Ethnic Conflict Research Articles

Dynamics of the population's attitude towards immigrants: a regional aspect

The article analyzes the dynamics of perception of the migration situation by the host population in the Republic of Mordovia. Public opinion is being monitored on potential problems created by immigrants when moving to the region, on their impact on ethno-confessional relations and the social and criminogenic situation. The empirical base included the results of annual regional sociological studies of the ethno-confessional and migration situation conducted in the period 2021–2023. The sociological survey was conducted in accordance with the Methodological Recommendations for Conducting Sociological Research in the subjects of the Russian Federation proposed by the Federal Agency for Nationalities of the Russian Federation (FADN of Russia). This methodology makes it possible to carry out sociological monitoring of key indicators of the state of ethno-confessional relations and migration processes in the Russian Federation. The volume of the sample population was n = 700 people, the representative features were gender, age, place of residence and nationality. As a tool for collecting primary information, a quantitative method was used — an individual face-to-face interview at the respondent's place of residence using a paper questionnaire (PAPI). It was revealed that in Mordovia, the attitude towards immigrants is gradually changing: the share of the population concerned about the problems of competition in the labor market, the deterioration of ethno-confessional relations, experiencing anxiety from the presence of migrant workers is decreasing. It is determined that the presence of immigrants in the region does not provoke an aggravation of ethnic conflicts and the idea of restricting/reducing the entry of migrants is becoming less popular. The author concludes that the attitude of the receiving population to immigrants is determined by the level of socio-economic development of the region.

The Integration of Liberal Democracy in Sri Lanka

The ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka between the majority Sinhalese population and the minority Tamil population has grown to become a complex and pressing matter within the country. The election of Mahinda Rajapaksa as president in 2005 furthered these tensions as his administration passed legislation suppressing the Tamils, ultimately leading to the development of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), an extremist organization representing the Tamils who support independence from the country. Rajapaksa’s pro-Sinhala Buddhist government greatly appealed to the Sinhalese population, but his administration’s lack of action towards domestic and foreign issues resulted in the election of Maithripala Sirisena, a liberal democratic leader who significantly improved the status of Sri Lanka. Nonetheless, with the prevalence of Buddhist nationalism and the recent election of Rajapaksa’s brother, the economic, political, and social environment within the country has again begun to decline. Thus, given Sirisena’s positive contribution to the country’s affairs, this paper attempts to view the impacts of his government on the Tamil-Sinhalese conflict, foreign relations, and the possible future repercussions of integrating liberal democracy within the government in order to propose a feasible solution to and assess the likelihood of stabilizing the ongoing ethnic conflict.

Ethnicity, National Security And Political Participation In Nigeria

Ethnic diversity in itself does not negatively affect national security. The it imposes to national security is a result of many factors combined with political opportunity that fundamental changes occurring in the political system exploited by ethnic and sectarian groups trying to change the political system to their advantage. Many factors such as political, historical, economic, social, cultural, environmental, and psychological factors may lead ethnic groups to rebel and impose threats to the national states of any country especially developing countries. Like in many developing countries that are highly fictionalized, ethnic crisis ranks among many security challenges Nigeria, making Nigeria loosely a country at war with itself. This situation magnifies Nigeria’s political instability and the efforts of security agencies to address the range of insecurity issues which beyond fictionalization crisis encircle terrorism, banditry, ritual killings, armed robbery and kidnapping. Currently, the Nigerian military is deployed in 34 out of the 36 states plus the Federal Capital Territory in the country for one to understand the bandwidth of the national security challenges. Counselling emerge as a potential avenue for addressing the issues related to ethnicity and national security in Nigeria. The study explores the significance of counselling as a proactive and preventive measure to mitigate the negative impact of ethnicity on national security. It emphasizes the importance of promoting inter ethnic understanding, tolerance, and conflict resolution through counselling interventions. It emphasizes the importance of early identification through counselling to prevent the escalation of ethnic tensions.
 
 

A Study on the Imagology of Tibetan People and Shangri-La in Lost Horizon

“There is only one valley of Blue Moon, and those who expect to find another are asking too much of Nature” (Hilton 63). After the First World War in the 1930s, several war-persecuted Europeans discovered the Shangri-La utopia in China. This essay uses imagology to analyze the foreign culture in Lost Horizon from both character and setting perspectives and the cultural conflicts of the Orient and the Occident. Written by James Hilton, Lost Horizon adequately illustrates the image of Tibet from a Western perspective of that era. Mystical Shangri-La is scenic and full of romantic fantasy, a symbol of peace and tranquility. Apart from the remarkable scenery, the book also contains inequalities between the social status of East and West, especially the prejudiced contempt and discrimination against the Chinese people in Tibetan areas. Lurking in the background are omnifarious ethnic, political and cultural conflicts and severe oppression. Behind the yearning for an Eastern land is the Eurocentrism, colonialism and racial superiority rooted in Western ethnicity.

