Ethiopian People Research Articles

Internal Self-Determination in Ethiopia

Abstract This paper discusses cluster statehood and its implications on minority ethnic groups. Using the three statehood exercises (South-Western Ethiopian Peoples, Southern Ethiopia and Central Ethiopian regional state) as a case study, this paper highlights the main issues and challenges minority ethnic groups face in the process of statehood exercise. These include the application of the simple majority vote rule in a statehood referendum, the implication of cluster statehood on minority ethnic groups’ rights, the challenge of clustering ethnic minorities without their wishes and restructuring minorities’ ethnic administrative boundaries without a referendum. It concludes that the simple majority followed in statehood referendum makes the role of minority ethnic groups rubber-stamp rather than reflect their real interests. Creating the Central Ethiopian State without a referendum is a flagrant disregard of the constitutional procedure and hinders the full political authority of minority nnp s to decide on their affairs.

Community perception towards mental illness and help-seeking intention in Southwest Ethiopian Peoples Regional State.

Community perception of mental illness is a collective belief system and attitude about mental disorders; it affects the availability of services, the level of stigma, and the help-seeking intention. This study assessed community perceptions towards mental illness and help-seeking intentions in Southwest Ethiopia. A community-based analytical cross-sectional study was done in Southwest Ethiopian People's Regional State (SWEPRS), from March 1st to June 30th, 2021. All adult individuals >18 years old living in the region were the source population, while all adult >18 years old living in the selected household were the study population. The calculated sample size was 1028. Participants were selected using a multistage sampling technique. A structured, interview-based questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data were entered into Epidata Manager and exported to SPSS for analysis. The response rate for this study was 95.4%. The prevalence of poor perception and unfavorable help-seeking intention of mental illness were 45.8%, 95% CI (42.6, 48.9), and 49.5%, 95% CI (46.4, 52.7) respectively. Being rural [AOR = 1.94 (95% CI:(1.41, 2.66)]c, lack of information [AOR = 4.82(95% CI: (3.39,6.83)], exposure to mental illness [AOR = 4.11(95% CI:(2.64,6.38)] were significantly associated with poor perception of mental illness. Also, gating mental illness information [AOR = 0.40 (95% CI: (0.19, 0.83)], and being exposed to mental illness [AOR = 0.56 (95% CI: (0.41, 0.79)] were significantly associated with unfavorable help-seeking intentions for mental illness. The high prevalence of poor perceptions and unfavorable help-seeking intentions for mental illness can be minimized through providing tailored information regarding the cause, type, and severity of the problem, particularly in the rural areas.

Hegemonic Party System and Federalism

The paper inquiries into the fixture of the hegemonic Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Party (EPRDF) in the operation of the Ethiopian federal constitutional order. It finds out the federal malfunction of EPRDF. The hegemonic political program of the front, which took the shape of a non-competitive dominant party was not in line with the constitutional diversity of the federal system, as it delinked the constitutional right to self-determination and federal autonomy from the options of multiparty politics. On the structure of EPRDF, equal representation was favorable to the federal politics of diversity accommodation and minority protection. However, the exclusiveness of its structure from the “affiliate” parties had the effects of a narrow-based federal shared-rule, as EPRDF which was the only channel to influence the center. Party-state inseparability was the other gap to the check of power and in establishing the neutrality of the state to deal with ethnic-driven conflict, as a major pathology to the stability of ethnic federal systems. Finally, the power nucleus in the EPRDF created the dominance of TPLF at the perils of diminishing the representative legitimacy and the subordinate position of the “affiliate parties” to EPRDF.

Marriage Practice: A Comparative Analysis between Chinese and Ethiopian People

Marriage has been crucial to maintaining human reproduction, social progress, and cultural continuity. Countries have distinctive wedding traditions that reflect social life, morals, religion, values, sexual consciousness, and national psychology's development trends. The article evaluates and compares the variations between Chinese and Ethiopian wedding cultures from the perspectives of traditional values, religion, and wedding processes to understand the variances and similarities of marriage cultures in the process of cultural globalization. The approach adopted in this study is an integrative or narrative review which enables us to capture the practice of marriage culture in Ethiopian and Chinese people. The article revealed that Chinese and Ethiopian marriage practice is similar in terms of pride price, Wedding Ring, wedding banquet, wedding gift, and Wedding ceremony, but have different practice in dressing clothes color and Marriage Sense. But, the impact of cultural globalization is melting both countries’ wedding traditions into Western style.

