at school, gender-related violence and hate crimes which negatively impacts their mental health (suicidality, hiding the trans identity). Methods Instead of making society more ‘trans sensitive', this study aims to strengthen the resilience of transgender youth (16-25 years old) bottom up, using a co-creative research approach. Inspired by the Lundy Model of child participation, transgender youth received a voice, platform and safe space to influence society. Thematically-analyzed data was gathered through focus groups (using creative techniques) in a co-creation session at the university hospital of Ghent. Results To increase their resilience, transgender youth want to (1) provide training for educational staff, develop didactic material and create safe coming-out environments, (2) participate in social activities focusing on gender expression, create social scripts, (3) improve self-confidence with techniques like Rock and water and self-defense programs, (4) participate in creative workshops to cope with stress and anxiety, (5) tell positive stories to tackle stereotypes. Based on this input from the co-creation session we will set up modules to strengthen their resilience. Conclusions The central question in research and practice should be how to take what they believe is necessary to become more resilient, take their challenges into account and how to use this to raise awareness on transphobia among trans people and international (trans)organizations. Key messages • To strengthen resilience in transgender youth by listening to their voices. • To increase awareness, knowledge and skills of professionals regarding transgender people.

Correction to: Explaining Ethnic Violence: On the Relevance of Geographic, Social, Economic, and Political Factors in Hate Crimes on Refugees

Correction to: Explaining Ethnic Violence: On the Relevance of Geographic, Social, Economic, and Political Factors in Hate Crimes on Refugees

External arms embargoes and their implications for government expenditure, democracy and internal conflict

We examine how arms imports reductions due to external arms embargoes affect military expenditure, democratic quality and internal conflict in a sample of 48 countries from 1990 to 2017. We construct a theoretical model of arms restrictions influencing probabilities of peaceful and conflictual states via actions and efforts undertaken by the government and rebels to promote peace. We postulate that the effect of external arms embargoes on internal conflict is conditional, requiring empirical investigation. Our empirical analysis, based on the Panel Vector Autoregressive methods, reveals that the responses of political system and different indices of democracy to decreases in arms imports are positive, and the impact on military expenditures is negative, while the responses of education expenditures, health expenditures are positive. Despite this, our findings show that arms transfer restrictions can intensify ethnic tensions and internal conflicts.

Urban cartography and spatial politics: Ethnic tensions, westernization, and decolonization in Hangzhou’s transformation within the global south

Urban morphologies in the global south are shaped by a complex interplay of historical imprints, from colonial legacies and ethnic tensions to waves of modernization and decolonization efforts. This study delves into the urban morphology of Hangzhou during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, unraveling its transformative patterns steered by a convergence of spatial politics, economic forces, and cultural dynamics. Drawing upon a unique blend of historical map restoration techniques, we unearth pivotal morphological nuances that bridge Hangzhou’s transition from its pre-modern fabric to its modern-day urban layout. We uncover key shifts such as the movement from intricate street layouts to systematic grids, the strategic integration of public spaces like West Lakeside Park, and the city’s evolving urban epicenter mirroring its broader socio-political and economic narratives. These insights not only spotlight Hangzhou’s distinct urban journey in the context of ethnic conflicts, Western influences, and decolonization drives but also underscore the value of context-sensitive urban morphological research in the global south. Our findings emphasize the criticality of synergizing varied methodologies and theoretical perspectives to deepen our comprehension of urban transitions, sculpt place identities, and invigorate public imagination in global urban planning.

Energy consumption and innovation-environmental degradation nexus in BRICS countries: new evidence from NARDL approach using carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions.

The BRICS nations-Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa-have grown significantly in importance over the past few decades, playing a vital role in the development and growth of the global economy. This expansion has not been without cost, either, since these countries' concern over environmental deterioration has risen sharply. Both researchers and decision-makers have focused a lot of attention on the connection between economic growth and ecological sustainability. By using nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach, the complex relationships were analyzed between important economic indicators-such as gross domestic product (GDP), ecological innovations (EI), energy consumption (ENC), institutional performance (IP), and trade openness (TOP)-and their effect on carbon emissions and nitrous oxide emissions in the BRICS countries from 1990 to 2021, this study seeks to contribute to this important dialog. Principal component analysis is formed for technological innovations and institutional performance using six (ICT service exports as a percentage of service exports, computer communications as a percentage of commercial service exports, fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 people, internet users as a percentage of the population, number of patent applications, and R&D expenditures as a percentage of GDP) and twelve (government stability, investment profile, socioeconomic conditions, internal conflict, external conflict, military in politics, control of corruption, religious tensions, ethnic tensions, law and order, bureaucracy quality, and democratic accountability) distinct indicators, respectively. The results of nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag estimation show that increase in economic growth would increase carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions. The positive and negative shocks in trade openness have positive and significant impact on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions in BRICS countries. Furthermore, the positive shock energy consumptions have positive and significant effect on Brazil and India when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. However, EKC exists in BRICS countries when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. According to long-term estimation, energy consumption and technological innovations in the BRICS countries show a strong and adverse link with nitrous oxide and a favorable relationship with carbon dioxide emissions. In the long run, environmental indicators are seen to have a major and unfavorable impact in BRICS nations. Finally, it is proposed that BRICS nations can assure environmental sustainability if they support creative activities, enhance their institutions, and support free trade policies.