Examining the Reasons For and Effects of Military Coups in West Africa since 1990: The Obstacles to Democracy and Progress

Purpose: This article sought to understand the reasons for military coups in West Africa Since 1990. With this, we would be able to assess their effects and the obstacles these coups present to democracy in West Africa. It is clear that military takeovers have posed a constant threat to democratic rule in West Africa. There are many different reasons why military coups occur in West Africa, including ethnic conflicts, economic grievances, and corruption. Military leaders have occasionally defended their actions by arguing that they were required to reestablish order and solve perceived shortcomings in civilian authority. This is why it’s necessary to investigate these claims. Coups have wide-ranging effects which include violations of human rights among others, warranting mitigating circumstances.
 Methodology: The article uses a qualitative research design. Information on the research came purely from the review of scholarly articles and reports on the topic and it covers the whole of West Africa. The information presented is based on a synthesis of findings from these sources, with a focus on identifying the obstacles to democracy and progress posed by military coups in the region.
 Findings: From synthesization of information from other reviews, we discovered that West Africa is one of the most affected parts of Africa as far as military coups are concerned. We equally found out that though not so unique to West Africa, poor governance, political instability, neocolonialism, plays a major in promoting military coups.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Knowledge acquired from this study would be able to make readers gain specific knowledge on why military coups are frequent in West Africa and to see how such coups can be avoided in other parts of Africa so as to promote democracy and human rights. One unique point included in this research that has been too investigated by many authors is the part played by neocolonialism in coups in West Africa. From a practical standpoint, the analysis and recommendations would inform policymakers, and stakeholders working on issues related to democracy, governance, and security in West Africa.

Application of the Functions and Role of the Three Furnace Stones in Solving Social Problems of Society in the Perspective of Social and Public Administration

In most countries today, ethnic conflict provides the context in which public administration must operate. This study aims to find out how Tiga Batu Furnace functions and plays a role in solving various social problems in the Seram community in Kamrian country in Maluku province. Qualitative descriptive methods are used, with documentation and interviews through informants. Information was selected by purposive random sampling from 18 individuals. This study found that Tiga Batu Furnace is the local wisdom of the community, or local wisdom, which serves to connect and unite all villagers of the Kamarian nation on the home island of Seram, Maluku province. Values, norms, customs, religion, and socio-culture are incorporated in the Three Stone Furnaces as local wisdom to reduce conflicts. These values and standards serve as signs and rules that control a person's behavior and actions in social interactions. In this regard, the Three Stone Furnaces continue to try to find peaceful solutions through discussions and conversations to solve various social problems that exist in society and their environment.

The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey: The Central Role of Identity Recognition (or Lack Thereof)

Academics and state officials over the years have put forth a host of factors to explain armed insurrections in Turkey since the 1920s. From ‘religious reactionaries’ and ‘underdevelopment’ to ‘foreign intervention,’ ‘economic inequality’ and ‘identity-based grievances.’ What sort of explanation one subscribes to generally seems to depend on either one’s politics or simply which analysis sounds most plausible and convincing. This study looks for evidence from the insurrections in Turkey to help shed more light on the issue. We examine the stated demands and grievances of the rebels fighting the Turkish state in the major uprisings of the twentieth century (1925, 1927–1930, 1937 and 1978 onwards). Judging from their own statements, the recognition of Kurdish identity was central to all these episodes. No other issue appears so prominently in all the uprisings. The study then turns to theoretical work on protracted conflicts and ethnic conflicts to explain why identity recognition is of such importance. Following this analysis, parameters to resolve the Kurdish conflict in Turkey are examined in light of these observations. Solutions to end the conflict need to begin first and foremost with official identity recognition and acceptance of the Kurds, as Kurds. The rest consists of issues to be negotiated.

I Want the Viewer to Ask Himself – What Am I Not Seeing?

An interview with renowned photographer Susan Meiselas, President of the Magnum Foundation and a member of the Magnum Agency, reveals the breadth of her 50-year career, which has seen her document social, ethnic, religious and wartime conflicts, expose the stigmatized work of strippers before that, and later focus on documenting domestic violence against women. In doing so, she has always sought to continuously expand the field of photography, to remind us of its context and of what remains left out. She keeps coming back to her subjects, incorporating their narratives into her projects, establishing long-term relationships and pointing to what is happening beyond the moment captured in the photographs. Her exhibitions combine photography, video, sound and installation, and she publishes updated editions of her sold-out books to broaden the view. She became known for her work in Latin America in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when she followed, among other things, the unrest and revolution in Nicaragua. We spoke on the occasion of the opening of her exhibition Mediations at the Jakopič Gallery.

