Ethical Point Of View Research Articles

Enjeux éthiques de la chirurgie de réassignation sexuelle

Gender reassignment raises complex ethical issues. It questions gender identity and the right to self-determination. Some highlight the right to access the medical care necessary to live according to one's perceived gender. Others worry about the potential rush into major medical decisions, especially among minors. The need for a medical diagnosis of gender dysphoria can be seen as pathologizing. The requirement for surgery for marital status change, while not mandatory in many places, remains controversial. The balance between informed consent and access to treatment, as well as stigma and discrimination, contribute to the complexity of ethical issues. Finally, the issues surrounding the competence of health professionals, the quality of care and the integration of individual needs make these decisions particularly sensitive from an ethical point of view.

Why Are Companies Too Creative in Accounting? An Empirical Study in Slovakia

Why Are Companies Too Creative in Accounting? An Empirical Study in Slovakia

The Problem of Universal Digitalization in the Mirror of Russian Audiovisual Orthodox Media (On the Example of the Spas TV Channel)

This scientific work is devoted to explaining how the problem of digitalization is understood in the broadcast of Russian audiovisual Orthodox media. Religious, in particular Orthodox, mass media are aimed at understanding events and processes from a value-worldview perspective: by determining the position of the media in relation to digitalization, it is possible to identify an assessment of the phenomenon from an ethical point of view. According to the author, the most representative TV channel is Spas (more specifically, the program Glavnoye (The Main Thing). The paper is aimed at determining which manifestations of digitalization in the life of society and man are discussed in the channel’s program, how the TV channel assesses the universal introduction of digital technologies. It is supposed to study the semantic content of the program, therefore, the main method of research is the analysis of media texts (journalistic materials of the TV channel).As a result of the study, it turned out that such manifestations of digitalization as the Internet and cyberspace, urban video surveillance systems, biometrics, unified databases, artificial intelligence, chipization of the population and digital learning are being analyzed by program. The journalists of Spas do not give an unambiguous assessment of digital transformation. The following position is stated on the air: like any phenomenon, digitalization produces both positive and negative effects. Transformations can represent improvements in response to modern challenges. How[1]ever, at the same time, it is necessary to take into account the potential and real threats that digitalization poses to a person and society. In the virtual environment, such problems as the security of personal information and personal space, the effectiveness of digital education in comparison with the classical face-to-face, the cybercivilization practice advance of the regulatory framework development and the need to regulate the legislation of the Russian Federation to stop the processes taking place in the gray legal zone are becoming more acute. Cyberspace is a new sphere of human habitation, where maximum security, including privacy, should be ensured in the absence of excessive control.

Artifical intelligence use in orthopedics: an ethical point of view.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being utilized in orthopedics practice. Ethical concerns have arisen alongside marked improvements and widespread utilization of AI. Patient privacy, consent, data protection, cybersecurity, data safety and monitoring, bias, and accountability are some of the ethical concerns.

Ethics of Quantum Computing: an Outline

This paper intends to contribute to the emerging literature on the ethical problems posed by quantum computing and quantum technologies in general. The key ethical questions are as follows: Does quantum computing pose new ethical problems, or are those raised by quantum computing just a different version of the same ethical problems raised by other technologies, such as nanotechnologies, nuclear plants, or cloud computing? In other words, what is new in quantum computing from an ethical point of view? The paper aims to answer these two questions by (a) developing an analysis of the existing literature on the ethical and social aspects of quantum computing and (b) identifying and analyzing the main ethical problems posed by quantum computing. The conclusion is that quantum computing poses completely new ethical issues that require new conceptual tools and methods.

Old Age and Frailty in Deceased Organ Transplantation and Allocation-A Plea for Geriatric Assessment and Prehabilitation.

Due to demographic ageing and medical progress, the number and proportion of older organ donors and recipients is increasing. At the same time, the medical and ethical significance of ageing and old age for organ transplantation needs clarification. Advanced age is associated with the frailty syndrome that has a negative impact on the success of organ transplantation. However, there is emerging evidence that frailty can be modified by suitable prehabilitation measures. Against this backdrop, we argue that decision making about access to the transplant waiting list and the allocation of donor organs should integrate geriatric expertise in order to assess and manage frailty and impairments in functional capacity. Prehabilitation should be implemented as a new strategy for pre-operative conditioning of older risk patients' functional capacity. From an ethical point of view, advanced chronological age per se should not preclude the indication for organ transplantation and the allocation of donor organs.

Sexual assistance as a form of support for the sexual needs of people with physical disabilities in Japan

The sexuality of people with disabilities has long been a taboo. The most controversial, mainly from an ethical point of view, is sexual assistance, which in many countries around the world is not only allowed, but also financed by the government. The aim of the article is to look at this form of supporting sexual needs and learn how sexual assistants function in Japan. Attention is drawn to the presentation of two non-governmental organisations: White Hands and Noir, which support and improve the quality of life of men with physical disabilities.