The Dynamics between the Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Polity in Modern Ethiopia and Its Role in Establishing Peace in the Country

The interaction between the Orthodox Church and the state in Ethiopia has undergone various phases throughout the country's history. Emperor Haile Selassie, who came to power in 1930, sought to modernise Ethiopia by adopting Western educational and administrative systems. This included restructuring the Church administration to establish a centralised hierarchy for easier control. The military regime that seized power in 1974, inspired by Marxist and Leninist ideologies, showed strong hostility towards religion. When this regime took over the Patriarchate in Addis Ababa, Church administration shifted back to influential monasteries in rural Ethiopia, leading to a period of reduced activity, often termed hibernation. Communist propaganda which aimed at secularising the urban youth population gained some traction until the regime's overthrow in 1991 following the collapse of the USSR. The quasi-democratic regime of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, which took power in 1991–92, liberated all religious communities from political suppression. They introduced an ethnic federalism system, dividing the country into states based on ethnicity. However, this regime later faced accusations of favouring a single ethnic group, leading to the rise of the current oligarchical government in 2017. Consequently, the Orthodox Church saw a decline in its political influence. This paper examines these historical and political developments in relation to Church history to understand the Ethiopian Orthodox Church's role in past, present and future peace restoration efforts, particularly following recent conflicts in northern Ethiopia.

The War on Tigray: Geopolitics and the Struggle for Self-Determination

Tigray continues to be a unique case among ancient kingdoms, Westphalia nation-states, post-colonial Africa, and post-Cold War national liberation struggles. It is one of the oldest civilizations (Aksumite Kingdom) and the historical, cultural, and political soul of ancient and modern Ethiopia. But it was made to be an ‘oppressed nation struggling for regional autonomy and survival from genocidal aggression’ by the empire state of Ethiopia and the ‘garrison state’ of Eritrea. It also survived Egyptian and Mahdist expansionists, and Italian colonialism, though it lost ‘Bahre-Negash’ (Eritrea) to Italy due to the Wuchale Agreement (or Treaty of Wichale) in 1889. Eritrea was handed over to Italian colonialists by Menelik II of Shewa-Amhara in order to weaken Tigray’s geopolitical power base. Tigray was also the hotbed of the first Woyane rebellion in 1943 which sparked the idea of ‘land to the Tiller, fair taxation, and self-rule,’ and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) led the second Woyane rebellion (1975–91) that restructured the empire state of Ethiopia into a federation with the 1995 constitution. Since 2018, after 27 years of the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)- led federal experiment, Tigray again became a victim of a ‘genocidal war’ led by the Ethiopian federal army, Amhara forces, Ethiopian regional forces, and Eritrean army, supported by UAE and Turkey drones, and the Somalian army. The international community and the African Union supported Abiy Ahmed and Issaias Afewerki’s genocidal war in the name of “maintaining the territorial integrity of Ethiopia” by neglecting the principles of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), people’s self-determination rights, and the prevention of genocide. Tigray, therefore, is a rare case in the vicious cycle of violence. The Tigrayan ‘two-year’ survival war (from November 2020 to November 2022) against those who practice genocide was destined to break Tigray’s historically vicious cycle of violence perpetrated by Ethiopia and Eritrea. The paper aims to investigate the historical, geopolitical, and security reasons that have trapped Tigray into facing the post-2020 genocidal war.

From imperial power to regional policeman: Ethiopian peacekeeping and the developmental state

Abstract Why and how do African states become peacekeepers? Through a single-case study, this article accounts for a transformation in peace and security: how Ethiopia became the world's prime source of blue helmets in the early twenty-first century, having largely shunned peacekeeping in preceding decades. We propose that peacekeeping came to serve as an unexpectedly useful technology to pursue state-building agendas. Historically, regional proxy wars undermined state-building efforts in Ethiopia and mismanagement of ethno-linguistic diversity rendered it vulnerable to externally supported rebellions. In the 2000s, an evolving approach to peacekeeping dovetailed with the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front's (EPRDF) vision for recalibrating political order domestically and in the Horn of Africa. EPRDF became convinced that changing Ethiopia required changing its surrounding region. Regional intervention as peacekeeping was supported by global powers and helped bind neighbouring states to Ethiopia in new ways. This entailed the crafting of deep political ties in Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan that mitigated historical fears of Ethiopian hegemony and shielded EPRDF state-building from outside destabilization. Moreover, as Ethiopia's increasingly prominent role in United Nations and African Union missions improved the external environment for the EPRDF developmental state, it also expanded Ethiopian National Defence Force's role in the political economy, buttressing the party-state's hegemony.

