Ethnic Segregation Research Articles

Development of Tie Dye Technique and Its Impact On Students Learning Outcome and Fine Motor Development

This study aims to develop a color barrier technique in the class III charge of Cultural Arts and Skills at SDN Purwoyoso 06 Ngaliyan, Semarang. This research is a Research and Development (RnD) research with steps namely: potential and problems, data collection, product design, design validation, design revision, product testing, product revision, usage testing, product revision, and final product. The population of this study was 42 third grade students of SDN Purwoyoso 06 Ngaliyan Semarang. Data analysis techniques use product data analysis, learning outcomes, and student activities. The results of the study showed: (1) the development of color barrier techniques, namely the media and tools used and the motives produced. Based on expert validation shows the color barrier technique in the test of learning techniques experts and material get a percentage of 96.4% and 97.5% with very feasible criteria; (2) the use of color barrier techniques influences the effectiveness of SBK learning as evidenced by student learning outcomes with an average student score of 78.33%; (3) student activities obtain an average percentage of 94.83% with very high criteria. The conclusions of the study showed that the results of the development of the color barrier technique based on the validation of the learning techniques experts and the material fulfilled the criteria were feasible, could improve the effectiveness of student learning and activity.

Using an urban child health index to detect intra-urban disparities in Sweden.

Aims:Children’s health is affected by the environment in which they live and grow. Within Sweden’s urban areas, several city districts can be classified as socio-economically disadvantaged. This article describes the creation of a child health index to visualise disparities within and between Sweden’s three major cities, and how these relate to indicators of demography and socio-economic status.Methods:Data were collected for seven child health indicators and seven socio-economic and demographic indicators from the Swedish Pregnancy Register, Child Health Services and Statistics Sweden. An index was created from the health indicators using principal component analysis, generating weights for each indicator. Correlations between index outcomes and socio-economic and demographic indicators were analysed using linear regression.Results:The largest variance in index values could be seen in Stockholm followed by Malmö, and the poorest mean index outcome was seen in Malmö followed by Gothenburg. The largest intra-urban percentage range in health indicators could be seen for tobacco exposure at 0–4 weeks (0.8–33.9%, standard deviation (SD)=8.8%) and, for the socio-economic and demographic indicators, foreign background (19.9–88.5%, SD=19.8%). In the multivariate analysis, index outcomes correlated most strongly with foreign background (R2=0.364, p=0.001).Conclusions:Children’s health follows a social gradient and a pattern of ethnic segregation in Swedish cities, where it can be visualised using an index of child health. The resulting map highlights the geographical distribution of these disparities, and displays in which city districts child health interventions may be most needed.

A self-powered skin-patch electrochromic biosensor

One of the limitations of many skin-patch wearable sensors today is their dependence on silicon-based electronics, increasing their complexity and unit cost. Self-powered sensors, in combination with electrochromic materials, allow simplifying the construction of these devices, leading to powerful analytical tools that remove the need for external detection systems. This work describes the construction, by screen-printing, of a self-powered electrochromic device that can be adapted for the determination of metabolites in sweat by the naked eye in the form of a 3 × 15 mm colour bar. The device comprises a lactate oxidase and osmium-polymer –based anode connected to a coplanar 3 × 15 mm Prussian Blue, PB, cathode printed over a transparent poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate, PEDOT:PSS electrode. An ion-gel composed of Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), PVDF-co-HFP, a gelling agent, and ionic liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, EMIM-Tf, effectively separates the cathode display from the biosensing anode, protecting it from the sample. Despite its cathodic electrochromism, the PEDOT:PSS has a transmission above 90% and does not mask the Prussian Blue colour change because the cathode does not operate below 0 V vs Ag/AgCl at any time. The sensor displays lactate concentrations in the range of 0–10 mM over the length of the electrochromic display, which has a contrast ratio of 1.43. Although full response takes up to 24 min, 85% of the colour change is displayed within 10 min.

Understanding the effects of school catchment areas and households with children in ethnic residential segregation

Households with children have been suggested to play a key role in ethnic residential segregation. One possible mechanism is that school district boundaries affect their segregation patterns, but direct evidence on this is scarce. This study investigates the role of school catchment areas for ethnic residential segregation among different types of households in the city of Helsinki, Finland, using individual-level register-based data covering the complete population of the city between 2005 and 2014. The analyses consist of three steps: a description of ethnic segregation among different types of households with segregation indices, an analysis of mobility flows between school catchment areas, and a boundary discontinuity analysis of the causal effects of the boundaries of catchment areas on the mobility of different types of Finnish-origin households. The analyses show that ethnic segregation is stronger among households with children than among childless households and the residential mobility of higher-income Finnish-origin households with children is particularly affected by the school catchment area boundaries.

