Ethnic Nationalism Research Articles

“Decolonizationˮ and “Deimperializationˮ: Modern Western Policy Towards Fragmentation of Russia

Introduction. Multinational Russia at various stages of its existence faces the playing out of the national question by opposing geopolitical centers. The discourse of “decolonization” and “deimperialization” of Russia has acquired a new level of relevance in the international arena after February 24, 2022. The purpose of the article is to identify and investigate the features of the destructive form of ethno-political mobilization in the regions of the Russian Federation through the construction and promotion of the discourse of “decolonization” and “deimperialization” of Russia by Western states. Materials and Methods. The materials used in the study include U.S. legal documents, resolutions of the European Parliament, publications and speeches of representatives of the Western political elite and scientific and expert community, materials of the United States Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, content of various organizations, foreign mass media and media foreign agents. The methodological basis of the study is represented by systemic, geopolitical and instrumentalist approaches, as well as such methods as monitoring, discourse analysis and content analysis. Results. The narrative of “deimperialization” and “decolonization” of Russia in the publications of the Western scientific and expert community and media materials is studied, and the political technologies of Western states oriented at the actualization of ethnic nationalism and, as a consequence, separatist tendencies in the regions of the Russian Federation are revealed. Western projects of practical policy oriented at actualization of national contradictions in the Russian Federation are implemented mainly through the following initiatives: holding events dedicated to “decolonization” and “deimperialization” of Russia; using representatives of Western-oriented national elites to actualize separatist tendencies in the regions of the Russian Federation; adopting declarations on “liberation” of the peoples of Russia from “colonial” dependence; popularization of information about the need for “decolonization”; and the use of the “decolonization” of Russia. Discussion and Conclusion. “Decolonization” and “deimperialization” of Russia are focused on the implementation of a destructive form of ethno-political mobilization and fragmentation of the Russian Federation along national lines of settlement. The authors identify five technologies for the formation of ethnic nationalism in the regions of the Russian Federation, which are used by Western states in the process of modern confrontation with Russia. The results of the study will be useful for public authorities at both regional and federal levels to develop a set of measures aimed at countering the playing of the “national card” on the territory of Russia by competing geopolitical centers.

Языковые основы субэтнической, этнической и этнополитической идентичности

The purpose of the research is to determine the relationship between the concepts of “ethnos” and “language” in the peripheral zone of ethnic self-determination where some part of the society considers itself a separate ethnic group, but this belief is not supported by its linguistic separateness. The material is the data on the ethnic situation in a number of countries around the world which is obtained either from social surveys or based on ethnographic descriptions of the relationship between linguistic and ethnic self-identification in different countries. The study applies the method of correlation analysis to establish the relationship between linguistic and ethnic self-determination. The work also uses the method of sociolinguistic interpretation and the method of sociolinguistic reinterpretation which is based on the analysis of secondary material, that has already entered in scientific circulation, for sociolinguistic purposes. The basis for identification processes is the linguistic identification of an ethnic nation, on the basis of which ethnographic, ethnic and ethnopolitical national unity is formed. As a result the study highlighted four situations which are based on the correction of ethnic identification according to language identity. Firstly, a situation of ethnic transition, when a person, who defines himself as belonging to a nation “by blood”, according to his linguistic identity moves to another national group. Secondly, a situation of subethnic transition, when an ethnic subgroup designates itself as part of a nation, that uses the regional dialect or dialect of a given nation. Thirdly, the situation of ethno-political identity, when the nationality is determined by the political factor such as citizenship while preserving the language of the ethnic nation living in another, base state. Finally, multiethnic political identification, which is a type of ethnopolitical identity, when several ethnic nations, which are speakers of different languages, are united into one political nation. This interpretation of the “ethnos – language” relationship allows us to adjust the parameters of sociolinguistic and social stratification of society.