Validation of Quality-of-Life assessment tool for Ethiopian old age people.

A valid and reliable quality of life (QOL) assessment tool is critical for identifying health issues, evaluating health interventions, and establishing the best health policies and care plans. One of the tools for this goal is the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Old module (WHOQOL-OLD). It is validated and available in more than 20 languages globally, except Amharic (the widely spoken language in Ethiopia). As a result, the purpose of this study was to translate it into Amharic language and validate it among the elderly people in Bahir Dar City, Northwestern Ethiopia. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 180 community-dwelling old age people in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia, from January 16 to March 13, 2021. Psychometric validation was achieved through Cronbach's alpha of the internal consistency reliability test and construct validity from confirmatory factor analysis. The study participants were aged between 60 and 90 years, with a mean age of 69.44. Females made up 61.7% of the study population, and 40% of them could not read or write. The results showed a relatively low level of quality of life, with a total transformed score of 58.58±23.15. The Amharic version of the WHOQOL-OLD showed a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.96 and corrected item-total correlations of more than 0.74. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the six-domain model with a chi-square (X2) of 341.98 and a p-value less than 0.001. The comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.98, Tucker-Lewis's index (TCL) was 0.97, and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.046. The Amharic version of the WHOQOL-OLD indicated good internal consistency reliability and construct validity. The tool can be utilized to provide care to Ethiopian community-dwelling old age people.

The effect of chimney fitted improved stove on kitchen fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in rural Ethiopia: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundMillions of Ethiopian people cook with biomass fuels using traditional stoves, releasing harmful pollutants and contributing to a significant public health crisis. Improved stoves offer a potential escape route, but their effectiveness needs close scrutiny. This study delves into the impact of chimney-fitted stoves on kitchen PM2.5 concentrations in rural Ethiopian households. MethodWe conducted a randomized controlled trial with 86 households equally divided (1:1 ratio) between intervention and control groups. The 24-h average kitchen PM2.5 concentrations was measured using Particle and Temperature Sensor (PATS+) at baseline and after intervention. All relevant sociodemographic and cooking related characteristics were collected at baseline and dynamic characteristics were updated during air monitoring visits. Three distinct statistical models, including independent sample t-tests, paired sample t-tests and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software for Windows (v 24.0). ResultAt baseline, the average 24-h kitchen PM2.5 concentrations were 482 μg/m3 (95% CI: 408, 557) for the control and 405 μg/m3 (95% CI: 318, 492) for the intervention groups. Despite remaining elevated at 449 μg/m3 (95% CI: 401, 496) in the control group, PM2.5 concentrations reduced to 104 μg/m3 (95% CI: 90,118) in the intervention group, indicating a statistically significant difference (t = 6.97, p < 0.001). All three statistical analyses delivered remarkably consistent results, estimating a PM2.5 reductions of 74% with the before-and-after approach, 76% when comparing groups, and 74% for difference in difference analysis. Beyond the overall reduction, homes with primary school completed women, larger kitchens, smaller family size, and those specifically baking Injera (the traditional energy-intensive staple food), witnessed even greater drops in PM2.5 levels. ConclusionPregnant women in our study encountered dangerously high PM2.5 exposures in their kitchens. While the intervention achieved a significant PM2.5 reductions, unfortunately remained above the WHO's safe limit, highlighting the need for further interventions.

The making and re-making of administrative regions in Ethiopia, 1907-2018: policy changes and continuities

ABSTRACT Ethiopia is one of the places in the ancient world where state formation took place, with its distinct cultural and technological advancements. Ethiopia has experienced the making and re-making of administrative regions several times in its long history. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to document the policy changes and continuities that were prevalent in the making and re-making of administrative regions in Ethiopia from 1907 to 2018. The researchers employed a qualitative research approach in the sense that both primary and secondary data were collected through document analysis and semi-structured interviews of key informants. This was followed by the selection, organization, and cross-checking of the data before it was analyzed and presented on paper. The findings of this study showed that, since the establishment of the Ministry of Interior in 1907, the rulers of Ethiopia formulated administrative policy/guideline based on their own administrative and political motives with which the country’s administrative regions were organized and reorganized. The administrative regions of the country showed little or no change from 1962 to 1991. A major shift in the administrative policy of the country, however, came about during the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) rule from 1991 to 2018.

