Members Of Ethnic Groups Research Articles

The Alternate Realities of Diversity and Inclusion.

The Alternate Realities of Diversity and Inclusion Peter V. Paul, Editor An avalanche of insights from three New York Times op-ed pieces (Brooks, 2020; Garrett, 2018; Warzel, 2021), plus findings from a serious research study (English et al., 2020), compelled me to compose yet another editorial touching upon complex constructs such as morality, diversity, and inclusion. Although several of my remarks pertain to the conditions involving individuals of color or members of minority and ethnic groups, they can easily be applied to individuals with disabilities or, to be progressive, individuals who are d/Deaf and hard of hearing. For starters, I wonder if the Internet, particularly social media platforms, should shoulder some of the blame for the perpetuation of extreme biases, prejudices, and outright ugly denigrating remarks leading to accusations of ableism, ageism, racism, sexism, homophobia, and xenophobia. Clearly, there are other forces that have elicited insensitive behaviors and remarks; however, it is possible to argue that the Internet has exacerbated the situation. In our "attention economy" (see discussion in Warzel, 2021), individuals can associate with others who hold compatible ideas and positions—in essence, people can live in their own reality, shared only by others holding common or nearly common views or exhibiting similar physical characteristics. This situation renders it difficult for these individuals to be exposed to different mental frameworks or to foster respect for weltanschauungs that do not match their worldviews. In my opinion, this contributes to a narrow perception of diversity and inclusion, couched within varying subjective unshared alternate realities. In two previous editorials (Paul, 2020, 2021), I provided a few brief remarks on diversity and inclusion, focusing on the convoluted constructs of rights and morality. My hope is that you have been inspired to reflect on the development of your morals and understanding of ethics. Have you wondered if knowledge is sufficient, assuming that we can agree on the conditions for reliable and valid knowledge? That is, is it sufficient to teach others about various cultures and ensure that such information is in our school curricula? Will this contribute to an inclusive environment? Knowledge is power; however, it might not affect or reach those who live in alternate realities, who distrust or do not believe anything that does not support their positions. Even a die-hard cognitivist like me can recognize that "studying and learning" is not enough, particularly if you are in a group that holds similar ideas and views. Perhaps I am underestimating the influence and importance of workshops, seminars, or webinars on sexual misconduct, implicit bias, racism. Or perhaps I am underestimating the noble intentions of educators and professors who desire to shake their students' metaphysical foundations by making them feel uncomfortable and compelling them to confront their biases. You might argue that empathy plus knowledge (i.e., learning about others) produces a diverse moral worldview. Education is enlightening, right? But is it really sufficient? [End Page 1] In my university class, I have informed my students that the success of inclusion in education requires more than evidence-based practices, including those related to coteaching, universal design for learning, and response to intervention (instruction). A considerable portion of my inclusion class is devoted to the issue of attitudes (perceptions, self-fulfilling prophesies, views on disability, attitudes toward disability rights, etc.)—discussed mostly by scholars in the field of disability studies or proponents who have been labeled "radical inclusionists" (e.g., Gabel & Connor, 2014; Siebers, 2008; Valle & Conner, 2011). Make no bones about it: Attitudes is a complex construct, and a number of descriptions or definitions have been provided in the research literature (e.g., Horne, 1985; Kahle, 1984). For example, Horne (1985) cites several definitions, but this is the one I think is apt here: A social attitude. . .may be defined as a set of evaluative categorizations formed toward an objector class of objects as the individual learns, in interaction with others, about his environment including evaluations of other persons. Through attitude formation, the individual relates himself, psychologically, to these objects. His attitudes become constituent parts of his self (ego) system. By definition, therefore, attitudes have emotional and motivational aspects inseparably intertwined with cognitive content (Sherif, Sherif, & Nebergall, 1965, p...