Government-Coordinated Internal Colonization in the Era of Nationalism: The Case of Dualist Hungary

Abstract Between 1881 and 1914, Hungarian governments established at least 36 agricultural colonies in today’s territory of Romania (nine new villages and 25 neighborhoods attached to existing ones). After 1894, a separate government fund was created for land purchases and the venture was entrusted to a Department of Colonization within the Ministry of Agriculture. This article gives an archival-based account of the political, financial, agricultural, and logistical aspects of the settlement program and compares it with its better-researched Prussian model. Investigating it as a series of interactions between settlers, the dedicated government agency, local potentates, and the surrounding population, it identifies structural impediments to the endeavor. Although there was a broad unity across political parties behind the idea of conquering new territories for the ethnic nation, the settlement program rested on a fragile consensus within the elite. Its expansion after 1900 was mainly due to Minister Ignác Darányi, whereas the steps of other high officials give nuances to Hungarian nationalities policies. When Prime Minister István Tisza dropped the program on the eve of the First World War, it was already in a state of hibernation because the governing party had realized that the settlers posed a political liability for them.

Phytochemical Screening and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Present in Stem Bark of <i>Picralima nitida </i>(stapf)

Over the years, traditional societies and ethnic nationalities have engaged plants with medicinal properties for the treatment of a range of diseases without any scientific knowledge of it inherent bioactive compounds that are responsible for its medicinal and pharmacological potentials. The aim of this study is to screen for the presence of phytochemical constituents and to identify the bioactive compounds domicile in the stem bark of <i>Picralima nitida </i>by the use of Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry. The result of the quantitative investigation of the stem bark extract of <i>P. nitida</i> showed the presence of some phytochemical compounds such as saponins (3.22%), alkaloids (2.43%), flavonoids (6.05%) tannins (6.25%), oxalate (12.70%), phytate (2.87%), anthracene glycosides (2.14%) and cyanogenic glycosides (1.37%). Eleven (11) different bioactive compounds were recognized in the stem bark extract of <i>P. nitida</i> by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry analysis. The percentage of major bioactive compounds were vitamin E (69.31%), Cis-Myrtanol (5.57%), Octadecanoic acid methyl ester (4.52%), 11-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester (4.42%), 9-Methyl-2-phenyl-9H-imidazo (1,2-a) benzimidazole (3.70%), Pentadecanoic acid 14-methyl- methylester (3.21%) and 7,9-Dimethyl-6H-Indolo (2,3-b) quinoxaline (3.11%). From these findings, it could be concluded that <i>P. nitida </i>stem bark is rich in various bioactive compounds which possess antioxidant, laxative and other diverse medicinal properties. Therefore, it can be recommended as a plant of phytomedicinal value.

Civic and Ethnic Nationalism in Nepal: Distinct Features or Intertwined Essentials?

Civic and Ethnic Nationalism in Nepal: Distinct Features or Intertwined Essentials?

The South Korean Military Ideological Complex: Transcendent Nationalism in Military Moral Education

Abstract Since its inception, the South Korean military, like an Althusserian ideological state apparatus, has served to articulate and disseminate state ideology through what is called the military moral education or ideological training program (chŏngsin or chŏnghun kyoyuk), which instructed soldiers in Korean history, society, and politics. A close reading of moral education textbooks from the Syngman Rhee (1948–60) and Park Chung Hee (1961–79) eras thus shows the content and themes of state ideology, which went beyond simple anti-communism and can instead be summed up as “transcendent nationalism”: a potent, fascistic mixture of ethnic nationalism, anti-communism, and anti-liberal collectivism that emphasized individual loyalty and sacrifice to the supreme representative of the Korean nation, the South Korean state. As part of a larger state ideological complex and as an ideological apparatus in its own right, the military moral education program should be examined to offer a better understanding of South Korean ideology and political discourse and the rise of anti-communist nationalist ideological hegemony during the Cold War. This large-scale effort to indoctrinate South Korean men, in which military moral education played a crucial part, arguably contributed to a significant degree of societal consent behind the Park Chung Hee regime.