Imprisonment for South Ethiopian people living with HIV presents a double health burden: lived experiences of prisoners.

Optimal adherence is crucial for ensuring both therapeutic and preventative benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Sub-optimal adherence is common in prisoners and little information is available about its predisposing circumstances in resource-limited settings. We explored lived experiences of inmates living with HIV (ILWH) and experiential accounts of service providers in South Ethiopia to identify barriers to and facilitators of HIV care use in the prison context. We conducted qualitative in-depth interviewing with eleven ILWH and eleven service providers. Audio recorded interview data were transcribed verbatim in Amharic language, translated into English and coded based on emerging concepts. We employed a descriptive phenomenological approach to abstract meaning attributed to the prisoners' lived experiences in relation to HIV care use and service providers' experiential account regarding care provision as presented to our consciousness. Several concepts emerged as barriers to HIV care use amongst ILWH in South Ethiopia including: limited access to standard care, insufficient health staff support, uncooperative security system, loss of patient privacy, a lack of status disclosure due to social stigma, and food supply insufficiency. In addition to a unique opportunity offered by an imprisonment for some ILWH to refrain from health damaging behaviours, the presence of social support in the prison system facilitated care use. This study identified important structural and social contexts that can both hinder and enhance HIV care use amongst ILWH in South Ethiopia. Given the disproportionate burden of HIV in prisoners and the potential of transmission to others during and after incarceration, development of contextually-responsive strategies is required to address the barriers and to also strengthen the enablers.

The Party System in Ethiopia

Abstract Political parties and their internal working policy and pattern of interactions have a profound impact on the operation of federations and the character of intergovernmental relations (IGR). By using the Ethiopian party system as a case study, this article aims to explore the impacts of party ideology, structure and style of functioning on the overall operation of a federation and the (de)institutionalisation of intergovernmental relations. It shows that the party structure, internal practices and ideological conviction of two parties—the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) and the Prosperity Party (PP)—have shaped and reshaped the functioning of the Ethiopian federation and the dynamics of vertical and horizontal relations. At the same time, constitutional and IGR principles have been sidelined. There is a need to entrench stable and formal IGR frameworks for negotiation, the exchange of information and co-operation between federal and sub-state institutions. Reducing excessive reliance on the party line is essential to optimise the regularity, continuity and effectiveness of the interactions.

Statehood exercises in Ethiopia and their jurisprudential significance: clarifying normative hurdles and addressing empirical challenges

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the unconditional right to self-determination claim of ethnic groups under the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) Constitution, and how the demands for statehood have been handled since 2018. Using the Sidama and South-Western Ethiopian Peoples (SWEP) statehood exercise, this paper highlights the main issues and challenges concerning the process of claiming and achieving internal statehood. These include the principles of who has the right to vote in a statehood referendum, the matter of ethnic clustering to claim statehood, protecting the rights of minorities, the challenge of merging geographically distant Nations, Nationalities and Peoples (NNPs) into states, the transfer of power to the new state, and the division of assets and liabilities once a statehood claim is approved. It concludes that whilst the Constitution is flexible and allows for innovation, the Sidama and SWEP experiences demonstrate that it is now time for a review of the Constitution.

Political reform and religious violence in some Ethiopian regions since 2018: Evidence from Sidama, Somali, and Oromo

In the post-1991 period, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front clearly endorsed the separation of state and religion. More importantly, the government is obliged to deliver equal protection for the peaceful worshiping and well-being of religious institutions. However, there is little or no protection given to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Christians, specifically in the post 2018 political transition. Therefore, this study examines the most devastating and selective murdering and slaughtering of Orthodox Christians and the demolition of the church a few months after a new governmental transition took place in April 2018. To do so, this paper applied the theory of “religious victimization” to analyze the interplay between the so-called political reform and religious practice since 2018. In this respect, a qualitative research approach with a case research design was used: ten in-depth interviews, three focus group discussions, field observations, and secondary sources analysis. According to the findings, thematic analysis was applied by arranging items in the team based on their similarities. The results of the study also revealed that there were mass killings and demolition of orthodox Christian properties in the Ethio-Somalia, Oromia, and Sidama regions of Ethiopia. Vandalism was supposed to be systematic and well-planned. In this study, the researchers strongly recommend that the government identify intervention strategies to stop the atrocities of Ethiopian Christians.

