Ethnic Entrepreneurship Research Articles

ЭТНИЧЕСКОЕ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВО: ВЬЕТНАМСКАЯ ВЕРСИЯ

The article deals with the problems of ethnic entrepreneurship of Vietnamese diasporas in different countries of the world. The main labor activities of Vietnamese migrants are defined: retail trade, restaurant business, various services. As an example of successful ethnic entrepreneurship, their manicure business in the USA is analyzed.

Marginality as the original determinant of ethnic entrepreneurship and a factor in its rejection

Автором проведён анализ этнического предпринимательства через призму маргинальности и связанных с ней проблем, сочетании в нём этничности и местных предпринимательских практик. Внимание уделяется выяснению мотиваций неприязни со стороны местного населения, в том числе в России.

English

This paper seeks to examine the causes and management of ethnic conflicts in Ethiopia, with a particular reference to the two major ethnic groups, the Amhara and Oromo. Ethiopia is a multi-ethnic country where various ethnic groups have lived together for millennia, in relative peace. Over the last few years, intra-ethnic conflicts have intensified. Even though the two major ethnic groups, the Amhara, and the Oromo, have much in common, nowadays conflicts have also redefined their relationships. This paper, drawing on social-psychological theory, argues that the causes for the conflict between the two ethnic groups are: competing narratives; institutionalised negative prejudices; and the ruthless campaign of unbridled ethnic entrepreneurs−politicisation of ethnicity. It further contends that the ethnic federalism, which was ostensibly devised in 1994, to alleviate nationalistic passions and manage inter-ethnic conflicts, has compounded ethnic conflict. Finally, it suggests that some of the tenable solutions are to change narratives, settle past accounts through national reconciliation and revisit ethnic federalism.   Key words: Ethnic conflict, Amhara, Oromo, ethnic federalism, narratives, symbolic politics, ethnic entrepreneurs.

The Linkage Between Ethnicity and Opportunity Recognition: A Case Study of Micro-Women Entrepreneurs

This paper examines the opportunity recognition of micro-women entrepreneurs by investigating the linkages of opportunity recognition with ethnicity. This study focuses on the cultural theory and the theory of mixed embeddedness as two of the most frequently used theories in ethnic entrepreneurship literature. Micro-women business operators from three main ethnicities in Sri Lanka: Sinhalese, Tamil, and Muslim operating in a selected locality have been chosen as the participants of the study. The data were gathered through face-to-face in-depth interviews using a topic guide. The data were analyzed adopting three simultaneous stages: within-case analysis, cross-case analysis, and comparison of findings with the theory. The findings revealed five themes; support from family, social networking, culture, and geographical location that influence the micro-women business of different ethnicities to recognize business opportunities. Also, findings showed that there are several similarities and differences identified among ethnic micro women business operators when recognizing an opportunity. The findings further revealed that opportunities for women of one ethnicity are not opportunities for women of another ethnicity due to their ethnicity-related specific contextual factors.

Mexican Elite - Ethnic Entrepreneurs, Crony Capitalism, and the Making of the Franco-Mexican Elite. By José Galindo. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2021. Pp. 240. $54.95 cloth; $54.95 e-book.

Mexican Elite - Ethnic Entrepreneurs, Crony Capitalism, and the Making of the Franco-Mexican Elite. By José Galindo. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2021. Pp. 240. 54.95 e-book. - Volume 79 Issue 1

Historiography of German Entrepreneurship in Siberia in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries

The historiography of ethnic entrepreneurship in pre-revolutionary Siberia has not yet been fully investigated. Individual works of researchers studied German entrepreneurship exclusively through the broader topic of foreign capital and its importance in the state economy. The subject of this article is historiography concerning the history of German entrepreneurship in the Siberian region. The purpose is to analyze the corresponding works on the history of entrepreneurial activity of the Germans in Siberia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. In this study both general and specialized scientific methods are used, which allowed to carry out a coherent analysis of the works of researchers on ethnic entrepreneurship in order to identify the main characteristics and approaches used. We have identified the characteristics and trends of German entrepreneurship considered by historians. German immigrants in Siberia in the second half of the 19th century became one of the main driving forces of the agrarian development in the region; they retained farms, acting both as independent merchants and as managers of firms. Historiographic analysis allows to formulate a conclusion about the positive influence of German entrepreneurship on the socio-economic development of Siberia in the period preceding the October Revolution. The article is of interest to researchers, teachers of history, and students of the humanities.