The Constructions of Ndebele Identity in Skyz Metro FM: An Audience Reception Study

Discourses on the negotiation and construction of ethnic identities in Zimbabwe have preoccupied scholars across disciplines, ranging from history, sociology, anthropology, and most recently media and communication studies. This study proceeds against the background that in Zimbabwe, literature on the relationship between identity formation and the media is little and far between, while available studies are limited to textual and discourse analysis. This inquiry takes a reception study approach to find out how audiences physically interact with radio content and negotiate different identity categories through qualitative in-depth interviews. This study extends this scope to the examination of how the advent of Skyz Metro FM has aided representation to extend discursive construction of identities. The study shows how a sense of belonging to Ndebele identity has been shaped by various changing power dynamics of internal and external factors in ways that allows one to understand how the production of national identity impact on the expression of belonging to Ndebele ethnic identity. The analysis is framed on the premise that like most collective identities, Ndebele identity has been flexible, fluid, negotiable, complex, shifting and contested but it centrally argues that Ndebele identity gels around key markers such as language. The relationship between broadcasting and ethnic nationalism found clear expression in Skyz Metro’s deliberate adoption of the slogan Esabantu (for the people) and maintains the station’s signature which is deployed throughout its programming.

Revisiting Emil Kraepelin's eugenic arguments.

It is widely recognized that Emil Kraepelin explicitly advocated for eugenic ideas in his academic works. Given the renewed interest in related concepts such as self-domestication and neo-Lamarckism in different contexts, this article revisits his eugenic arguments by scrutinizing a section of his seminal work, the 8th edition of his textbook published in 1909. Our analysis reveals that Kraepelin's arguments consisted of multiple theories and ideas prevalent at the time (i.e. self-domestication hypothesis, neo-Lamarckism, degeneration theory, social Darwinism, racism and ethnic nationalism), each of which presented individual fundamental claims. Nevertheless, Kraepelin amalgamated them into one combined narrative, which crystallized into an anti-humanistic psychiatry in the next generation. This paper cautions that a similar 'packaging of ideas' might be emerging now.

Pengaruh Gerakan Hindutva terhadap Hubungan Bilateral India-Pakistan Era Kepemimpinan Narendra Modi (2014-2022)

Abstract: Hindutva is a political ideology that supports Hindu supremacy in India which aims to transform India as a secular state into an ethno-Nationalist State (ethnic nationalism). The revival of Hindutva politics in India began since the Bharatiya janata Party (BJP) which embraced the Hindutva ideology took over the central government of India in 2014. As an ideology, Hindu nationalism (Hindutva) has dramatically changed Indian politics and its relations with other countries, especially Pakistan with the help of Narendra Modi. Therefore, this study aims to find out the influence of the Hindutva movement on India-Pakistan bilateral relations during the era of Narendra Modi's leadership. This study used descriptive qualitative research methods with library research data collection techniques. The analysis in this study uses two concepts, namely the concept of bilateral relations and the concept of political ideology. The results of this study indicate that the emergence of the Hindutva movement as a political ideology in India has brought more serious strains on the bilateral relations between India and Pakistan. Keywords: India, Pakistan, Hindutva, Political Ideology, Bilateral relations.

“Right-Peopling” the State: Nationalism, Historical Legacies, and Ethnic Cleansing in Europe, 1886-2020

Many European nation-states were historically homogenized through violent ethnic cleansing. Despite its historical importance, we lack systematic evidence of the conditions under which groups where targeted with cleansing and how it impacted states’ ethnic demography. Rising nationalism in the nineteenth century threatened multi-ethnic states with “right-sizing” through secessionism and irredentism. States therefore frequently turned to brutal “right-peopling”, in particular where cross-border minorities and those with a history of political independence increased the risk of territorial losses. We test this argument with new spatial, time-variant data on ethnic geography and ethnic cleansing from 1886 to the present. We find that minorities that politically dominated another state and those that have lost political independence were most at risk of ethnic cleansing, especially in times of interstate war. At the macro-level, our results show that ethnic cleansing increased European states’ ethnic homogeneity almost as much as border change. Both produced today’s nation-states by aligning states and ethnic nations.