Social media attacks against female Canadian journalists

I investigate in this brief empirical study the social media attacks against female Canadian journalists who have frequently been targeted with online abuse. I used purposive sampling to focus on three journalists: Rachel Gilmore (formerly with Global News), Erica Iffil (freelance with The Hill Times), and Saba Eitizaz (Toronto Star). I employed a mixed method approach to conduct this study by collecting all the available Twitter replies to these three journalists (n = 402,821) posted by 84,962 unique users. The digital analysis results show that there are slight differences in the quantity of attacks on these journalists, but the qualitative assessment of images associated with tweets indicate the need to use manual approaches to better understand the nuances and quality of these disinformation and often racist attacks.

Factors Affecting Economic Crisis in Ethiopia: A Literature Review

The majority aims of this study of the literature reviews are to investigate factors influencing the economic crisis in Ethiopia, which is a developing country in East Africa. Ethiopia has experienced a range of economic difficulties over the last few decades, such as huge rates of inflation, quickly increasing unemployment, dropping currency value, and restricted access to credit. This study looks at both internal and external factors—such as population growth, unstable politics throughout the religions, enough infrastructure and governance, and the amount of outstanding external debt—that affect the nation's economy. Vary academic papers, reports, and articles from institutions, government agencies, and international organizations are examined in this study. This study offers insights and a thorough grasp of the complex factors affecting Ethiopia's economy through the incorporation of prior research on the topic. Findings from this literature review reveal that political instability, characterized by protests, ethnic tensions, and political transitions, greatly hampers the economic development of Ethiopia. This instability reduces investor trust, interferes with corporate operations, and deters foreign direct investment. The economic crisis is made worse by ineffective governance, which is characterized by corruption, inefficient bureaucracy, and inadequate execution. Inadequate infrastructure additionally hinders commerce, investment, and production. Examples of this include restricted access to telecommunication, transportation, and electrical networks. Although a potential resource in terms of human capital, rapid population expansion also presents difficulties, such as rising unemployment rates and dwindling funding for healthcare and education. External causes are a major contributing element to Ethiopia's economic problems as well. The country's main exports, oilseeds, textiles, and coffee, are highly impacted by changes in global commodity prices, which also lead to trade imbalances and unstable revenue streams. Furthermore, the burden of external debt restricts government spending and limits resources for development projects. To overcome these challenges and mitigate the economic crisis, this literature review suggests several policy recommendations. These include improving political stability through transparent governance and inclusive policies, investing in infrastructure development to enhance productivity and competitiveness, and diversifying the economy to reduce reliance on primary commodities.

The articulation of anti-Asian sentiment in America: frames in BTS’ tweet and press release

Despite the Covid-19 pandemic has been considered being over, yet it remains to leave global traces of reaction including in America. This study aims at investigating Anti-Asian Sentiments in Bangtan Sonyeondan (BTS)’ Tweet and Press Release. Basing upon the curiosity of how the that particular sentiment spread in America and the reaction toward it from the perspective of the Asian. This study applies a qualitative method relying upon the data taken from an officially transcribed texts of short press the release video by Bangtan Sonyeondan (BTS)’ in YouTube as display in the White House website and Bangtan Sonyeondan (BTS)’ tweets posted to support Stop Asian Hate Movement. The analysis employs Huckin's Critical Discourse Analysis theory The results show that sentiment frames emerge in the forms of the violent attacks, discrimination, and the degradation of self-esteem. The existence of such sentiments has encouraged some reactions namely the awareness of Asian identity, the awareness of the rise of hate crimes, and the awareness of of supporting Stop Asian Hate movement. These findings implies that the BTS expressions language can act as an instrument of advocacy, power of negotiation, and expression of ideology. Thus, this study is significant for further studies on text analysis and rhetoric expressions, and cultural studies in general.

Students’ help-seeking for experiences of interpersonal violence: How can universities respond?