The Place of Modernity: German Entrepreneurship in Western Siberia in the late 19th – early 20th Centuries

The study focuses on the issues related to the process of adaptation and economic behavior of German entrepreneurship in Western Siberia in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The construction of the Siberian Railway and migration processes changed the economy, social structure and cultural practices of “old” Siberia. The “yesterday’s outskirts” became a “place of modernity”. The paper aims at presenting economic practices and strategies of German entrepreneurship adaptation in the conditions when the socio-spatial structures of the imperial periphery. were experiencing transformation. On the basis of representative resources, the mechanisms and methods of German entrepreneurs’ adaptation to the local community are shown. The structure of the market space and its segmentation as well as economic niches and economic strategies of German entrepreneurship are defined. The author comes to the conclusion that German entrepreneurs acted in the region as a “market ferment” changing Siberian society, and they could be regarded as actors of socio-economic, cultural modernization of the Siberian space. At the same time, the German merchants themselves experienced external influence from the host society. The research is based on the combination of macroanalytical strategies and microhistorical approach. The concept of “entrepreneurial minority” is a methodological basis for the study presented in the paper. The materials of the paper are addressed to the experts in the field of the history of Siberia as well as to the professional corporation of the researchers interested in the history of ethnic entrepreneurship and in the issues of various ethnic groups’ adaptation to the conditions of a non-ethnic host environment.

Transnational, translocal, and transient: Economic communities of Arab entrepreneurs in Yiwu, China

AbstractDespite an accumulation of literature on ethnic, immigrant, and transnational entrepreneurship, we still know very little about transnational entrepreneurship among less‐developed countries especially when culture and religion are concerned. Based on long‐term ethnographic work in immigrant Arab communities, this study examines the economic communities of transnational Arab entrepreneurs in Yiwu, a global wholesale hub city in China. We find that the motivation of profit‐seeking and transitional chain migration set the premise and foundation for Arab immigrant communities. The transnational networks of kinship and geo‐relationship are further integrated with Arab entrepreneurs' translocal networks based on religion, culture, profession, and educational experiences in shaping the economic activities of Arab entrepreneurs. At the same time, taking profit‐seeking as the primary goal instead of evident political and religious pursuits, their experiences also feature with transiency under the current institutional constraints. This study provides different evidence of transnational mixed embeddedness of immigrant ethnic entrepreneurship from a less‐developed economy where the state has a dominant role in economic, cultural, and political control.

Persian Population of Terek Region in Second Half of 19th — Early 20th Centuries

The migration movement of the population of Northern Iran to the Terek region in the era of its post-reform modernization in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries is considered. The reasons, nature, time and features of the migration history of the Iranians are considered. The novelty of the study lies in the identification of specific starting points of migration on the territory of Iran, routes of advancement on Russian territory and places of settlement in the Terek region. Particular attention is paid to the study of the social composition and economic adaptation of migrants. On the basis of archival sources, corrections were made to the prevailing ideas about social strata, about the labor nature of migration, and about the ethnic composition of migrants. Significant differences in the situation of migrants in the Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus are revealed. The dependence of these differences on the characteristics of the host society — the Terek region during the period of post-reform modernization of the economy and social development -is determined. The specifics of the arrangement of Iranian migrants in national regions of the region have been determined. It is concluded that ethnic entrepreneurship was the basis of the adaptation process and the life of migrants who made a significant contribution to the development of the region’s economy.