Analysis of Internal Conflicts in Afghanistan from the Perspective of Ethnic Elites in the Last Two Decades

Afghanistan has witnessed unprecedented internal wars, terrorist attacks, and insecurity over the past two decades, which have plunged the country into the depths of political turmoil. These conflicts have inflicted significant damage on the country's political structure and people's livelihoods, affecting society, political, social, economic, and cultural relations, and have also caused negative impacts on regional security and economy, especially for neighboring countries. This applied research, from the perspective of the intellectual elites of society, aims to investigate the fundamental causes, effects, and complexities of internal and external factors contributing to Afghanistan's internal conflicts during the last two decades. The research method employed is descriptive-explanatory, utilizing a deductive strategy and inspired by the theory of ethnic elite competition. It seeks to explore the influence of variables such as ethnic nationalism, deprivation, the state, and competition among regional and transregional powers in internal conflicts. The data collection tool used is a questionnaire, and the statistical population consists of intellectual elites from Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, and Uzbek ethnic groups. The sample size for this study is 400 intellectual elites selected through random sampling. The research initially lacked hypotheses, as the results were obtained after entering data through SPSS software and then applying linear regression calculations. The findings indicate a significant correlation between ethnic nationalism (r = 73%), the state (r = 152%), relative deprivation (r = 52%), and the competition of regional and transregional powers (r = 126%) with social conflicts. Moreover, the most crucial factor in the continuation of internal conflicts in Afghanistan is the monopolization of government by the dominant ethnic group. Ethnic elites, given their societal influence, can act both as agents of conflict escalation and as facilitators of peace.

The role of the administrative decentralization system in realizing the health of the administrative system

In recent decades, many nation-states have sought to design or reform their systems for delegating and devolving authority to their local units. Decentralization is an interdisciplinary topic that intersects with law, political science, and public administration. Iran, following and emulating prevalent international models—most notably the successful French model of decentralization—has attempted to delegate administrative, political, and legislative powers, or more precisely "empowerment," in many local matters to local units such as councils. Despite numerous challenges, including ethnic nationalism and governmental policies, some successes have been achieved. One of these achievements, which is the primary focus of the present article, is combating administrative corruption. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and through the study and review of various sources, aims to explain the aforementioned approach to decentralization and the administrative decentralization system as an optimal model of local democracy in combating corruption and enhancing the integrity of the administrative system. Thus, the main question of this research is: What impact does the administrative decentralization system, as an optimal model of local democracy, have on combating corruption and enhancing the integrity of the administrative system? Considering various dimensions of the issue and emphasizing the multiple ambiguities highlighted by the author, including structural and competency barriers, the lack of formulated executive principles, and challenges related to the central government's oversight of local governments, the findings of this study indicate that the administrative decentralization system, by reducing the size of administrative organizations, on one hand, reduces opportunities for corruption and, on the other hand, clarifies responsibilities and aligns the administrative system with the intended tasks. These factors facilitate the processes of control, oversight, and inspection, thereby enhancing the integrity of the administrative system.

Ethnic fault-lines of Pakistan: A Study of Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM)

The idea of ethnicity suggests a sense of communal identity within a particular society. The complex blend of racial, cultural, and historical traits used to distinguish individuals from other groups. Since Pakistan's independence, there have been numerous ebbs and flows in terms of ethnic nationalism in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces that have a serious influence on the solidarity, integration, and unityof the state. Such conflict still exists today. Additionally, since the beginning, governmental and non-governmental entities have persevered in fostering a favorable environment. The government's participation, meanwhile, has not been as effective as it could havebeen. Additionally, from 2000 to 2022,.The flaws of the governments, societies, and elites of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan must also be evaluated severely. In addition, sensible suggestions must be made in order to kill evil in the bud and ensure Pakistan's existence.