Minority Integration Policies at the National and European Level

The purpose of public policies in the field of national minorities can be dual, namely, to protect the specific (cultural, linguistic, ethnic) identity of people belonging to national minorities, and to ensure harmonious coexistence between majority and minorities, as well as between minorities themselves. Thus, this paper aims to analyses the policies and measures defined at national level in the field of minority integration, as well as European models or regulations with rank of recommendations for Member States. To this end, have been resorted to qualitative methodology instruments as data analysis and case study. According to the OSCE, ”to support the integration process, [are needed], policies, to create a society in which diversity is respected and in which all people, including all members of ethnic, linguistic, cultural or religious groups, contribute to building and maintaining a civic, common and inclusive identity”. Therefore, the research questions on which the paper focuses, refer firstly to the extent to which Romania has managed to apply minority integration policies, and secondly, what are the European models that Member States could follow in order to ensure an efficient and substantial regulation and application of the rights of persons belonging to national minorities.

Exploring Strategies to Engage Hispanic Patients in Screening for a Diabetes Prevention Program at a Local Community Health Center.

There is a need for increasing diabetes screenings in high-risk adult populations, including those who are overweight/obese, have a family history of diabetes, and are members of certain ethnic groups (e.g., Hispanics). This qualitative study explored patients' willingness to attend screening for a diabetes prevention program being offered to Hispanic patients at a federally qualified health center. Telephone interviews were conducted with 36 Hispanic adults who had been invited to attend a free screening. The interview guide was based on the Health Belief Model and data were analyzed using a mixture of inductive and deductive approaches. Patients who attended health screenings, versus those who did not, exhibited different beliefs and attitudes regarding their health status and risk for chronic diseases. Future screening efforts should consider offering flexible appointment times and emphasize the benefits of diabetes prevention and early detection to enhance participation in diabetes screenings.

Availability, coverage, and scope of health information systems for kidney care across world countries and regions.

Health information systems (HIS) are fundamental tools for the surveillance of health services, estimation of disease burden and prioritization of health resources. Several gaps in the availability of HIS for kidney disease were highlighted by the first iteration of the Global Kidney Health Atlas. As part of its second iteration, the International Society of Nephrology conducted a cross-sectional global survey between July and October 2018 to explore the coverage and scope of HIS for kidney disease, with a focus on kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Out of a total of 182 invited countries, 154 countries responded to questions on HIS (85% response rate). KRT registries were available in almost all high-income countries, but few low-income countries, while registries for non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) or acute kidney injury (AKI) were rare. Registries in high-income countries tended to be national, in contrast to registries in low-income countries, which often operated at local or regional levels. Although cause of end-stage kidney disease, modality of KRT and source of kidney transplant donors were frequently reported, few countries collected data on patient-reported outcome measures and only half of low-income countries recorded process-based measures. Almost no countries had programs to detect AKI and practices to identify CKD-targeted individuals with diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, rather than members of high-risk ethnic groups. These findings confirm significant heterogeneity in the global availability of HIS for kidney disease and highlight important gaps in their coverage and scope, especially in low-income countries and across the domains of AKI, non-dialysis CKD, patient-reported outcomes, process-based measures and quality indicators for KRT service delivery.

Molecular and <em>in silico</em> Study of TP53 Codon 72 Polymorphism (rs1042522) in a Population Exposed to High Background Radiation in Mamuju-West Sulawesi

The evaluation of the tumor protein p53 (TP53) codon 72 polymorphism (rs1042522) status in a population exposed to high background radiation was performed in this study. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) was used to genotype the rs1042522 polymorphism in 100 subjects from Takandeang, Salleto, and Ahu villages in Mamuju district, West Sulawesi. An in silico study was then conducted to identify the potential effects of the proline substitution associated with this polymorphism on protein stability. The in silico analysis was performed using three different computational tools, namely I-Mutant Suite, iStable, and Protein Variation Effect Analyzer (PROVEAN). Secondary and three-dimensional (3D) structural models for wild-type (WT) and variant TP53 were generated to predict potential structural changes in the protein. Electrostatic surface charge calculations were also performed to identify changes in the electrostatic charge of codon 72. The Pro72 and Arg72 frequencies among the inhabitants in the Takandeang, Salleto, and Ahu villages, who are Mandarese Austronesian-speaking ethnic group members, were 0.56 and 0.44, respectively. The in silico analysis revealed no negative effects on protein stability due to the proline substitution at codon 72, although molecular modeling showed several differences in the secondary and 3D structures of the TP53 variant compared with the structure of WT TP53. To determine the impact of the proline-coding allele on individual sensitivity to radiation exposure, we compared the micronucleus (MN) frequencies of each genotype. The results showed that the MN frequencies in individuals harboring the proline-coding allele were not significantly higher than those expressing the arginine-coding allele. In conclusion, this study revealed that the proline-coding allele for codon 72 of the TP53 gene represented the predominant genotype among Takandeang, Salleto, and Ahu villages inhabitants. The present study also demonstrated that individuals who carried the proline-coding allele were not more sensitive to radiation compared with those expressing the arginine-coding allele for codon 72 of the TP53 gene.