Population Grids for Analysing Long-Term Change in Ethnic Diversity and Segregation

Changes in the spatial patterns of ethnic diversity and residential segregation are often highly localized, but inconsistencies in geographical data units across different time points limit their exploration. In this paper, we argue that, while they are often over-looked, population grids provide an effective means for the study of long-term fine-scale changes. Gridded data represent population structures: there are gaps where there are no people, and they are not (unlike standard zones) based on population distributions at any one time point. This paper uses an innovative resource, PopChange, which provides spatially fine-grained (1 km by 1 km) gridded data on country of birth (1971–2011) and ethnic group (1991–2011). These data enable insight into micro-level change across a long time period. Exploring forty years of change over five time points, measures of residential ethnic diversity and segregation are employed here to create a comprehensive ‘atlas’ of ethnic neighbourhood change across the whole of Britain. Four key messages are offered: (1) as Britain’s ethnic diversity has grown, the spatial complexity of this diversity has also increased, with greater diversity in previously less diverse spaces; (2) ethnic residential segregation has steadily declined at this micro-scale; (3) as neighbourhoods have become more diverse, they have become more spatially integrated; (4) across the whole study period, the most dynamic period of change was between 2001 and 2011. While concentrating on Britain as a case study, the paper explores the potential offered by gridded data, and the methods proposed to analyse them, for future allied studies within and outside this study area.

Correction to: Population Grids for Analysing Long-Term Change in Ethnic Diversity and Segregation

Correction to: Population Grids for Analysing Long-Term Change in Ethnic Diversity and Segregation

CIDADES NEGRAS NO BRASIL: TERRITÓRIOS E CIDADANIA

The text in question aims to observe the Black Cities, here, interpreted by small and medium-sized cities. I analyze how racial ethnic segregation reflects in small and medium-sized cities in Brazil. In the text, I initially selected and analyzed the universe of the hundred largest cities, proportionally (%), the ten largest cities with black representation. To understand inequalities and segregation, I analyzed the average nominal income between whites and blacks in Brazil and in selected cities. Among the interpretations of the picture of small and medium cities, black cities are located in the northeast of the country, in the states of Maranhão and Bahia, especially in Bahia, in the Recôncavo region. Nowadays, black cities suffer an impact of racial ethnic segregation different from large centers, due to historical and local aspects that are particular to the territory.

Dividing Lines: The Role School District Boundaries Play in Spending Inequality for Public Education

ObjectiveTo highlight the role that school district boundaries along racial cleavages contribute to differences in spending on public education.MethodsFinancial and demographic data were collected on the 11,000 plus school districts and 1,800 counties in the United States from 1995 to 2011. A series of panel models was used to estimate the effect of segregation on differences in spending.ResultsModels show that white–Black segregation leads to increased variation in per child local revenue within counties. Within these segregated counties, districts with larger Black populations collect less in local revenue but have a higher tax burden.ConclusionIn explaining differences in per child expenditures across school districts, economic differences are the most cited. Racial segregation often occurs along school district borders and leads to differences in per child expenditures through concentration of resources in certain districts.

Revisiting the Minority Threat Perspective: Examining the Main and Interactive Effects of Segregation on Sentencing Severity

Drawing on the minority threat perspective, this study assesses the main and interactive effects of racial/ethnic segregation on the incarceration and sentence length decisions. Using the State Court Processing Statistics in combination with other data, we employ multilevel models to examine (1) whether racial/ethnic segregation affects sentencing severity, (2) whether racial/ethnic segregation moderates the effects of racial/ethnic composition, and (3) whether racial/ethnic segregation reduces racial/ethnic disparity in punitive sentencing. Both racial and ethnic segregation displayed mitigating effects on punishment severity. In particular, racial segregation reduced the effect of racial composition on probabilities of receiving a prison term, and ethnic segregation reduced the effect of ethnic composition on probabilities of receiving a jail sentence. Our results suggest that the minority threat perspective and its theoretical accounts of segregation can be partially applied to sentencing outcomes in state courts.

Books: White Fragility. Why It's So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism Natives. Race & Class in the Ruins of Empire: Learning Following the Toppling of Colston's Statue.