The prevention of interpersonal violence and abuse for students in higher educational institutions and the development of appropriate institutional responses to support those affected are at the core of the Universities UK’s Changing the Culture Report on Violence Against Women, Harassment and Hate Crime. While the provision of robust reporting and monitoring systems on-campus are thought to be essential in helping to ensure the safety of higher education students, the findings of research discussed in this article suggest that more fundamental work is needed in order to encourage students to view the University as a source of help in the event that they experience interpersonal violence, particularly when this takes place ‘off-campus’. The research, which surveyed students attending Northfacing University in England, found that help-seeking practices seem to be shaped both by the location in which interpersonal violence occurs and by whom it is perpetrated.

Income inequality in Guyana: Class or ethnicity? New evidence from survey data

This paper utilises recent survey data to estimate income inequality in Guyana between 1990–2021. It finds that class-based inequality exceeds ethnic income inequality, and the latter is more pronounced in the top 10 percent of the population. The over-representation of Indo- and Indigenous-Guyanese in the top decile increases class inequality within these groups because Afro- and Mixed-Guyanese are over-represented in the bottom 90 percent of the population. Also, the evidence shows that electoral turnover in 2015 increased the dominance of Indo-Guyanese in the top 10 percent relative to other groups. Moreover, the paper demonstrates that fiscal policy has more explanatory power than monetary policy and structural reforms in explaining the dynamics of income inequality. Overall, the evidence indicates that intra-class competition for ethnic dominance of the top decile may account for inter-ethnic conflict as politicians invest in ethnic prejudice to weaken inter-class competition and strengthen the intra-class contest.

The Impact of Data Pre-Processing on Hate Speech Detection in a Mix of English and Hindi–English (Code-Mixed) Tweets

Due to the increasing reliance on social network platforms in recent years, hate speech has risen significantly among online users. Government and social media platforms face the challenging responsibility of controlling, detecting, and removing massively growing hateful content as early as possible to prevent future criminal acts, such as cyberviolence and real-life hate crimes. Twitter is used globally by people from various backgrounds and nationalities; it contains tweets posted in different languages, including code-mixed language, such as Hindi–English. Due to the informal format of tweets with variations in spelling and grammar, hate speech detection is especially challenging in code-mixed text. In this paper, we tackle the critical issue of hate speech detection on social media, with a focus on a mix of English and Hindi–English (code-mixed) text messages on Twitter. More specifically, we aim to evaluate the impact of data pre-processing on hate speech detection. Our method first performs 10-step data cleansing; then, it builds a detection method based on two architectures, namely a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a combination of CNN and long short-term Memory (LSTM) algorithms. We tune the hyperparameters of the proposed model architectures and conduct extensive experimental analysis on real-life tweets to evaluate the performance of the models in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and scalability. Moreover, we compare our method with a closely related hate speech detection method from the literature. The experimental results suggest that our method results in an improved accuracy and a significantly improved runtime. Among our best-performing models, CNN-LSTM improved accuracy by nearly 2% and decreased the runtime by almost half.

Victims as ‘Means to an End’: An Investigation into the Construction of CRSV Victimhood in the ICTY

Law has the power to pronounce truth. In the context of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV), this paper illustrates law’s ability to define,legitimise and privilege some narratives of victimhood, while also misinterpreting, silencing, and suppressing others. Looking at courtroom transcripts from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), this pilot study investigates the witness testimonies of four Bosniak women who, during the Yugoslav Wars, were detained in camps and systematically raped by Serbian soldiers. A contextualised, micro-level, qualitative approach is taken to analyse their testimonies, looking specifically at the courtroom process, conduct between actorsand narration of events. Through victim-witnesses’ words the wider structures and individual realities of CRSV are brought to light, with their experiences revealing ethnic tensions at play, ideas of nation-widejustice, and a strong, determined character in victims. Yet this paper argues that such narratives of victims were not acknowledged or understood by either the defence or the prosecution, suggesting that the tribunal failed to gauge the reality of CRSV. Given law’s power, and therefore the ICTY’s power, to pronounce truth, this study is crucial for international legal bodies going forward to improve the comprehension, prosecution, and, ultimately, the interruption of CRSV.