American evangelical nationalism: history, status quo, and outlook

Evangelical nationalism is a new manifestation of American nationalism in the twenty-first century. Internally, it advocates the integration of national identity and Christian faith, claiming that “America is a Christian nation”. Externally, it pursues the “America First” and isolationist foreign policy. The early religious, political and social activities of evangelicals were mainly embodied in the religious revival called the Great Awakening. The rise of the Moral Majority in the 1970s and 1980s represented an essential exercise in or attempt at evangelical nationalism. The election of Donald Trump as president in 2016 marked the development of conservatism, such as evangelicalism in the U.S., from a religiously conservative force to a full-blown nationalism. Evangelical nationalism rose in the context of response to dramatically changing internal and external environments, the adjustment of traditional conservative strategies, the revival of white racism, the interplay between civic and ethnic nationalism, and the crisis of modernity. On the one hand, the momentum of evangelical nationalism will diminish with the relative alleviation of conflicts both within and outside the U.S., the corresponding adjustment of conservative strategies, and especially the growth of the civic nationalist camp. On the other hand, from the perspective of “identity and ultimate belief”, although the identity problem characterized by the “culture war” will be relatively relieved with the mitigation of internal and external conditions, the United States, as a “Christian nation” underpinned by Christian culture and faith, will see evangelical nationalism resilient. Evangelical nationalism will continue to play an important role in the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States.

The New Age and the awakening of a decolonial consciousness from Mexico

This article underlines another aspect of New Age spirituality developed in Mexico: although emerging from the Global North, it is also a matrix that gives value to those elements excluded by modernity and produces decolonial critiques and deconstructions from the Global South. The authors analyse four strands of neo-Mexican spirituality in which the decolonial perspective is corroborated: (1) the rise of post-national ethnic nations; (2) the criticism of patriarchy and the emergence of ecofeminist spiritualities; (3) the critique of capitalism and the alternatives of sustainable economy; and (4) the consumption of sacred plants and medicines as a spot where the struggle of indigenous ontologies and modern epistemologies takes place.

Framing Theory Perspective of Identity and Narratives of Conflict in Nigerian Media

The first casualty in any conflict situation is often the nature of communication among the conflict actors. Perhaps, that is why conflict is commonly referred to as “breakdown in communication.” In this direction, this study examines framing theory perspectives of identity and narratives of conflict in Nigeria media. Conflict is naturally attractive and a source of news for the media. It is “the bread and butter” of journalism. Since independence in 1960, Nigeria has suffered some of the most obstinate conflicts, most of them constructed from differences in religious and ethnic identities. Religious and ethnic nationalism has led to conflicts about control of state power, unequal allocation of resources, economic decline, and religious clashes. In this context, the media have an important role to play in promoting honest, accurate, and timely information about the issues that will reduce tension, create the conditions for equitable development and reduce the level of ignorance and fear that contribute to misunderstanding and hostility in society. This presumption confers on the media the ability to either escalate or de-escalate conflict situations. This study, therefore, focuses on identity and media narratives of conflict, triangle and levels of conflict analysis, manifest and latent conflict management, including the role of the media in managing and resolving conflict.

Patriotist Tradition, Unite to Fight the Invading Enemy of Ethnic National Vietnam

The development process of the ethnic national Vietnam has cultivated and formed many good traditions. These traditions of the Vietnamese people have been handed down, cultivated and developed through many successive generations. become the endogenous driving force and strength of the Vietnamese community in the past, present and future. In this article, the tradition of patriotism and solidarity in fighting the enemy to defend the country will be studied to clarify the characteristics of Vietnamese national traditions.