Tales of Turmoil: Unravelling Trends and Legacies of Resource Conflict on Women in Laikipia West Sub-County, Kenya

This article discusses trends of inter-ethnic conflict in Laikipia West Sub-County and the effects of the conflict on women. Inter- ethnic conflict in the study area can be traced back to the period before 1895 when the white settlers began establishing their homes in Laikipia County. Prior to the British colonization, this area was largely dominated by the Maasai and Samburu communities who were pastoralists. With the coming of white settlers most of the lands were seized and the communities displaced from their areas. Many white settlers opted to practice ranching since most of the lands were semi-arid. Later immigrants resulted to irrigation agriculture leading to the horticultural boom in Laikipia in the 1980s. With the coming of the whites and the existence of inadequate pastures for the pastoral communities, the area has continued to witness unceasing conflicts. This article examined the historical trends of the conflict and the effects of conflict on women in Laikipia West Sub-County. This study employed the conflict theory by Karl Marx. In respect to this, data was obtained from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was obtained from the Kenya National Archives in Nairobi and from oral interviews with relevant informants. Secondary data was obtained from relevant books, journal articles, internet, theses, and conference papers. Data obtained was then evaluated and analysed. Data was analysed in three analytical frames namely: theoretical framework, documentary review and content analysis

The Fall of the Republic Government in Afghanistan and the Current Taliban Rule: A Survey of Public Attitudes

This paper represents one of the most recent and pertinent studies conducted in Afghanistan, aiming to address the societal imperative of comprehending the factors behind the fall of the Republic government and the subsequent rise of the Taliban to power. Furthermore, the paper seeks to analyse public attitudes towards the current situation. Employing a quantitative approach, the research utilizes a descriptive-analytical method through questionnaires and the participants include social media activist, students and universities professors, the data collected by online survey according WhatsApp, Facebook messengers, telegram, email and other social media groups from different ethnic groups. The findings of this research have identified several pivotal factors contributing to the ascent of the Taliban to power, including the US-Taliban agreement in Doha, Qatar; political disparities; administrative and financial corruption within the Republic's administration; Pakistan's support for the Taliban; the previous government's accord with the Taliban; ethnic dominance; robust military morale of the Taliban; and proficient war management by the Taliban. Afghanistan, as a multi-ethnic society, witnesses political dynamics predominantly rooted in ethnic affiliations. The majority of respondents express dissatisfaction with the current Afghan situation, displaying significant concerns for the populace. Foremost concerns, in terms of prioritization, encompass poverty; closure of girls' schools; restrictions on women's education and employment; escalation of civil unrest; mono-ethnic rule; ethnic conflicts; emergence of ISIS; ethnic marginalization; violations of citizenship rights; political participation and legitimacy crises; and authoritarianism. Consequently, to address the political crisis and establish a viable system, the research concludes that while Pashtuns lean toward a centralized system, Hazaras, Tajiks, Uzbeks, and Turkmens evince greater interest in a decentralized structure.

Element of Memory in The Shadow Lines by Amitav Ghosh

It is a historical novel with flesh-back mode narration. It covers the time span of 1964 to 1984. Here we found the elements of biography with reference to author upset by the riots that followed Indira Gandhi’s assassination and that his novel came out of the turmoil of that moment. The incident revived his memories of 1964 riots in Calcutta, Dhaka and elsewhere. It is principally organized through the weaving together of ‘personal lives and public events.’ The finished form ultimately excavates personal and social history agest to the racial riots in some parts of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and mainly Calcutta in India.

Resolving the Conflict in Thailand’s Southern Border Provinces: Contentions between Upholding State Authority and Human Rights within the asean Context

Abstract Based on an examination of the peace process in Thailand’s southern border provinces, this article asks what are the important lessons learned for strengthening asean’s role in conflict resolution. The argument of this article is threefold. First, asean’s entrenched norms have prevented a regularised role for asean in the area of conflict resolution. Second, due to this arrangement, asean member states have applied a varied mix of approaches to resolving or managing ethnic conflicts. From a comparative perspective, the Thai approach to resolving the conflict falls in an in-between position along the spectrum of democratic and authoritarian means used by its fellow asean member states. Third, the lack of regularised procedures is not necessarily an obstacle to resolving conflict but it reduces opportunities to deepen regional cooperation. More pressing is asean’s inability to protect minority rights, which has negatively affected asean’s centrality, and its commitment to building a people-centred community.