Robin Diangelo Penguin Books, 2018, PB, 168pp, £8.99, 978-0141990569 Akala Two Roads, 2019, PB, 343pp, £8.99, 978-1473661233 On Sunday 7th June 2020 the eyes of the world were on Bristol when the statue of Edward Colston was toppled and pushed into the harbour during protests in support of Black Lives Matter. Although he was a philanthropist, Colston was involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Bristol has a dark history of involvement in the slave trade, which has been an issue for this historic maritime city for many years. The Bristol Bus Boycott of 1963 arose from the refusal of the Bristol Omnibus Company to employ black or Asian bus crews in the city. At the time, there was widespread racial discrimination in housing and employment against so-called ‘coloureds’. A boycott of the company’s buses by Bristolians lasted for 4 months until the company backed down and overturned their discriminative colour bar policy. This boycott is considered to have been influential in the passing of the Race Relations Act 1965 …

Comparing ethnic segregation across cities\u2014measurement issues matter

This paper investigates how important measurement issues such as the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP), random unevenness and spatial autocorrelation affect cross-sectional studies of ethnic segregation. We use geocoded data for German cities to investigate the impact of these measurement problems on the average level of segregation and on the ranking of cities. The findings on the average level of residential segregation turn out to be rather robust. The ranking of cities is, however, sensitive to the assumptions regarding reallocation of population across neighbourhoods that the use of different segregation measures involves. Moreover, the results suggest that standard aspatial approaches tend to underrate the degree of segregation because they ignore the spatial clustering of ethnic groups. In contrast, non-consideration of random unevenness gives rise to a moderate upward bias of the mean segregation level and involves minor changes in the ranking of cities if the minority group is large. However, the importance of random segregation significantly increases as the size of the minority group declines. If the size of specific ethnic groups differs across regions, this may also affect the ranking of regions. Thus, the necessity to properly account for measurement issues increases as segregation analyses become more detailed and consider specific (small) minority groups.

Identifying ethnic occupational segregation

Many studies consider occupational segregation among the immigrant population from a given birth country as a whole. This ignores potential ethnic heterogeneity within an immigrant population and may underestimate occupational segregation. We focus on Russian immigrants in the early twentieth century USA—then a major immigrant population with a high degree of ethnic diversity, including Russian, Jewish, German, and Polish ethnics—and study occupational segregation by ethnicity. We apply a machine learning ethnicity classification approach to 1930 US census data based on name and mother tongue. Using the constructed ethnicity variable, we show high degrees of occupational segregation by ethnicity within the Russian-born immigrant population in the USA. For example, Jews, German ethnics, and Polish ethnics were concentrated in trade, agriculture, and manufacturing, respectively. We also find evidence that Russian-born immigrants’ labor market outcomes were associated with networks measured by the spatial concentration of co-ethnics—particularly more established ones—but not by the concentrations of other ethnic groups.

Structural Racism in American Psychiatry and APA: Part 9

Structural Racism in American Psychiatry and APA: Part 9

The role of attentional slippage in Stroop dilution.

The present study examined the cognitive locus of Stroop dilution using a psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm. Participants were asked to perform a tone discrimination task via a bimanual keypress response and a modified Stroop task via a vocal response serially as Task 1 and Task 2, respectively. In Task 2, a neutral word was added on half of the trials and no neutral word on the other half of the trials to observe the Stroop dilution effect. The amount of Stroop dilution, as well as the Stroop effect, was relatively constant across different stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs), which implies that Stroop dilution occurs due to the competition between a neutral word and a color word after a target color bar is selected to be processed further. These results indicate that focused attention plays an important role in the modulation of Stroop interference by the presence of a neutral word.

Correction to 'Substrate use drives the macroevolution of mammalian tail length diversity'.

You have accessMoreSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Cite this article Mincer S. T. and Russo G. A. 2020Correction to ‘Substrate use drives the macroevolution of mammalian tail length diversity’Proc. R. Soc. B.2872020247720202477http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2477SectionYou have accessCorrectionsCorrection to ‘Substrate use drives the macroevolution of mammalian tail length diversity’ S. T. Mincer S. T. Mincer http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2275-7971 Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and G. A. Russo G. A. Russo Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author S. T. Mincer S. T. Mincer http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2275-7971 Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and G. A. Russo G. A. Russo Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author Published:28 October 2020https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2477See original article.Substrate use drives the macroevolution of mammalian tail length diversityProc. R. Soc. B287, 20192885. (Published 5 February 2020). (doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2885)There are two minor errors in figure 2 of the originally published manuscript. The scale colour bar accompanying the summary tree to signify slope value was flipped so that it was incorrectly labelled. In the corrected figure red represents slope of −4.4, and blue represents slope of 3.3. The labels for two branches in the summary tree representing significant shifts in slope and intercept for Caprinae and Bovinae were also switched. Correct slope and intercept values for all branches are included in the electronic supplementary material, and the errors described here have now been fixed in the figure submitted in this correction. These errors do not change the interpretation or accuracy of results. Figure 2. Summary tree of the evolutionary best-fit model for tail length ∼ body length. Black represents the ancestral condition and each colour represents a statistically significant evolutionary shift (regime) in slope and intercept (available in electronic supplementary material), coloured by the slope for each group. Tailless species (dashed lines) were not included in the evolutionary best-fit model but have been subsequently added back onto the tree to show where tail loss has occurred in phylogeny.Download figureOpen in new tabDownload PowerPoint Previous Article FiguresRelatedReferencesDetailsRelated articlesSubstrate use drives the macroevolution of mammalian tail length diversityFeb 5, 2020, 12:00:00 AMProceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences This Issue28 October 2020Volume 287Issue 1937 Article InformationDOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2477PubMed:33109016Published by:Royal SocietyPrint ISSN:0962-8452Online ISSN:1471-2954History: Published online28/10/2020Published in print28/10/2020 License:© 2020 The Author(s)Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved. Citations and impact Subjectsevolution Large datasets are available through Proceedings B's partnership with Dryad

