Hate Crime Research Articles

Ethnicity, National Security And Political Participation In Nigeria

Ethnic diversity in itself does not negatively affect national security. The it imposes to national security is a result of many factors combined with political opportunity that fundamental changes occurring in the political system exploited by ethnic and sectarian groups trying to change the political system to their advantage. Many factors such as political, historical, economic, social, cultural, environmental, and psychological factors may lead ethnic groups to rebel and impose threats to the national states of any country especially developing countries. Like in many developing countries that are highly fictionalized, ethnic crisis ranks among many security challenges Nigeria, making Nigeria loosely a country at war with itself. This situation magnifies Nigeria’s political instability and the efforts of security agencies to address the range of insecurity issues which beyond fictionalization crisis encircle terrorism, banditry, ritual killings, armed robbery and kidnapping. Currently, the Nigerian military is deployed in 34 out of the 36 states plus the Federal Capital Territory in the country for one to understand the bandwidth of the national security challenges. Counselling emerge as a potential avenue for addressing the issues related to ethnicity and national security in Nigeria. The study explores the significance of counselling as a proactive and preventive measure to mitigate the negative impact of ethnicity on national security. It emphasizes the importance of promoting inter ethnic understanding, tolerance, and conflict resolution through counselling interventions. It emphasizes the importance of early identification through counselling to prevent the escalation of ethnic tensions.
 
 

Этнические стереотипы в материалах сайта CNN в 2011-2022 гг.

The paper presents the results of a linguistic study of ethnic stereotypes, which was conducted using the material of CNN publications posted on the English-language website in 2011-2022. The aim of the research is to determine the evaluative orientation of ethnic stereotypes that receive linguistic objectification in CNN articles and videos during the specified period. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that, based on the analysis of linguistic material, the evaluative characteristics of ethnic groups that have become the subject of description in the mass media have been identified and their typical behavior patterns have been verified. Using linguistic research methods, the authors of the paper have obtained scientifically confirmed data suggesting that the repeatability of assessments, including those explicated through keywords, forms a stereotype as a mental image and makes it accessible to the perception of a linguistic personality. The research findings show that the negative characteristics of ethnic groups were more frequently actualized in CNN materials during these years, which corresponds to the generally accepted scientific thesis about the predominance of negative assessments in heterostereotypes. Along with the successful interaction of representatives of different countries in such spheres of life as tourism, fashion, sports, the growth of interethnic tensions in political communication contributed to the formation of a negative image of “strangers” in the worldview of US citizens, as evidenced by value judgments recorded in linguistic form in the media texts.

O regresso do Tribunal da Inquisição

This article addresses the discrimination suffered by women or LGTBIQ+ individuals within Judeo-Christian organizations or churches, whether they are Catholic, Protestant, Evangelical, or Neo-Pentecostal. The article focuses on the Neo-Pentecostal churches because of their prominent role in the public sector over recent years. Initially, the paper explores the subject based on different biblical and theological thoughts where distortions in the translation of the original Book of Genesis have resulted in historical patriarchal, misogynistic, and heteronormative behaviors. The second and final part of the paper adopts a legal perspective. Not only is it necessary to highlight the discriminatory violations in these actions, but it is also essential to provide evidence of such criminal offenses. For this purpose, we propose a series of key proofs of religious discriminatory behaviors, which would be censured within a legislative and judicial framework as 'hate crimes.'

ETHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE BALKANS

Scrolling through the Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) makes one feel ethnic segregation and tension between the three constituent ethnies at every corner of the country. This tensed atmosphere stemmed from the wars in the 90s of the previous century and, even though the wars stopped after the Dayton Peace Agreement signed in 14 December 1995, is still continuing in different forms. In order to analyze the reasons for the continuity of these problems, social scientists from the ex-Yugoslavian countries and from other countries are conducting research in the region using ethnological methods, which have been assuming to be ethnology as a special field for better understanding existing conflicts. In this short piece, two books published recently will be reviewed to understand the use and function of ethnological research for the Balkans.