Populism and the Africanists in East London in the 1940s and Early 1950s

This article considers popular political mobilisation in East London prior to the launch of the Defiance Campaign in the city in 1952, which ignited a racial war. It suggests that the failure of the municipal authority to assimilate urbanising Africans from regional mission stations and schools, especially in the 1940s, created a crisis of legitimacy for the white city fathers, who had previously promised to find a place for educated and ‘civilised’ Africans. As young, educated African elites were blocked from climbing the class ladder, despite the growth and prosperity of the city, and were prevented from escaping the congestion and filth of its neglected African locations, a strong sense of affinity was forged between them and the urban poor despite their cultural and class differences. This was intensified when apartheid-style laws were introduced that treated and prosecuted all Africans in the same racialised ways. After the African National Congress Youth League was established in the city, educated elites and ordinary people participated in a single set of protests against the municipal leadership around living conditions and their right to urbanise. This was framed by a strongly Africanist ideology, analysed here through a discussion of populism.

POPULATION GROWTH IN BATAM MUNICIPALITY AS THE FRONTIER AND OUTERMOST REGION AT THE BORDER BETWEEN INDONESIA-SINGAPORE-MALAYSIA

The systematic and accurate data on population has become pivotal point to overview the development of population in particular region, so that it required to a conduct a study to explore the description of the population growth rate, the factors causing the high population growth rate, and the impact of the high population growth rate in Batam Municipality. This study was exploratory research with a qualitative approach to analyze the population phenomenon in Batam Municipality. Data were collected using observation, interview, documentation, and audio-visual material collection. Informants were determined by purposive sampling and snowball techniques. This study used the Spradley analysis model with four stages of analysis, such as domain, taxonomic, components, and cultural themes. The results showed that the population growth rate increased from 1980 to 2012, but began to decline since the decline in economic growth in 2013 which indicated that the population growth rate in Batam Municipality followed the pattern of economic growth. The high rate of population growth was due to the high number of in-migration (65%) and high birth rates (35%), because most migrants were in productive age. The high rate of population growth in Batam Municipality had caused various population problems, such as citizenship status, citizenship administration services, illegal housing, traffic congestion, clean water crisis, waste accumulation, potential loss of local ethnic values, potential ethnic conflict, and potential increased of crime rate in Batam Municipality.

All the Sultan’s Men: Regime Type, Insecurity, and the Shuffling of Governors

Why do some political rulers engage in frequent shuffling of their governors while others allow their governors to serve longer? We argue that shuffling of governors reflects the level of a ruler’s perception of insecurity. Building on perspectives about situational origins of distrust and paranoid cognition, we argue that democratic leaders, characterized by higher levels of existential security, practice less frequent shuffling of governors compared to authoritarian ones. We also suggest that governors in localities characterized by higher levels of ethnic conflict and poor electoral performance by a ruling government are more likely to be replaced. Utilizing an original dataset of all Ottoman and Turkish governors from 1875 to 2019, our empirical analyses show that governors last longer under more democratic governments, in provinces with lower levels of ethnic diversity conflict, and stronger electoral support for the government.

A Comparison of Ethnic Policies in Rwanda and Tanzania

Ethnic construction is a historical phenomenon and process, generally involving two main directions: assimilation, integration, and unity among ethnic groups, and differentiation, separation, and diversification. Typically, these directions alternate and may coexist during certain historical stages. Tanzania and Rwanda are both multi-ethnic countries, but their ethnic relations could not be more different. The former, with more than 120 ethnic groups, is basically in harmony, while the latter has erupted into large-scale ethnic conflicts. Rwanda and Tanzania exhibit significant differences in their processes of ethnic construction, influenced by factors such as colonial rule and ethnic policies. The composition of ethnic groups and interethnic relations in these countries demonstrate distinct characteristics. This study aims to compare the ethnic composition and ethnic policies of Rwanda and Tanzania, elucidating the shaping role of ethnic policies on interethnic relations and exploring practical pathways towards ethnic integration and coexistence. This paper mainly analyses the process and relationship of ethnic construction in Rwanda and Tanzania through literature and data analysis. This paper finds that whether the relationship between ethnic groups is harmonious mainly depends on whether the government can gradually eliminate ethnic barriers and strengthen ethnic identity while respecting history, rather than ignoring or even strengthening the contradictions between ethnic groups.