On the consequences of scarcity mindset: How ‘having too little’ means so much for ethnic venture failure

Drawing on the psychological concept of scarcity mindset as a lens, we explore UK-based ethnic entrepreneurs' accounts of their behaviors and choices to theorize ethnic business venture failure. Our findings suggest the constraints of ‘having too little’ entrepreneurial resources can induce three organizing tensions in organizing, community embeddedness, spatial and segment spawning, and dispositional optimism––which may operate in combination or serially to precipitate ethnic venture failure. Our findings contribute to research on conflicting demands in entrepreneurship by showing how resource constraints, sometimes played out in the form of enduring inequalities within markets and society-at-large stymies the conversion of contradictory yet mutually constituting demands in organizing into potentially productive outcomes.

Factors of Ethnic Politicization in the Context of Threats to National Security in Ukraine

Ethnic mosaicism of Ukraine and the ethnonational factor are the phenomena that affect all spheres of the society. The ethnic factor has a special role in the emergence of contradictions in polyethnic states. On the one hand, “ethnicity is a form of social organization of cultural differences” (F. Bart), and on the other, ethnicity is instrumental and can be used as a means to achieve political goals (A. Cohen). Ethnicity has been and is a political resource that has been played out by political players for centuries. An important political phenomenon of our time is politicized ethnicity. The article analyzes some factors of politicization of ethnicity. The factors of politicization of ethnicity were: dissemination of unreliable information about the radical demands of territorial autonomy on behalf of “national minorities”; the destructive role of politicians who positioned themselves as lobbyists for the interests of national minorities; ethnic entrepreneurship, ethnic political parties; presence of dual citizenship, fake news, false information, and more. It is proved that certain factors of politicization of ethnicity pose a threat to the national security of the country.It is determined that ethnic identity is an effective tool for both consolidation and deconsolidation of ethnic groups and has its own political subjectivity. It is proved that in the process of decentralization, representatives of all ethnonational communities perceive each other well, and conflicts on ethnic grounds do not arise. However, due to people's low awareness of the peculiarities and prospects of the local government reform, politicians, especially local ones, are playing the “ethnic card” in their own interests.

School as an Entrepreneurial Enclave

Abstract Studies of ethnic entrepreneurship usually concentrate on the ethnic economy in the global north to argue the importance of structural and cultural factors. Based on previous studies and the author’s own work in Dongguan and Jakarta, this article explains how entrepreneurial culture of Taiwanese enterprises, often referred to as Taishang culture, is partially sustained and reproduced through the activities of two ethnic schools in these two cities. The overlapping membership of schools and Taishang chambers of commerce means that ethnic schools are also designed and operated to support the development of Taiwanese enterprises. These ethnic schools are not only institutions for educating Taiwanese children but also the de-facto ethnic enclave for consolidating and reproducing Taishang culture. The two schools also reflect differences in Taishang culture, which are shaped by how Taiwanese enterprises survive and thrive in different contexts.

Entrepreneurship in Ethnic Enterprises: The Making of New Immigrant Businesses in New York

Research on ethnic entrepreneurship has generated substantial literature on the development of ethnic businesses among different immigrant groups in North America. Such studies tend to focus on the emergence of immigrant entrepreneurship among earlier immigrant groups by highlighting either the group characteristics or the opportunity structure. Existing studies also tend to overlook the importance of innovation in immigrants’ small businesses due to the marginality of immigrant businesses. Thus, there is a dearth of research on new immigrant communities in the USA that illuminates immigrants’ innovative practices. Drawing on the experiences of 50 Bangladeshi entrepreneurs in New York, this research examined how this emerging immigrant group transformed into immigrant entrepreneurs through the investigation of their innovative practices in small business. This paper determined that immigrant entrepreneurs are embedded within the dynamics of the immigration trajectory and the broader context of American society. Although these new immigrants were driven towards the lower end of the economy, this study found that innovations have expanded the breadth and depth of their businesses and made their businesses different and rewarding.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF THE ARMENIAN DIASPORA IN THE CONTEXT OF EAEU INTEGRATION