Exploring ethno-racial policy for the Garinagu in Central America: making the case for Black Indigeneity

Across the Central American region, several groups received political autonomy by the end of the 20th century. By granting autonomy to these groups, countries like Nicaragua acknowledged certain populations as members of distinct ethnic groups. This was not the case for every country or group in the region, and the lack of effective ethno-racial policy-making considerations across Central America has led to language attrition, loss of land and water rights, and commodification of historic communities. This article focuses on Honduras and Belize as unique sites of ethno-racial and socio-cultural policy making, group identity making and unmaking, and group rights for the Garinagu. Specifically, this work forwards a re-examination of national ethno-racial policy and a critical assessment of political models based on ethno-cultural collective rights intended to combat racial discrimination.

Uncertainty plagues junior researchers from underprivileged backgrounds amid pandemic.

Early-career scientists who are members of minority ethnic groups or struggle financially explain how institutions and funders can provide support. Early-career scientists who are members of minority ethnic groups or struggle financially explain how institutions and funders can provide support.

Preserving Ancestral Land and Ethnic Identification: Narratives of Kerinci Migrants in Malaysia

AbstractMembers of the Kerinci ethnic group area migrated to and settled in Malaysia centuries before the nation-state era arrived on the Malay Peninsula. Their migration continues in the present, and they face a range of problems, such as ongoing changes in the nation-state in the Malay Peninsula, migration policies, available types of occupations and aspects of their social-economic and cultural context. This paper focuses on the lives of members of ethnic groups from the regency of Kerinci, Sumatra, who have been living as migrants in Malaysia for more than three generations. It explores the ethnic identification of Kerinci migrants in Malaysia and investigates how they have preserved their legacy and protected the land that was inherited from their ancestors. This paper argues that the migration of some Kerinci to Malaysia entails a preservation of cultural differences and reunification of some families, as well as the continuation of certain family inheritances.

Contributions to social sustainability through the sensuous multiculturalism and everyday place-making of multi-ethnic festivals

While previous research has addressed the potential for multi-ethnic festivals to contribute to sense of belonging and instill multicultural values and place identities in urban areas, many are critical of how festivals and events contribute to social capital, justice, and social sustainability. As cultural phenomena, festivals can feed into the practices and networks of people’s everyday lives rather than be perceived as exotic, aesthetic and isolated events. Responding to Canada’s new multi-ethnic realities, new multiculturalism policies have addressed these criticisms and foster social justice, civic participation, and identity-creation. This study investigated the role of multi-ethnic festivals in contributing to social sustainability through everyday place-making and sensuous multiculturalism. Ethnic community group members as festival exhibitors through their narratives acknowledged bonding rituals of festival preparation, sensuous encounters during festival performances, and opportunities to bridge with other ethnic groups through socio-cultural exchange. The everyday place-making and sensuous multiculturalism of festival experiences engenders everyday multiculturalism in outwardly diverse ways, providing opportunities for bonding and bridging social capital and thus contributing to social sustainability.