Risks of inter-ethnic conflict in the North Caucasus in the perceptions of youth

The article analyzes the assessments and perceptions of the North Caucasus youth about the state of interethnic relations in the region. The North Caucasian region is distinguished by a high level of significance of confessional, ethnic and group identities, which creates the risk of conflict in interethnic relations. Significant differences remain in the degree of ethnic and confessional self-awareness among Russian and North Caucasian youth. The issues of compatibility of various value and socio-cultural foundations of the worldview of young people, the formation of unifying civil and cultural-civilizational foundations of the all-Russian identity are gaining importance. The purpose is to determine the conflict potential of interethnic relations in the North Caucasus in the perceptions of youth. Objectives are to identifying the causes of interethnic tension, determining the ethno-confessional factors of the conflict potential of inter-ethnic relations among young people, the degree of readiness to personally participate in ethno-confessional conflicts in the interests of their ethnic and confessional group, the significance of the main macro-identities: all-Russian, ethnic and confessional. When working on the research methodology, special attention was paid to modern Russian and foreign theoretical and methodological approaches to inter-ethnic conflicts, the role of ethno-political and economic factors of conflict potential and the determination of the causes of inter-ethnic tension in a multi-ethnic environment. Empirical data were obtained by a survey-questionnaire conducted in February-March 2023. 1,400respondents were interviewed– students of leading universities in the North Caucasus. A sub-sampling was carried out according to nationality and attitude to religion. The level of interethnic tension in the North Caucasus is assessed by the respondents as low. At the same time, the potential for conflict and the mobilization potential of ethnicity, their dependence on national identity, remains. Most of the respondents singled out socio-cultural reasons as the main reasons for interethnic tension in the North Caucasus: rejection of the culture and values of other peoples, hostility and prejudice towards other peoples. The all-Russian identity has been formed and is significant for all groups of respondents. Ethnic and confessional identities are also of great importance for North Caucasian youth. In the North Caucasus, there remain latent risks of conflict in interethnic relations among the youth, the mobilization potential of ethnic and confessional identity. The main causes of interethnic tension are of a value-ideological nature. In the minds of young people there is a high significance, along with the all-Russian, ethnic and confessional identity. There is a tendency for the "field of conflict" to flow from the ethno-political into the socio-cultural sphere. Emotional-psychological and socio-cultural reasons for young people are of greater importance than socio-economic and ethno-political ones.

Conceptual experimentation through design in pedagogical contexts: lessons from an anti-hate crime project in India

ABSTRACT This paper explores how modes of thinking and practice that are characteristic of design-based disciplines – “designerly ways” – might contribute to the migration and integration of legal concepts, by prompting and facilitating conceptual experimentation in pedagogical contexts. It uses the example of a project which invited those working against targeted violence in India to experiment with the concept of “hate crime” – that is, of crimes motivated by hostility or prejudice towards the victim’s identity. It concludes that conceptual experimentation is especially useful and urgent when debating the risks and rewards around the migration of globally established legal concepts, such as hate crime, into specific local contexts, such as India; and especially where the sociolegal context renders such debate risky. And it concludes that designerly ways can help to ensure that any such migration is “provincialised”, and the concept itself is enriched in the process.

The Texture of Being and Becoming White

This essay takes its title from Kathleen Pogue White’s call to White psychoanalysts to explore “the texture of being white in relation to the experiences of racism” in her 2002 article “Surviving Hating and Being Hated: Some Personal Thoughts about Racism from a Psychoanalytic Perspective.” It focuses on the White author’s experiences of racial hatred and White supremacy between friends as a child and adolescent in Detroit, Michigan. It seeks to add emotional and affective nuance to contemporary ways of talking about Whiteness and White supremacy in relation to Blackness and Black Americans. It also explores the damage intra-racial hatred between Whites can cause.

Resisting and countering online racial hate: Antiracism advocacy and coping online with racism as moderators of distress associated with online racism.

The emerging literature highlights online racism (e.g., racist online interactions, exposure to racially traumatizing content) as a contemporary stressor among racially/ethnically minoritized adults. Thus, identifying factors that can help buffer the harmful impact of online racism are imperative. We examined engagement in antiracism advocacy and online coping as moderators that can potentially buffer the link between online racism and psychological distress. Using data from 395 racially/ethnically diverse adults (Mage = 34.12, SD = 11.19), we conducted latent moderated structural equation modeling to test individual and institutional antiracism advocacy, and online coping as moderators in the link between online racism and psychological distress. Individual antiracism advocacy was not a significant moderator. Both institutional antiracism advocacy and online coping were significant moderators. For both variables, the link between online racism and psychological distress was not significant at 1 SD below the mean but was significant at the mean and 1 SD above the mean. Thus, distress associated with online racism was not significant among those engaging in low levels of institutional antiracism advocacy and online coping but mean to high levels of institutional antiracism advocacy and online coping did not appear to be protective against distress. Implications for advancing the research on coping with online racism are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Preservation of ethnocultural diversity and fairness in interethnic relations in the estimations of the population of the south of Russia