Demographic dynamics across urban settings and implications for ethnic geographies

AbstractThere remains a tendency to treat demographic components of urban change in isolation from one another, neglecting the interplay between them. Thus, research has fallen short of an integrated demographic approach for explaining ethnic densification and segregation. To address this shortfall, this paper attends to the dynamics of the components of demographic change and in particular their migrant‐ and location‐specific expressions. The analyses use linked individual‐level comprehensive Belgian census data from 1991 and 2001, focussing on 12 ethnic groups and five cities. The demographic decomposition provides three conclusions: the contribution of demographic components of population change varies spatially at city and neighbourhood levels; co‐ethnics in differing urban settings have heterogeneous demographic experience; and demographic components of change are generally reproducing ethnic geographies, but some trends of deconcentration are observed. These findings provide a more nuanced perspective on segregation debates and demographic models of migrant integration.

The Link Between Ethnic Segregation and Socio‐Economic Status: An Activity Space Approach

AbstractThe extent to which ethnic segregation results from differences in socio‐economic factors remains a seminal topic of debate. The growing literature demonstrating the multifaceted phenomenon of segregation urges more focus on individuals’ spatial and social interactions. We applied an activity space approach and considered ethnic differences in individuals’ activity spaces as an indicator of spatial segregation. We used mobile phone and survey datasets in Estonia. We show that place‐based segregation indices derived from both datasets indicate similar levels of ethnic segregation. From an activity space perspective, the results show that the main socio‐economic factor affecting the extensity of activity spaces is self‐estimated social status rather than education and income. Results show that ethnic inequality in spatial behaviour is not straightforward, but rather that it is linked to how individuals position themselves in society. We argue that socio‐economic factors need to be controlled to examine ethnic segregation from activity space perspective.

Ethnicity, Neighborhood and Individual Socioeconomic Status, and Obesity: The Singapore Multiethnic Cohort.

It remains unclear whether ethnicity has an impact on obesity independent of socioeconomic status (SES) and environmental factors. Singapore provides a unique opportunity to address this issue because three major Asian ethnic groups are represented, and government policies prevent ethnic segregation. Therefore this study examined associations between ethnicity, SES, and obesity within neighborhoods in Singapore. Cross-sectional data from 29,819 participants of the Singapore Multiethnic Cohort who were aged 21 to 75 years and of Chinese, Malay, and Indian ethnicity were used. Obesity was defined using Asian criteria. Multilevel models used obesity as the dependent variable and age, marital status, ethnicity, education level, income, and neighborhood SES as independent variables. Education level was more strongly inversely associated with obesity than income level or neighborhood SES. The association between ethnicity and obesity was not substantially explained by measures of individual and neighborhood SES. In females, the fully adjusted odds ratio of obesity was 5.01 for Malay ethnicity and 4.81 for Indian ethnicity as compared with Chinese ethnicity. In males, these odds ratios were 2.61 and 2.07, respectively. Ethnicity was strongly associated with obesity independent of SES and neighborhood environment. More research on sociocultural factors contributing to ethnic differences in obesity is warranted.

BUBUR SIMBUT SEBAGAI PERINTANG WARNA PADA KAIN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CANTING CAP

Simbut fabric is part of history in the color barrier process that exists in Indonesia. Initially the sticking process of simbut porridge used glutinous rice porridge which was still warmly smeared with crushed bamboo stems. Dry glutinous rice porridge is easily cracked. The tool for applying it to cloth is still very simple. Because of that the decoration of simbut fabrics is also simple, not complicated. Therefore it is necessary to make research and innovation so that glutinous rice porridge (porridge simbut) is not easily cracked and can be applied with various tools. The purpose of this study was to apply simbut porridge, as a color barrier to the fabric using a wooden stamp canting. The method used is an experimental method. The experimental method is a study that seeks to find the effect of primary data applied to secondary data obtained under controlled conditions. The object of this research is glutinous rice porridge (simbut), where the attachment process uses wooden canting cap. From the results of the study, it was concluded that the simbut porridge could be used as a color barrier on the fabric by tasting technique.
 
 Keywords: Porridge simbut, Resist technique, Canting cap

The relation between ethnic segregation and neighbourhood deprivation. The case of Turin

The relation between ethnic segregation and neighbourhood deprivation. The case of Turin