International students’ experiences in graduate programs during COVID-19 and recent sociopolitical climate in the USA

PurposeThis study aims to examine the unique lived experiences of international graduate students in light of COVID-19 and the recent sociopolitical climate in the USA (e.g. Black Lives Matter movement, protests against anti-Asian hate crimes and gun violence).Design/methodology/approachThe authors used an exploratory qualitative design embedded within a constructivist/interpretivist paradigm. A total of 31 international health service psychology graduate students completed an online survey, 17 of whom participated in a 60-min one-on-one semi-structured interview.FindingsParticipants reported facing a range of difficulties (e.g. travel ban/inability to spend time with family, visa-related concerns, racism, decreased support) during the global pandemic and the recent sociopolitical climate in the USA. A total of 48 themes were identified and organized into six domains: COVID-19-related stress and worry, experiences of racism/discrimination, coping mechanisms, support received, recommendations for programs and higher learning institutions and advice for other international graduate students.Originality/valueThe recent sociopolitical climate in the US exacerbated some of the preexisting inequities for international graduate students due to their international student status and the global pandemic. Although few in number, students also spoke about some positive changes as a result of these major historical and political events. Implications for graduate education, clinical practice and policymaking are discussed.

Hate Crime and Class Vulnerability: A Case Study of White Nationalist Violence Against Unhoused Indigenous People

Abstract Advocates and academics have increasingly called on governments to recognize anti-homeless violence as a hate crime and type of domestic extremism, representing a broader trend in Westernized countries for responding to social issues through anti-hate policies. Can these approaches protect unhoused people? Drawing upon ethnographic interviews and observation with 50 unhoused community members in a Canadian city, we outline their experiences with anti-homeless and anti-Indigenous violence. Our findings show how hate crime approaches often (1) fail to consider intersectionality, especially how class contributes to vulnerability, and (2) overlook place-based victimization and how institutions enable class vulnerability. We call for more localized analyses of hate crime and introduce the concept of ‘cumulative risk of hate crime victimization’ to help address intersectionality.

Understanding the Patterns of Hate Incidents and Reporting Attitudes at a UK University

Widening participation, through diversity and inclusion, has become a major goal to achieve in UK Higher Education, with the potential of the most able, rather than simply the socially advantaged, attending university. Addressing challenges of racism and religiously motivated hate incidents in universities is important if we are to provide an educational environment in which all can feel safe to learn. The current study is a survey investigation and one of the very largest of its kind in the UK. The focus is on the extent of hate crime incidents and patterns of reporting the incidents by students and staff at a university in the North East of England. All staff and students were invited to take part in the anonymous survey, generating a sample of 2,265 respondents. Of those who responded, 27% indicated that they had experienced a hate incident, and only 20% of those who had experienced an incident also reported it. The survey results, counterintuitively, and for some no doubt controversially, showed relatively small differences in the patterns of experiencing hate incidents motivated by race or religion across different subgroups in the sample. Students and staff with disabilities were the group most likely to report experiencing hate crime, both within and outside the university. The findings have research and policy implications. There is a need for establishing clear institutional policies on reporting pathways and procedures, maintaining an effective system for information, help, support, and advice.

Ксенофобия: формирование предупреждающих ценностных ориентиров

This scientific article deals with the theoretical analysis of the concept and essence of xenophobia, especially in the context of its spread among young people. The article examines the causes and nature of the spread of xenophobia among young people, with an emphasis on the factors affecting youth and the formation of basic values. An important component of any society is young people, who are the most susceptible to social chang-es, vulnerable, easily susceptible to negative influence, which often becomes the cause of destructive behav-ior. To overcome this problem in the youth environment, it is proposed to take measures aimed at forming a tolerant and ethically oriented environment. The authors of the article emphasize that overcoming xenophobia among young people is a complex task that requires a systematic approach and call for the development and implementation of proactive measures aimed at promoting a tolerant space free from racial hatred and xeno-phobia. Countering xenophobia is important for the development of society and for expanding the cultural range through dialogue with different cultures. The key conclusion of the article is that overcoming xenophobia is possible thanks to the development of knowledge about the world, the formation of intercultural competence, the strengthening of ethical principles of youth.