Differentiation of Zaghrouta, Ululation to Express Joy in the Middle East, from Movement Disorders and Other Conditions

Introduction: Clinicians are trained to elicit symptoms and signs to formulate a differential diagnosis. Ruling out treatable diseases is crucial. Movement disorders specialists interpret observable behaviors as indicators of potential pathological processes. Movement disorders specialists must be able to identify symptoms and signs of organic disorders as well as actions that represent normal behaviors in healthy members of specific ethnic and cultural groups. The goal of this presentation is to describe zaghrouta, a manifestation of joy in the Middle East and other cultures, and to differentiate this normal expression of feelings from movement disorders, exaggerated startle responses, and functional disorders. Case Presentation: A 29-year-old Egyptian woman observed the performance of zaghrouta frequently for happy events in her family, neighborhood, and community since early childhood as long as she can remember. Ten years ago she herself first performed zaghrouta at the engagement party of her friend. Since then she has performed zaghrouta five or six times a year to express happiness for cheerful events. Conclusions: Zaghrouta may resemble pathological behaviors seen in movement disorders such as tardive dyskinesia, focal seizures, psychiatric manifestations such as catatonia in schizophrenia, tics in the syndrome of Gilles de la Tourette, and functional disorders. Therefore, clinicians around the world must be able to differentiate this normal behavior to express emotions from abnormal behaviors indicating pathology.

Race, Ethnicity, Family Socioeconomic Status, and Children's Hippocampus Volume.

The hippocampus has a significant role in memory, learning, and cognition. Although hippocampal size is highly susceptible to family socioeconomic status (SES) and associated stress, very little is known on racial and ethnic group differences in the effects of SES indicators on hippocampus volume among American children. This study explored the multiplicative effects of race, ethnicity, and family SES on hippocampus volume among American children. Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD), we analyzed the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data of 9390 9-10 years old children. The main outcome was hippocampus volume. The predictor was parental education. Subjective family SES was the independent variable. Age, sex, and marital status were the covariates. Racial and ethnic group membership were the moderators. To analyze the data, we used regression models. High subjective family SES was associated with larger hippocampus volume. This effect was significantly larger for Whites than Black families. The effect of subjective family SES on children's hippocampus volume is weaker in Black than White families.

The who, when, and why of the glass cliff phenomenon: A meta-analysis of appointments to precarious leadership positions.

Women and members of other underrepresented groups who break through the glass ceiling often find themselves in precarious leadership positions, a phenomenon that has been termed the glass cliff. The glass cliff has been investigated in a range of domains using various methodologies, but evidence is mixed. In 3 meta-analyses, we examined (a) archival field studies testing whether members of underrepresented groups, compared with members of majority groups, are more likely to be appointed to leadership positions in times of crisis; (b) experimental studies testing whether members of underrepresented groups, compared with members of majority groups, are evaluated as more suitable for, as well as (c) more likely to be selected for, leadership positions in times of crisis. All 3 analyses provided some evidence in line with the glass cliff for women. Specifically, the meta-analysis of archival studies revealed a small glass cliff effect that was dependent on organizational domain. The leadership suitability meta-analysis also showed a small glass cliff effect in between-participants studies, but not in within-participants studies. The analysis of leadership selection revealed that women are more likely to be selected over men in times of crisis, and that this effect is larger in countries with higher gender inequality. The glass cliff also extended to members of underrepresented racial and ethnic groups. We explore several moderating factors and report analyses shedding light on the underlying causes of the glass cliff. We discuss implications of our findings as well as open questions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

A Society’s Resilience to Conflict: An Analysis of Its Key Determinants in Conflict-Prone Rakhine State of Myanmar