The problems in the formation of the diaspora’s socio-economic potential are poorly studied by modern science. The article defines the notion of the diaspora’s socio-economic potential. The factors that determine the uniqueness of the Armenian diaspora phenomenon are identified, including professional specialization specifics, labor skills, ethnic entrepreneurship, aggregation of property and capital, socio-demographic structure, corporatism, social solidarity and cohesion and social capital. The Armenian diaspora, which formed in Russia in the 17th century, is a conventional diaspora with deep historical roots. Its influence on the economy, social policy, culture, interethnic relations and other spheres of life of the population in the host country and country of origin is steadily increasing. New opportunities for continued development of the Armenian diaspora opened up along with the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union in the post-Soviet space and Armenia’s accession to the EAEU. The secret of the advancement of the Armenian diaspora as an ethnocultural and ethnopolitical phenomenon is rooted in the peculiarities of formation of its socio-economic potential throughout the entire history of good-neighborly relations between Russia and Armenia. A methodological strategy and an applied sociological research model, as well as tools for studying the Armenian diaspora’s socio-economic potential in the context of EAEU integration processes have been created. In order to study the problem further, authors intend to conduct a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews in the Moscow agglomeration, Krasnoyarsk and Stavropol regions, which will allow to reveal the attitude of members of the Armenian diaspora to various aspects of life: migration and repatriation intentions, the degree of cohesion and corporatism, subjective assessments of the contribution of the Armenian diaspora to Russia’s and Armenia’s socio-economic development, as well as to assess the EAEU integration trends. Based on the results of the sociological study, scientific recommendations will be developed to improve the efficiency of using the Armenian diaspora’s socio-economic potential for the sake of improving the quality of life and social well-being of citizens of Russia and Armenia, and the advancement of EAEU integration processes.

The Role of Ethnic Entrepreneurship and Personality on Business Sustainability in Barefoot Entrepreneurs in Wetlands: A Study on MSMEs Ethnic Madura

Ethnic entrepreneurship is a set of connections and regular patterns of interaction between people from the same background who migrate to carry out entrepreneurial activities in a particular region or country. This study aims to explore ethnic entrepreneurship in Banjarmasin. The results of this study explain that ethnic entrepreneurship and personality do not contribute significantly in increasing the sustainability of MSMEs in wetlands (Madurese ethnic traders). Entrepreneurship and personality do not contribute significantly in realizing business sustainability because ethnic entrepreneurship is an entrepreneurial mindset that is inherent in individual life.

Upward Transition of Indian Entrepreneurs: from Simple Working to Ethnic Entrepreneurship. A Case Study in an Italian Region

Abstract This paper explores the role of entrepreneurial orientation in addressing upward mechanisms of Indian immigrant workers in rural areas. To achieve this purpose, an empirical analysis was carried out to investigate how entrepreneurial orientation may affect mechanisms of professional transition. Precisely, we managed direct interviews among Indian workers (through the support of cultural mediators), local actors (like public and private advisors) and Italian entrepreneurs. Our funding suggests the presence of three Indian workers in Italy (simple workers, intrapreneurs, entrepreneurs), characterised by different entrepreneurial profile acting as engine or barrier to what we have labelled as “upward transition”. Immigrant entrepreneurs play a relevant role in Italy and in our point of view, it is of paramount importance to allow them to access to rural development policies, knowledge, training and education upgrading.

Racializing Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Chinese Entrepreneurship in the Deep South

The research on ethnic entrepreneurship is prolific. Yet very rarely have scholars examined ethnic entrepreneurship through the lens of race and racialization. By using the example of Chinese-owned grocery stores in the Mississippi Delta region during the Jim Crow era, this article attempts to bridge the studies on migration, race, ethnic entrepreneurship, and place. Neither middleman minority nor ethnic enclave economy alone, the two main paradigms within the literature of ethnic entrepreneurship, fully explains the phenomenon of Chinese grocery stores in the Black communities in the U.S. South. By examining ethnic entrepreneurship through the lens of race and racialization, this article also explores the interracial relationships between Asian and Black communities by comparing and contrasting the Korean–Black relationship in Los Angeles and Chinese–Black relationship in the Delta. Despite the institutional barriers against interracial solidarity under the regime of White supremacy, which places Asian and Black communities in opposition to each other, certain historical and geographical contexts that facilitate interracial coembeddedness contribute to intercultural communications among communities of color and thus a more intimate interracial relationship.