Adolescents’ ethnic hate speech exposure and ethnic bullying perpetration: The moderating role of tolerance towards diversity and gender

Information and Communication Technologies have become powerful tools for adolescents, but they have enabled a huge number of online risks, such as being exposed to Online Hate Speech (OHS). High exposure to hateful content has been linked to despicable offline actions, including hate crimes. However, there is a lack of studies considering the associations with certain specific forms, such as the perpetration of bullying. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap in the literature by analysing the associations between exposure to OHS targeting ethnic minorities and ethnic bullying perpetration, and considering the potential moderating role of tolerance towards diversity and of gender. Participants were 960 high school students (53.6% females; Mage = 15 years, SD = 0.59). Data were collected in January/February 2020, before the first lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Findings suggest that being exposed to ethnic OHS is significantly, but weakly, associated with traditional ethnic bullying perpetration. Moreover, this association is moderated by tolerance towards diversity and by gender. In particular, for male adolescents, at low and middle levels of tolerance, higher ethnic OHS exposure is not associated with a higher tendency to perpetrate bullying toward peers with a different ethnicity. For females, instead, tolerance is not a moderator in the relationship between ethnic OHS exposure and ethnic bullying perpetration. Results are discussed in terms of their practical implications.

Could the destruction of a beloved robot be considered a hate crime? An exploration of the legal and social significance of robot love

AbstractIn the future, it is likely that we will form strong bonds of attachment and even develop love for social robots. Some of these loving relations will be, from the human’s perspective, as significant as a loving relationship that they might have had with another human. This means that, from the perspective of the loving human, the mindless destruction of their robot partner could be as devastating as the murder of another’s human partner. Yet, the loving partner of a robot has no recourse to legal action beyond the destruction of property and can see no way to prevent future people suffering the same devastating loss. On this basis, some have argued that such a scenario must surely motivate legal protection for social robots. In this paper, I argue that despite the devastating loss that would come from the destruction of one’s robot partner, love cannot itself be a reason for granting robot rights. However, although I argue against beloved robots having protective rights, I argue that the loss of a robot partner must be socially recognised as a form of bereavement if further secondary harms are to be avoided, and that, if certain conditions obtain, the destruction of a beloved robot could be criminalised as a hate crime.

“We are stronger than fear of hate”: a longitudinal study amplifying the voices of Asian American and migrant teachers amidst COVID-19

ABSTRACT Theoretically framed by AsianCrit, the current study used a longitudinal qualitative study to explore how larger socio-historical contexts such as the pandemic shape Asian American and migrant elementary teachers’ daily lives and teaching practices. The study’s findings demonstrate that, following the COVID-19 pandemic and an upsurge in anti-Asian hate crime, the teachers’ experiences of racism and positions as Asian Americans and migrants in New York City had radically changed. Their shifted racialized experiences further influenced their elementary school teaching practices, compelling them to become committed to antiracist education. This longitudinal and timely study will contribute to the emerging literature on Asian American and migrant teachers, providing several implications for teacher education and future research. The study’s findings will also shed light on the legitimacy of CRT in investigating the lives and teaching of Asian American and migrant teachers in light of nationwide anti-CRT legislation.

The post-racial myth: rethinking Chinese university students’ experiences and perceptions of racialised microaggressions in the UK

AbstractAs the world recovers from the pandemic and anti-Asian hate crimes have been gradually disappearing from the headlines, this article offers a timely reflection on Chinese international students’ experiences and perceptions of racialised microaggressions during the pandemic, and, more importantly, takes the discussion further by deconstructing and challenging the underlying post-racial discourse. Based on 54 interviews with Chinese students from 13 universities across the UK, this article examines four phrases used by Chinese international students in making sense of their racialised experiences, in terms of the denial of racism (‘it is not racism’), the justification of racism (‘it is normal’), taking the blame of racism (‘it is my fault’) and in some rare cases, their reflections on anti-Asian racism in the so-called post-racial universities in the UK (‘we are invisible’). It argues that such expressions are induced by and reflects neo-racism, neo-orientalism and everyday racism embedded within the wider post-racial discourse in the UK, which affirms the relevance of anti-Asian racism in the post-pandemic era rather than negates it. We thus make recommendations to UK universities to better support international students and combat anti-Asian particularly anti-Chinese racism.