The article examines views on the issue of preserving and reproducing ethnocultural diversity in the context of multicultural regions in Southern Russia, within the framework of the perception of the implementation of the state's national policy in the categories of social justice in interethnic relations. The authors consider this issue within the discourse of public policy and the everyday perception of ethnic groups residing in Southern Russia. The article is based on materials from exploratory sociological research conducted through questionnaire surveys of the population in the regions of Southern Russia, focus groups, and in-depth interviews with experts in the field of implementing the state's national policy (government officials, scholars, researchers, diaspora representatives). The research covered five regions of Southern Russia (Rostov Oblast, Krasnodar Krai, Republic of Kalmykia, Republic of Crimea, Karachay-Cherkess Republic).
 The article analyses perceptions of ethnocultural diversity in the context of justice in interethnic relations at the regional level. It also explores the connection between identification and socio-psychological characteristics (subjective assessments of violations of rights based on nationality) and the conviction of ethnic groups regarding the observance of justice while preserving the cultural diversity of their people in the region of residence (culture, language, and the development of ethnocultural infrastructure).
 The conducted analysis reveals that issues related to the preservation and development of ethnocultural diversity hold a prominent position in the population's views in the Southern Russian regions regarding the fair regulation of interethnic relations. Points of contention that translate social tension into interethnic tension often revolve around questions of historical memory linked to various forms of ethnic-based deprivation. It is established that the demand for the reproduction of ethnocultural diversity in the regions of Southern Russia is determined by the subjective experience of perceiving violations of rights based on nationality, assessments of justice in managing interethnic relations by the state, and the respondent's type of identity. The core understanding of justice for ethnic groups is linked to sociocultural aspects, and their demand for preserving culture, language, and traditions, regardless of their region of residence, is associated with concerns about their potential loss.

Radicalism in Ali Jinnah's Land, Religion or Group Matters?

This article examines the issue of radicalism in Pakistan, often identified as the "Land of Ali Jinnah," reflecting the values and vision of its founder, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Radicalism has been a deep-seated issue in Pakistan, with debates over whether religious or group factors play a more critical role in strengthening radical movements in the country. This article examines the historical development of radicalism in Pakistan, analyzes the factors that influence the spread of radical ideology, and considers the implications of this view on regional and global stability. Through a comprehensive analytical approach, it explores the role of religion as a central element in radicalism in Pakistan, highlighting the role of incorrect or extreme religious understandings in motivating individuals to engage in radical activity. It also examines how group factors such as economic inequality, political discontent and ethnic tensions are essential in strengthening radical movements in Pakistan. The result is that some extremist thinking is based on some of the conservative madrassa education curricula, and some people who lack access to education are, therefore, easily duped and pitted by vested interests. The importance of understanding the balance between religion and group factors in the context of radicalism in Pakistan is that prevention and countermeasures can be more effective. This investigation provides greater insight into the complexity of the issue. It provides a basis for formulating better strategies to address radicalism in the country, which will positively impact regional and global peace and stability.

Socioeconomic and Religious Tension Mitigate Exchange Rate: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

The study investigated the socioeconomic and religious tension effect on the exchange rate of Pakistan. As well as ethnic tension, law and order, political and government stability. For this purpose, use time series data and time period 1996-2017. The econometric approach ARDL and NARDl approaches are used. The study findings, Socioeconomic conditions, government, political stability, and law and order are positive and statistically significant. Thus, the religious and ethnic factors are also negative and statistically significant. In the case of NARDL, the projected variables are positive and negative, with a significant impact on the exchange rate of Pakistan. The study suggests the government and political stability of the state. As well as reduce ethnic and religious issues in appropriate ways, such as by increasing religious education and declining ethnic hatred.

THE INTERTWINING CRISIS OF PERSONAL AND POLITICAL MEMORY IN THE SELECT NOVELS OF KHALED HOSSEINI

The current paper investigates the parallel vision of personal and the political memory of Afghan’s in the novels of Khaled Hosseini. In his novel The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns, war was a game changer. He cooked up the novels with his personal childhood memories and added spices of political memory with a pinch of fictional elements. Focusing on the political disaster and the consequences of war, people of Afghan’s suffers from turmoil of war, sexual harassment, patriarchal society, illegitimate child, extramarital affairs, lack of health center and ethnic culture tension. The trauma deals with the flashbulb memories which demystify and comprehend the various ethoses. The interconnecting issues of the political memory affect the normal life of every afghan in the city which was brilliantly penned by the author in both his novels. This study takes up the concern of logical statements towards the eternal pains of the memory of the ethoses due to the devastating war.