This study explored contributors to a society’s resilience to conflict in a multiethnic community in Rakhine State of Myanmar. It examined how a society’s resilience to conflict was related to economic and sociocultural interactions between diverse communities, presence of security forces in a community’s neighboring areas, physical isolation from outsiders, people’s rumour verification practices, presence of civil society organizations (CSOs) and community based organizations (CBOs), and efficient community leadership. A survey of 1,668 respondents in 27 conflict-unaffected and conflict-affected villages and interview with 1,200 respondents was conducted among members of diverse ethnic groups across Rakhine State. Results suggested that there was a significant and positive correlation between a society’s resilience to conflict and each of ‘economic interactions’ (P = .000), ‘sociocultural interactions’ (P = .000), ‘presence of security forces in a community’s neighboring areas’ (P = .000), and ‘efficient community leadership’ (P = .000). Despite each individual of these independent variables being weakly correlated with the dependent variable, their combined effect strongly correlated with the dependent one. On the other hand, a society’s resilience to conflict negatively correlated with each of ‘physical isolation from outsiders’ (P = .001) and ‘people’s rumour verification practices' (P = .000). However, a society’s resilience to conflict hardly correlated with ‘presence of civil society organizations (CSOs) and community based organizations (CBOs)’, with only less than 1% of respondents in both conflict resilient and vulnerable areas articulating the significant role of these organizations in preventing intercommunal conflict in their areas.

Voluntary Disenrollment from Medicare Advantage Plans Is Higher Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities

AbstractResearch ObjectiveAbout one‐tenth of Medicare Advantage (MA) enrollees voluntarily disenroll from their health plans annually. Voluntary disenrollment is related to beneficiaries’ negative experiences with their plan, disrupts continuity of care, and conflicts with goals to reduce Medicare costs. Research on racial and ethnic differences in voluntary disenrollment is important, as it may inform efforts to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in care. The few prior studies of this topic have had significant limitations, including reliance on administrative data on race and ethnicity that are often missing or inaccurate, failure to control for potential confounding variables such as dual eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid, and use of data that is more than 20 years old. Our investigation of racial and ethnic differences in rates of disenrollment from MA plans overcomes these limitations.Study DesignDisenrollment data came from Medicare’s enrollment system. Social Security Administration data on race and ethnicity were augmented with surname, address, and other Medicare administrative data to calculate probabilities of membership in different racial and ethnic groups. We summarized differences in rates of disenrollment across racial and ethnic groups (Asian or Pacific Islander [API], black, Hispanic, and white) using four types of logistic regression models: adjusted and unadjusted models estimating overall differences and adjusted and unadjusted models estimating within‐plan differences. Unadjusted overall models included only racial and ethnic group probabilities as predictors. Adjusted overall models added age, gender, dual eligibility, disability, and state of residence as control variables. For each model, we calculated the difference from whites for each racial and ethnic minority group. We also estimated differences in disenrollment rates that are attributable to within‐plan effects. Between‐plan differences were estimated by subtracting within‐plan differences from overall differences.Population Studied16 770 319 Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in 736 MA plans nationwide in 2015.Principal FindingsAdjusted rates of disenrollment were significantly (P < .001) higher for Hispanic (+1.2 percentage points), black (+1.2 percentage points), and API beneficiaries (+2.4 percentage points) than for whites. Within states, all three racial and ethnic minority groups tended to be concentrated in higher‐disenrollment plans. More than 70% of the adjusted overall difference between API and white beneficiaries reflected API beneficiaries’ tendency to disenroll from the same plans at markedly higher rates than white beneficiaries.ConclusionsWe identified higher rates of voluntary disenrollment from MA plans for racial and ethnic minorities than for whites, even after controlling for factors such as dual eligibility and disability, which relate to both disenrollment and race and ethnicity. These differences exist partly because racial and ethnic minorities are more concentrated in plans with higher overall disenrollment rates and partly because of higher within‐plan disenrollment rates, particularly among API beneficiaries.Implications for Policy or PracticeRacial and ethnic minorities may require additional—or different—assistance with plan selection than what whites need, as well as improved access to low‐disenrollment plans. Getting to the root of higher voluntary disenrollment rates for racial and ethnic minorities could improve the MA marketplace as well as the care of racial and ethnic minority beneficiaries.Primary Funding SourceCenters for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

Tokenism at the Top: How Existing Ethnic Diversity Influences Entrances to Top Management Teams

Many firms express interest in increasing ethnic diversity but top management teams (TMTs) remain considerably less ethnically diverse than other employees and the general public. Drawing from theories of diversity and tokenism, we generate and test predictions about how representation of a given ethnic group on a TMT influences the likelihood that the TMT adds a member of the same ethnic group. Supporting a tokenism account of diversity on TMTs, results provide consistent evidence across ethnic groups that representation associates negatively with subsequent additions of members of the same ethnic group. Similarly, the departure of a member of a given ethnic group from a TMT increases the likelihood of appointing someone from that ethnic group. Although we did not offer hypotheses concerning the influence of CEO ethnicity, our results suggest that the ethnicity of the CEO increases the likelihood of adding another individual of that ethnicity.