A Review of Traditional Methods of Conflict Resolution from a Nigerian-African-Perspective

Westernisation and globalization have almost eroded this culture and left in their trail an alien culture of conflict resolution which, in most cases, is at variance with our African ethics and cultural values. The replacement of our grand African methods of conflict resolution with the European methods of conflict resolution has particularly done harm rather than good to our group cohesion as one Nigeria, and generally to our group cohesion as Africans. There is doubtless the fact that an alien culture of conflict resolution on an African soil necessarily undermines our history as one black people, our philosophy as a communal entity and our belief that peace and unity of the collective supersedes the selfish interests of a select few who seek to benefit from conflict. Our history of ethnic clashes, insurgencies and the rise of crime in our African societies attest to the fact that in matters of conflict resolution, Nigerians and indeed Africans have employed the wrong methods, bereft of our African spirit of unity and peace in preference to unrests, upheavals and wars. It is against this backdrop that this paper explored our traditional methods of conflict resolution and made recommendations. In doing this, the paper looked at what conflict is, causes of conflict in Africa, principles of conflict resolution, methods of conflict resolution by the major ethnic nationalities in Nigeria, the use of proverbs rhetoric and folklores in conflict resolution and common methods of conflict resolution in Africa. The paper concluded the discourse with a summary and made some recommendations on the way forward.

From the Great Nationalism to Narrower Ethnonationalism in Post-1991 Ethiopian Federalism: Counter Narrative Advent of the Amhara Ethnic Nationalist Movements Sibuh Gebeyaw Tareke Department of Political Science and International Studies Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Email: sibuh2003@gmail.com

Ethiopia is a multiethnic and multi-linguistic state. The country's political history has shown that it has been an empire state since ancient times. However, its diverse ethnic groups existed together as Ethiopian nationalists. Following the introduction of the socialist-oriented federal state in 1991, ethnonational movements took place in Ethiopian politics. The 1995 FDRE constitution gives the sovereign power to "nations, nationalities, and peoples" to maintain unity along with diversity. It also created ethnic federalism-based territorial units to liberate other ethnic groups from the past Amhara 'Neftegna' domination system. However, the recognition of these rights has promoted ethnonationalism rather than Ethiopianism. And also creates a tendency in other regions as Amharans have historically oppressed the different ethnic groups. Thus, the Amhara people who live in other areas have been discriminated against. This phenomenon has intensified the advent of Amhara nationalist movements. This study explores the theoretical frameworks of ethnonationalism and federalism. It also examined the causes and impacts of the deterioration of Ethiopianism and the advent of the Amhara nationalist movements in the case study areas. In the end, it provides mechanisms to maintain unity along with diversity in future Ethiopia.

ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КАТАЛОНСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛИЗМ В 1870 – 1930-Е ГГ.: ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКОЛЕНИЯ И СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИЯ

The purpose of this study is to analyze the activities of three generations of Catalan philologists and linguists who have made a significant contribution to the development of linguistic Catalan nationalism. The author analyzes the history, directions, forms and features of the activities of several generations of Catalan intellectuals, whose activity contributed to the normalization and standardization of dialect forms of Romance speech in Catalonia, which led to the emergence of the modern Catalan literary language. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the historical, political and cultural contribution of nationalist intellectuals to the development of the Catalan language through the prism of the social consequences of modernization processes. The article analyzes 1) the main stages in the history of various generations of Catalan linguistic nationalists, 2) their participation and role in the processes of standardization and normalization of the Catalan language, 3) the contribution of language activists to the consolidation of the Catalan linguistic identity in particular and the national Catalan identity in general, 4) the role nationalist intellectuals, amateurs and professional linguists, in the development of Catalan nationalism, 5) the contribution of linguistic nationalists to raising the status of the Catalan language in the social, political and cultural spaces of Catalonia. It is assumed that Catalan linguistic nationalism significantly complemented political nationalism, contributing to its strengthening and consolidation of the Catalan national identity in contexts of social transformation of the region's society. The generations of linguistic Catalan nationalism are identical to the stages in the history of political and ethnic nationalisms. The results of the study suggest that in the 19th and 20th centuries, the cultural activity of linguistic nationalists contributed to the processes of modernization of Catalonia, which led to the transformation of the region from a peripheral one to a region with complete social and political structures, the functioning of which was impossible without the Catalan language.