Countering Islamophobia through Sports: Qatar's Initiatives during the 2022 FIFA World Cup

This paper examines how Qatar used the 2022 FIFA World Cup as a platform to address global Islamophobia. Taking place in the context of a conference on Islamophobia at Georgetown University in Qatar, the study analyzes the role Western media played in reinforcing negative stereotypes and biases against Muslims before and during the event. It highlights Qatar's wide-ranging efforts to educate the public, influence policy, and promote open discussions on how to counteract these prejudices. Special attention is given to the significant role of sports celebrities, particularly football star Mo Salah, in reducing anti-Muslim sentiment. Empirical data support the idea that Salah's public Muslim identity contributed to a decline in hate crimes and negative social media chatter. Additionally, the study explores the possible positive impact, known as the "Qatar effect," that hosting the World Cup could have on reducing negative attitudes towards Muslims. This is similar to how Mo Salah's presence and influence have positively affected public opinion, known as the "Salah effect." The paper also discusses how Qatar infused cultural elements, like Quranic verses and Bedouin traditions, into the event to foster a broader understanding and appreciation of its heritage. It further addresses ethical and human rights concerns such as the conditions of migrant workers and civil liberties, emphasizing the inconsistency in how the world reacts to these issues in different contexts. Overall, this research offers a comprehensive look at how the 2022 FIFA World Cup served as a stage for Qatar to influence global perspectives on Islamophobia while shedding light on the social and political complexities tied to hosting a world-renowned event.

An Overview of Criminal Provisions Responding to Hate Speech in Turkish Law

Abstract There are several reports and cases that demonstrate the clear increase of hate speech in Turkey through media and especially on social media against some national and religious minorities, asylum seekers, refugees, and LGBTQ. This was also reported by the European Commission which pointed out that there is no effective prosecution of incitement to hatred, including by the media. In addition hate speech is not clearly regulated, expressions that can be considered hate speech are interpreted sometimes through provisions that regulate the crime of defamation against a person or the crime of defamation against a part of people. Although tidy legislation which defines and regulates hate speech through media, the internet and, social media is not yet available in the Turkish Penal Code. Major provisions that can be associated with hate speech are available in the Turkish Penal Code in a scattered manner. There are also related regulations in the law governing internet broadcasting and the law governing radio and television broadcasting. Expressions that can be considered hate speech are, in some cases interpreted through provisions that regulate the crime of defamation against the person. The most important problem pertains to the fact that hate speech and hate crimes have not been prescribed under a single title in Turkish Law.

Pandemic Racism: Lessons on the Nature, Structures, and Trajectories of Racism During COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has been one of the most acute global crises in recent history, which profoundly impacted the world across many dimensions. During this period, racism manifested in ways specifically related to the pandemic, including xenophobic sentiments, racial attacks, discriminatory policies, and disparate outcomes across racial/ethnic groups. This paper examines some of the pressing questions about pandemic racism and inequity. We review what research has revealed about the nature and manifestations of racism, the entrenchment of structural racism, and trajectories of racism during COVID-19.

The Kosovo Crisis as a Destabilizing Factor of European Security

The Republic of Kosovo is a kind of “node” of problems not only in the Balkans, but in Europe in general. The recognition of Kosovo’s independence laid the groundwork for the destabilization of European security. Today, Kosovo is recognized mainly by the democratic states of the world. These are the countries that currently support Ukraine. In the non-support camp are Serbia, Russia and its few allies such as Belarus, as well as China with its satellites. Although the Kosovo problem is not so clear. Among the countries that do not recognize Kosovo are a number of states (Spain, Romania, Greece, Slovakia), which are wary of the fact that the “Kosovo precedent” may contribute to separatist movements and create problems for them.
 15 years have passed since the declaration of independence of Kosovo. However, Belgrade and Pristina function from crisis to crisis. Recently, the usual crises have become somewhat more intense and have made the world talk about the possibility of another war in Europe. Today, the geopolitical consequences of Kosovo’s declaration of independence look quite pessimistic. The representatives of the EU and the USA, understanding the consequences of their actions, are trying to resolve this conflict at any cost in order to demonstrate to the whole world that the situation is under control. Currently exerting pressure specifically on the government of Pristina, these actors are trying to finally achieve full political normalization between Kosovo and Belgrade so that there are no further ethnic tensions in the region and a constant aggravation of the situation in the north of the self-proclaimed republic. Time will tell whether it will give significant results. However, it is possible to at least reduce the tension between Serbia and Kosovo by weakening the manipulative actions on the relations of these countries by Russia.
 Funding. The work was supported by the European Commision under the Jean Monnet Module «The European Union’s Common Security and Defence Policy: challenges related to the War in Ukraine» (ESEDEP), № 101127823 — ESEDEP — ERASMUS-JMO-2023-HEI-TCH-RSCH.