Root Causes of Violent Ethnic Conflicts and Prevention Measures in Rwenzori Region in Western Uganda

The scientific research study analyzed the different root causes of violent ethnic conflicts and preclusion measures to deter the escalation of these conflicts in Rwenzori region in Western Uganda. This research study was guided by the following objectives; to analyze root causes of ethnic conflicts and to identify preclusion measures for ethnic conflicts in Rwenzori Region. A cross sectional survey design was used to collect explanatory research opinions whereby qualitative data was collected using interviews schedules, observation checklists and documentary analysis. The sampling strategy used was purposive sampling because it helped the researcher garner vital information from essential persons who possessed relevant facts for the logical study. The target population of the study comprised of the local community, representatives from the Kingdom authorities, the Local council leaders, religious and cultural leaders of the kingdoms in the area of the study. The target population was 320 people and the sample size chosen was 89 participants which was reached at by use of a Table developed by Morgan & Krejcie (1970). Data analysis was analyzed using content and thematic analysis science. Keen attention was employed to acknowledge or minimize the effect of possible bias on the interviews and on the interpretation. The study findings revealed that violent ethnic conflicts in the region were associated with the desire for an autonomous territory, Ethnicity, Radicalism, Unequal distribution of resources, cultural differences, poor conflict management strategies and effect of rebel group insurgencies. The study concluded that it is the intolerance towards all views except one’s own, and the adoption of political selfishness which disregard accepted standards of conduct, including the life, liberty and the general human rights of the populace. The academics recommended that the government of Uganda should put in place preclusion measures such as equal distribution of ....

Cemeteries Visited for Death and Burial in Socialist Yugoslavia

Google Earth file prepared in conjunction with Death and Burial in Socialist Yugoslavia: Ethnic Conflict and the Politicization of Cemeteries.

Exploring Overt Racial and Ethnic Conflict in Resident-to-Resident Aggression in Long-Term Care Facilities

ObjectivesResident-to-resident aggression (RRA) in long-term care facilities is gaining recognition as a serious problem. Racial/ethnic conflict may be a contributing factor to RRA incidents, but it remains insufficiently studied. Our goal was to explore overt racial/ethnic conflict in RRA. DesignWe used quantitative and qualitative secondary analyses of existing data from a large, rigorously conducted study of RRA to describe the involved residents and patterns of overt racial/ethnic conflicts. Setting and ParticipantsThe parent study included information of 2011 residents in 10 randomly selected New York State nursing homes with a wide range of racial/ethnic minority residents (4.2%–63.2%). A subset of 407 residents were involved in RRA. MethodsWe re-examined data from the parent study, which used an innovative approach to identify RRA incidents by reconstructing each incident based on residents’ self-reports, staff interviews, field observations, and medical chart review. Resident and facility information was collected. ResultsA total of 35 residents (8.6% of those involved in RRA incidents) were identified as involved in overt racial/ethnic conflicts. These residents were more likely to have had less education than residents involved in other types of RRA but not in overt racial/ethnic conflicts. More than half (56.9%) of the 51 incidents of RRA involving overt racial/ethnic conflict between a specific pair of residents occurred repeatedly. Manifestation of racial/ethnic conflicts included physical violence, discrimination, racial/ethnic slurs, stereotypes, and microaggression. Acute precipitants of these incidents included various communal-living challenges and unmet needs at the facility, relational, and individual levels. Psychological and behavioral consequences were also described. Conclusion and ImplicationsWe found a broad range of manifestations, acute precipitants, circumstances surrounding, and consequences of overt racial/ethnic conflicts in RRA. Additional research is needed to improve understanding of this phenomenon and how staff may effectively intervene and prevent it.

Urban cartography and spatial politics: Ethnic tensions, westernization, and decolonization in Hangzhou’s transformation within the global south

Urban morphologies in the global south are shaped by a complex interplay of historical imprints, from colonial legacies and ethnic tensions to waves of modernization and decolonization efforts. This study delves into the urban morphology of Hangzhou during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, unraveling its transformative patterns steered by a convergence of spatial politics, economic forces, and cultural dynamics. Drawing upon a unique blend of historical map restoration techniques, we unearth pivotal morphological nuances that bridge Hangzhou’s transition from its pre-modern fabric to its modern-day urban layout. We uncover key shifts such as the movement from intricate street layouts to systematic grids, the strategic integration of public spaces like West Lakeside Park, and the city’s evolving urban epicenter mirroring its broader socio-political and economic narratives. These insights not only spotlight Hangzhou’s distinct urban journey in the context of ethnic conflicts, Western influences, and decolonization drives but also underscore the value of context-sensitive urban morphological research in the global south. Our findings emphasize the criticality of synergizing varied methodologies and theoretical perspectives to deepen our comprehension of urban transitions, sculpt place identities, and invigorate public imagination in global urban planning.