Categorial Image Structure of Their Ethnic Community Member in Modern Russian Students

Junior students have to adapt not only to the new educational environment, but also to the intercultural community of metropolitan universities. Russian students have problems both with categorization of members of other ethnic communities and their own self-categorization, i.e. the way they see a member of their own culture. The research objective was to determine the categorical structure of the image of a representative of their own culture in Russian students that studied in the city of Barnaul. The image depended on the predominating type of the respondents' own ethnic identity. The research methodology was based on the systematic approach to the personality analysis, J. Bruner's theory of perception, V. F. Petrenko's psychosemantic approach, and G. U. Soldatova's typology of ethnic identity. The authors employed the methods of an expert assessment, subjective scaling, and the questionnaire " Types of Ethnic Identity" by G. U. Soldatova and S. V. Ryzhova. They presented the categorical structure of the image of a member of the Russian ethnic group as factor models, or category structures, that described the representative of Russian nationality. Factor models were identified on the basis of the predominant type of ethnic identity of the respondents. Four factor models revealed that young people with a pronounced hyper-identity had a more positive view of the members of their ethnic group, focusing on their strength and strong-will. Students with average ethnic identity noted both advantages and disadvantages. Students with pronounced ethnic indifference tended to put more stress on the negative categories. Students with hypo-identity saw only negative traits in the members of their ethnic group. Therefore, behavioral patterns of interethnic interaction partially depended on the content of the categorical image structure of the representative of one's ethnic group. The authors propose several ways of developing a positive ethnic identity, which make it possible to shape an adequate attitude to representatives of one's own ethnicity and other ethnic groups.

SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical features and pregnancy outcomes.

BackgroundPerform a systematic review and meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pregnancy.MethodsDatabases (Medline, Embase, Clinicaltrials.gov, Cochrane Library) were searched electronically on 6th April and updated regularly until 8th June 2020. Reports of pregnant women with reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) confirmed COVID-19 were included. Meta-analytical proportion summaries and meta-regression analyses for key clinical outcomes are provided.Findings86 studies were included, 17 studies (2567 pregnancies) in the quantitative synthesis; other small case series and case reports were used to extract rarely-reported events and outcome. Most women (73.9%) were in the third trimester; 52.4% have delivered, half by caesarean section (48.3%). The proportion of Black, Asian or minority ethnic group membership (50.8%); obesity (38.2%), and chronic co-morbidities (32.5%) were high. The most commonly reported clinical symptoms were fever (63.3%), cough (71.4%) and dyspnoea (34.4%). The commonest laboratory abnormalities were raised CRP or procalcitonin (54.0%), lymphopenia (34.2%) and elevated transaminases (16.0%). Preterm birth before 37 weeks’ gestation was common (21.8%), usually medically-indicated (18.4%). Maternal intensive care unit admission was required in 7.0%, with intubation in 3.4%. Maternal mortality was uncommon (~1%). Maternal intensive care admission was higher in cohorts with higher rates of co-morbidities (beta=0.007, p<0.05) and maternal age over 35 years (beta=0.007, p<0.01). Maternal mortality was higher in cohorts with higher rates of antiviral drug use (beta=0.03, p<0.001), likely due to residual confounding. Neonatal nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR was positive in 1.4%.InterpretationThe risk of iatrogenic preterm birth and caesarean delivery was increased. The available evidence is reassuring, suggesting that maternal morbidity is similar to that of women of reproductive age. Vertical transmission of the virus probably occurs, albeit in a small proportion of cases.FundingN/A