Empathy With Muslim Victims of Discrimination: Can Personalization and Emotionalization in News Reporting Pave the Way?

Hate crimes against Muslims in the United States have been on the rise since 2016 (FBI, 2022), discouraging this group’s participation in public life. Most Americans, therefore, encounter Muslims only via media representations. We investigated if two journalistic storytelling devices can kindle in white non-Muslim Americans empathy and supportive attitudes toward Muslim women who are victims of discrimination. Indeed, personalization and emotionalization of news stories increased empathy for Muslim victims among participants with high Muslim prejudice. Gender differences moderated the effect of emotionalization, with women participants reporting more empathy and willingness to help victims than men.

COUNTERING HIP-HOP AS A BLACK SPACE: HOW “THE OTHERS” STRUGGLED TO FIND SPACE IN RAP BATTLE CULTURE AS ANALYZED IN 8 MILE (2002) AND BAD RAP (2016)

This article analyzes the normativity of the black race in rap music and how it affected Asian American and White American MCs in Rap Battle (specifically Jin the MC, Dumbfoundead, and Eminem), the importance of rap battle in connection between race and rap, and how rap battle’s connection with race and rap contributed to Jin the MC, Dumbfoundead, and Eminem’s success factors as they tackled racist attacks from their rap battle opponents. The corpus of the study is a documentary about Asian American’s struggle in the hip-hop industry called Bad Rap (2016), as well as Eminem’s revised-autobiography film 8 Mile (2002). The study uses De La Garza and Ono’s CRT (2016) tenets and Edgar and Sedwick’s New Criticism (1999) to discover the importance of Rap Battle in the connection between race and rap as well as the ways that black-originated music affected the nonblack MCs mentioned; specifically, in their performance characteristics, strategies to battle racist attacks from the opponents, as well as their recognition and career development in the industry. Following that, the researcher discussed a gap within racial and sociocultural aspects of black normativity in rap and how it contributed to the ‘success factors’ of these mentioned artists, while racist attacks played a strong role from Black American opponents.

Determinants of Military Spending in Africa: Do Institutions Matter?

Abstract This paper focuses on the determinants of military spending in Africa by considering the role played by institutions. With data obtained between the years 1996–2019, the Driscoll and Kraay fixed effects, the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM), and the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) estimators are used. The findings suggest that government size, trade freedom, economic risk, and political risk decrease military spending, whereas government stability and military involvement in politics are found to raise it. Using alternative institutional variables, we find that corruption, government effectiveness, political stability, regulatory quality, the rule of law, and voice and accountability significantly diminish military spending in Africa. In addition, concerning the economic determinants, the results reveal that trade openness and total natural resource rents reduce military spending, while GDP per capita, inflation, and foreign debt stocks increase it. Looking at strategic determinants, arms imports, urban population, and ethnic tensions positively affect African military expenditures. Robustness checks show that these results change once regional specificities are considered. The study concludes that institutional factors could be an engine for evolution in Africa’s military spending.

Understanding Asian Americans’ Resilience to COVID-19 Online Hate through Latent Profiles of Ethnic Identity

Combining the stress and coping framework with the Communication Theory of Resilience, this study explores how Asian Americans’ ethnic identity is associated with their (a) perceptions of and (b) response to the threat of rising anti-Asian racial hate speech seen on social media during COVID-19. Using a person-centered approach, a latent profile analysis performed on data from a sample of 269 Asian Americans revealed a 4-profile structure. Covariate analyses showed that individuals with a stronger ethnic identity (defined as positive affiliation with their ethnic group and greater exploration) viewed the problem of COVID-19 online hate as more severe and reported greater enactment of resilience communication during the pandemic. These results suggest that there is greater variation in the ways that racially-targeted minorities vicariously experience online racial hate than has been considered previously. Results also indicate that individuals’ ethnic identities relate to how they perceive and respond to others’ online behaviors.