Isolation and Molecular Detection of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida from Clinically Pneumonic Pasteurellosis Cases of Bonga Sheep Breed and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Tests in Selected Areas of Southwest Ethiopian Peoples Regional State, Ethiopia.

Pneumonic pasteurellosis is a respiratory system disease of sheep caused by Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Bibersteinia trehalosi responsible for the low productivity and economic loss resulting from death and treatment costs. This study was conducted to isolate and molecularly detect causative agents and antibiotic susceptibility tests from a nasal swab sample of the Bonga sheep breed that was suspected to have pneumonic pasteurellosis in selected areas of Southwest Ethiopian Peoples Regional State. A cross-sectional study design was used along with purposive sampling of nasal swab samples from sheep that were brought to veterinary clinics during the study period. Bacterial isolation and phenotypic characterization were carried out using microbiological and biochemical tests that followed standard microbiological techniques. To molecularly confirm the isolates, PHSSA and KMT1, species-specific PCR primer genes were used. Using the disc diffusion method, molecularly confirmed isolates were subjected to an in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test. The 85 samples that were scrutinized had an overall isolation rate of 31.76%, whereas the isolates of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica had species compositions of 40.7% and 59.25%, respectively. Overall, 12.5% of the Mannheimia haemolytica and 18.18% of the Pasteurella multocida species were verified from phenotypical isolates using the species-specific PCR primer genes PHSSA and KMT1, respectively. An in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out on all four PCR-confirmed isolates for seven commonly used antibiotics used to treat ovine pasteurellosis in the study area. It was found that both bacterial species were resistant to chloramphenicol and penicillin G. Using phenotypic and molecular diagnostic techniques, the results of our current inquiry revealed that Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica are the causative agents of ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis in the study area.

Media and Politics of Representation: A Critical Decolonial Analysis of the Protests Against Addis Ababa’s Integrated Master Plan

ABSTRACT This study explores both the coloniality of knowledge and politics of representation and the dominant political ideologies manifested within the Ethiopian Brodcasting Corporation (EBC). It also deepens media coverage of protests by interrogating how the media in Ethiopia construct knowledge and negotiate politics of representation in every aspect of the political scene. The study employed an exploratory case study research design through the lens of decolonial epistemic theory to scrutinise the mass media coverage of protests deployed in the EBC. This study mainly discusses the colonial matrix of power, dominant discourses and their ideologies in EBC regarding protest representation against Addis Ababa’s Integrated Master Plan (AAIMP). The study extends its argument to how decolonisation occurs in the struggle for economic control through the land-grabbing political system of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) government of Ethiopia. The study’s central argument regards AAIMP’s goal to annex the neighbouring Oromia regions, proposed in 2014. Through this colonial matrix, as emphasised by the work of Tlostanova and Mignolo, the study elaborates on how the government imposes restrictions on the media representation of protests and how and why the media partially or fully ignore or distort the coverage of social movements.

Industrialization of Indigenous Food (Kurkufa and Qitta) Preparation

This project can cover some of the basic principles needed for a successful food processing implementations, as well as some of the most important features of industrialization of indigenous kurkufa and qitta processing operations. It includes both the physical facility, that is, the structure and supporting utilities, as well as the process. In light of the variety found in the food processing industry, it is necessary to consider the general principles that might apply across the potential range of applications. The instruments for the product industrialization which can be implemented in phases, depending on the experience of trained professionals, are the means for putting these concepts into practice. The focus of the industrialization of indigenous kurkufa &amp; qitta manufacturing is mostly on sanitary sanitation design because it has consumer drive power, environmental petition control mechanisms &amp; production equipment &amp; procedures that are feasible. Once a process has been designed, it is frequently mathematically &amp; physically simulated to study parameters &amp; define operating conditions. The capacity to effectively replicate a process indicates that it is well understood, which is especially comforting when implementing a new or current process at a larger scale. Kurkufa &amp; qitta processes must always be carefully monitored &amp; documented, even if it is not mandated by law. Computer automation is now commonly used to support HACCP programs &amp; to combine manufacturing with quality controls. The processing, industrialization &amp; distribution of indigenous kurkufa &amp; qitta via the OHS management system is another key working principle option of safety &amp; quality controls. Kurkufa &amp; qitta are indigenous products both made from maize flour which is binded with cassava root flour during dough development, were being popular traditional dishes among the Alle people of Ethiopia's Southern region's Alle zone. Moreover, qitta which is a traditional Ethiopian bread, is a basic nutritional item that dates back to the Ethiopian people's history &amp; is created by baking on a clay pan. It is one of the most widely consumed foods in human history &amp; for some, it is sole source of nutrition. However, the boost &amp; control of kurkufa &amp; qitta production &amp; distribution via tracking &amp; traceability mechanism has not been employed as a tool in food manufacturing systems. Therefore, kurkufa &amp; qitta are among Ethiopia's traditional foods that should be upgraded to industrialization in order to increase supply in response to rising food demand owing to population growth.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) as Revealed by Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers.

Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) is currently one of the potential oilseeds dedicated to the production for biofuel and other bio-industrial applications. The crop is assumed to be native to Ethiopia where a number of diversified B. carinata germplasms are found and conserved ex situ. However, there is very limited information on the genetic diversity and population structure of the species. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of B. carinata genotypes of different origins using high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. We used Brassica 90K Illumina InfiniumTM SNP array for genotyping 90 B. carinata genotypes, and a total of 11,499 informative SNP markers were used for investigating the population structure and genetic diversity. The structure analysis, principal coordinate analysis (PcoA) and neighbor-joining tree analysis clustered the 90 B. carinata genotypes into two distinct subpopulations (Pop1 and Pop2). The majority of accessions (65%) were clustered in Pop1, mainly obtained from Oromia and South West Ethiopian People (SWEP) regions. Pop2 constituted dominantly of breeding lines and varieties, implying target selection contributed to the formation of distinct populations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a higher genetic variation (93%) within populations than between populations (7%), with low genetic differentiation (PhiPT = 0.07) and poor correlation between genetic and geographical distance (R = 0.02). This implies the presence of gene flow (Nm > 1) and weak geographical structure of accessions. Genetic diversity indices showed the presence of moderate genetic diversity in B. carinata populations with an average genetic diversity value (HE = 0.31) and polymorphism information content (PIC = 0.26). The findings of this study provide important and relevant information for future breeding and conservation efforts of B. carinata.

Oromo Tarih Yazımının Bazı Yönleri ve Etiyopya Siyasi Yönelimleri (16-21. Yüzyıllar)

This article investigates the Oromo historiography vis-a-vis the Ethiopian political orientations, 16th-21st centuries. Oral and written sources and the researchers’ empirical knowledge have been analyzed qualitatively to produce this work. Ethiopian history has centered on the north, Semitic and elitist revolving around politics. For so long, Oromo historiography has been a neglected object though the Oromo are the largest ethnic group in the Horn of Africa. This study is thus undertaken to portray how far and in what way the Oromo have been studied historically. The study shows that social, economic, and cultural studies of the Ethiopian people have been neglected even after professional history was launched in Ethiopia in 1963. The Oromo historiography has not only been neglected but also distorted, prejudiced, and exposed to controversy. Recent studies however have been trying to redress these imbalances. This is however far from enough and popular history should be given more attention.

Ethnocentrism vis-à-vis Ethiopian Nationalism as Reflected in Yismake’s Novels, &lt;i&gt;Därtogada&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Kïbur Dïngay&lt;/i&gt;

This paper was intended to make a critical analysis on the state of ethnocentrism and pan-Ethiopian ideology during the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) regime as reflected in Yismake Worku’s two Amharic novels which are titled Därtogada (2009) and Kïbur Dïngay (2013) respectively. Van Dijk’s (1995; 1998) and Wodak’s (2009; 2017) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) theories were employed to make the critical analysis. The finding of the study revealed that the ethnocentric political system employed during the EPRDF’s period has been serving as a fertile and legitimate ground for the proliferation of tribal ideology at the expense of pan-Ethiopian ideology. In the two Amharic novels, the ethnic political system is portrayed as a perilous tool via which Ethiopia’s future existence as a unified whole is in question mark. This inspired a strong nationwide mass movement to avoid such a divisive political thought on the one hand and to promote Ethiopian nationalism on the other.