Status of Ethnocentrism Among Public University Students in Ethiopia

Ethnocentrism does not accept cultural diversity, and is a general intolerance to out-groups and a relative preference for one’s in-group over most out-groups. The literature suggests that ethnocentrism has the potential to lead to stereotypical prejudices and negative behaviours against out-groups or other ethnic group members (Donald &amp; Cindy, 2010). The purpose of this study was to investigate the status ethnocentrism and related factors among university students in Ethiopia. To achieve the objective of the study a cross-sectional research design was employed. A total of 771 participants (484 males and 287 females) were sampled from four government universities. The adapted measuring scale was Neuliep and McCroskey’s (1997) and Neulip’s (2002) Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale (GES). The combinations of multistage cluster sampling, stratified simple random sampling, simple random sampling and purposive sampling procedures were employed to select the sample participants. The data were analyzed using Descriptive Statistical Measures (Mean, SD, Quartile &amp; Percentile Scores), Frequency percentage, Chi-square, independent-t test and one-way ANOVA. The findings of the study depicted that the target group university students were labelled at lower level of ethnocentrism status. Furthermore, the findings indicated significant mean differences on ethnocentrism due to sex, place grown up and different batches of university students. However, there was no significant difference on ethnocentrism score between mono and mixed ethnic background of the participants. Finally, implications and recommendations were forwarded. Keywords: Ethnocentrism, Status, University Students DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/10-13-03 Publication date:July 31st 2020

Do dominant group members have different emotional responses to observing dominant-on-dominantversus dominant-on-disadvantagedostracism? Some evidence for heightened reactivity to potentially discriminatory ingroup behavior.

The importance of social connection to well-being is underscored by individuals’ reactivity to events highlighting the potential for rejection and exclusion, which extends even to observing the social exclusion of others (“vicarious ostracism”). Because responses to vicarious ostracism depend at least in part on empathy with the target, and individuals tend to empathize less readily with outgroup than ingroup members, the question arises as to whether there is a boundary condition on vicarious ostracism effects whereby individuals are relatively immune to observing ingroup-on-outgroup ostracism. Of particular interest is the case where members of a dominant ethnic group observe fellow ingroup members ostracize a member of a disadvantaged ethnic minority group, as here there is a compelling potential alternative: Perceived violation of contemporary social norms condemning prejudice and discrimination might instead lead dominant group members to be especially upset by “dominant-on-disadvantaged” ostracism. Accordingly, the present research examines, across four studies and 4413 participants, individuals’ affective reactions to observing dominant-on-disadvantaged versus dominant-on-dominant ostracism. In each study, dominant group members (White/Europeans) observed dominant group members include or ostracize a fellow dominant group member or a disadvantaged ethnic minority group member (a Black individual) in an online Cyberball game. Results revealed that dominant group members felt more guilt, anger, and sadness after observing severe ostracism of a disadvantaged as opposed to dominant group member. Although no direct effects emerged on behavioral outcomes, exploratory analyses suggested that observing ostracism of a disadvantaged (versus dominant) group member had indirect effects on behavior via increased feelings of anger. These results suggest that observing ostracism may be a sufficiently potent and relatable experience that when it occurs across group boundaries it awakens individuals’ sensitivity to injustice and discrimination.

Wielokulturowość: idea, teoria i polityka

The turn of the millennium brought an increased interest in issues of multiculturalism, which became a focal point for debates about culture, especially in liberal democracies. The question is particularly important in that most people today live in heterocultural societies. The authors thus do not approach multiculturalism as the simple coexistence in society of members of various ethnic groups but rather as a theoretical basis for the scholarly analysis of the state and of society, which implement policies in regard to internal cultural (ethnic) diversity. Multiculturalism thus defines a social space in which people who adhere to different axiological, normative, religious or moral systems, and who are aware of these differences, live together. At the same time, state policy aims to include all of them in a social order which is being modified under the influence of cultural diversity. Multiculturalism can be presented on the one hand as an idea that is not apprehended directly but is known through concepts, and on the other hand, as an entity identified by the senses. The authors illustrate the transition from an idea to a state policy in regard to a multitude of ethnic cultures by reference to Australia and the Federal Republic of Germany.