Culture values and entrepreneurial innovativeness: A comparative study of Malaysian ethnic entrepreneurs

ABSTRACT Countries are often characterized with a diverse set of subcultures, exerting different impacts on innovation among different ethnic groups. This article comparatively analyzes how national culture, as measured by Hofstede's six cultural values, influences the entrepreneurial innovativeness (EI) of three Malaysian ethnic firms (Malaysian Chinese, Indian, and Malays). Based on a systematic investigation of survey data of 450 small to medium-sized firms (SMEs), we find positive influences of indulgence, collectivism, and low power distance on EI among the three ethnic entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Our study also finds that three other cultural values have a differential impact on Malaysia’s ethnic groups. While long-term orientation exerts a significant impact on Malaysian Chinese, masculinity and low uncertainty avoidance have significant but (surprisingly) opposite impacts on the three ethnic entrepreneurs. These similar and different impacts of cultural values on EI among different ethnic groups generates significant theoretical and practical implications.

Особенности иконографии в калмыцкой вышивке: традиционные и современные практики

Introduction. The Kalmyks are a Mongolic Buddhist people that arrived in the Volga region in the 17th century. The specific ethnic features of Buddhism professed by the Kalmyks took shape over centuries of Russian suzerainty and were determined by various historical factors, including prolonged remoteness from Buddhist centers, the total eradication of Buddhist monasteries and centuries-long ban on spiritual guidance experienced in the 20th century, and the official Buddhist restoration by the early 21st century. Goals. The work aims at identifying and comparing traditional and contemporary Buddhist thangka patterns as elements to mirror particular features of Kalmyk iconography, as essential objects of religious cult and cultural heritage at large. Results. The paper shows that in the pre-20th century period Kalmyks used different techniques for producing thangkas — painting, embroidery, and applique ones. In the late 18th century onwards, imports of religious attributes from Tibet and Mongolia were restricted, and the role of art workshops affiliated to local Buddhist temples increased. That resulted in further development of thangka painting schools and the shaping of somewhat ethnic style in depicting Buddhist deities characterized by certain differences from canonical images. The old thangkas from private and public collections have served a basis for the restoration of ethnic painting traditions integral to Kalmykia’s Buddhism proper. The contemporary practices of producing divine images are closely related to stages in the regional development of Buddhism from the late 20th century to the present, lay Buddhist experiences, women’s leisure-time activities, and ethnic entrepreneurship. The study concludes contemporary Kalmyk needlewomen are guided by traditional rules of religious craftsmanship.

The Behavior of Chinese Entrepreneurs in Controlling the International Market: A Study of Phenomenology in CV Unggul Putra Samudra Malang

Ethnic Chinese is one of the largest ethnic groups in Indonesia. Apart from being tenacious, the Chinese ethnic group is also known as being loyal to other groups. This study was conducted at CV Unggul Putra Samudra, which is a well-known and successful ethnic Chinese family business. Products manufactured by CV Putra Samudra include furniture tailored for buyers. The objectives of this study were: 1) to provide empirical knowledge about entrepreneurship within the ethnic Chinese; 2) to provide information that the business world and distributors involved in the marketing process could use to make CV Unggul Putra Samudra more systematic. This study used a phenomenological qualitative design. Data were collected through interviews, documentation, field notes and observations. Triangulation of data sources, theories and methodologies was applied to check the validity of the data. The results highlighted characteristics such as resilience, never giving up and upholding the belief in ancestors. The owner of CV Unggul Putra Samudra was trained and educated from an early age to become an entrepreneur and is resilient and never gives up. Those who respect and appreciate the beliefs of their ancestors will get blessings in life.
 Keywords: Entrepreneurial Behavior, Ethnic Entrepreneurship, Family Business