Пологи в пограничні терміни життєздатності: досвід Перинатального центру м. Києва

The article discusses the main medical consequences of extreme prematurity, the contradictions of the medical and ethical point of view of raising such children. There are differences in the term of viability in different countries and different institutions of obstetric care. The measures of resuscitation care provided to extremely premature newborns, as well as the potential consequences of the survival of those born in extreme terms - motor and cognitive disorders, impaired vision and hearing, and socialization - are considered. Purpose - to determine the viable period in the conditions of the Kyiv Perinatal Center based on the results of 2014-2022 and to formulate the principles of providing assistance to women in labor and newborns of this category. Materials and methods. The indicators of neonatal mortality in the Perinatal Center of Kyiv for the years 2014-2022 at birth at 22-26 weeks, as well as the prevalence of severe health disorders during further observation, were analyzed. A comparison of these indicators with global data was made. Results. Analysis of neonatal mortality rates showed that at the beginning of the work of the Perinatal Center, the term of viability was above the limit of 26 weeks, in 2013 it shifted to the limit of 26 weeks, and in 2014 to 25 weeks, remaining there even now. This term is shorter than in Ukraine as a whole, i.e. transferring a pregnant woman with unavoidable very early premature birth to a tertiary center optimizes the results for the child. Monitoring of the further development of such newborns showed that at 22-23 weeks 10 out of 10 newborns, at 24 weeks - 8 out of 10, at 25 weeks - 6 out of 10, and at 26 weeks - 5 out of 10 have serious health disorders. A detailed description of the activities of the Perinatal management clinical group is provided extremely premature births, which provides high-risk patients with delivery before 27 weeks of counseling in decision-making regarding neonatal resuscitation, as well as rehabilitation after reproductive losses. Conclusions. The gestational period of viability in the Perinatal Center is 25 weeks. According to the Perinatal Center, the frequency of severe health disorders in extremely premature babies ranges from 100% at 22 weeks to 50% at 26 weeks. Implementation of the policy of Perinatal management of extremely premature births allows to observe the ethical principles of autonomy and justice when providing care to a newborns. The Perinatal Center of Kyiv operates a full cycle of providing assistance to women with very early premature births - from observing ethical principles in providing assistance to newborns to psychological rehabilitation after reproductive loss and planning the next pregnancy. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION AND THE GLOBAL ETHICS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES TOWARDS PEACE EDUCATION IN INDONESIA

The world has many problems, economic interests, chaos, and wars. Man needs a binder to prevent man (countries) from being able to do something that only benefits himself and harms others. Thus, global ethics as a minimalist ethic is needed in this world. The goal is that there be peace and order. This article aims to construct an idea of creating peaceful education through Islamic Religious Education with a global ethical perspective. This research confirms that the main points of global ethics are relevant to Islamic religious education in Indonesia regarding Islamic teachings and Government Regulations. The integration of global ethics in Islamic Religious Education can be implemented in Indonesia. On the other hand, there are challenges to integrating global ethics in learning; how can teachers provide students with an understanding of the universal values of global ethics in Indonesia context of a plural society? The leading global ethics precepts must be included in the Islamic religious education curriculum at the basic, secondary, and higher levels. This study is devoted to developing a rudimentary idea of Islamic religious education from a global ethical standpoint. As a result, additional research on Islamic religious education from a global ethical viewpoint is required.

Why are spreading deceptive political conspiracy theories ethically wrong?

Conspiracy theories in expert circles generally have a bad reputation, which is conditioned by the fact that according to some studies, the spread of conspiracy theories has a number of negative consequences: it increases society's indifference to politics, distrust of science etc. However, there are some other researchers who believe that the spread of conspiracy theories has positive effects: it increases the accountability of authorities, contributes to the disclosure of hidden conspiracies, and, in general, is an indicator of the transparency of society. Therefore, attempts by state institutions to prevent the spread of such theories can lead to even more negative consequences. This article analyzes these two approaches to the problem and argues that the dissemination of conspiracy theories is ethically wrong mainly in cases when we are dealing with deceptive political conspiracy theories. These are deceptive, misleading theories that certain political groups use to serve their political agenda. From an ethical point of view, the wrongness of spreading deceptive political conspiracy theories is based on the fact that as a kind of fake news, they mislead and harm society, are mainly used by populist and authoritarian politicians to polarize various social groups, justify their illegitimate actions, and reject the principle of equality among members of society.

Pencabulan Anak Dalam Perspektif Hukum Pidana

Obscenity is a violation of children's rights and there is no argument that can justify this crime, both from a moral, ethical and religious point of view, especially the criminal act of obscenity committed against the accused and minors. The purpose of this research is to find out the criminal law perspective on child abuse. The research method used is normative legal research. Criminal law has an important role in protecting children, providing sanctions for perpetrators, and providing protection and rehabilitation for victims. The legal system must provide effective protection mechanisms, including the provision of legal aid, identity secrets, and escorting victims during the legal process.

Cenotaph and Tumulus – Ethics and Memory. The Micronovel Dora Bruder by Patrick Modiano and the Fiction of Herta Müller

"The present study approaches the micro-novel Dora Bruder by Patrick Modiano from the perspective of memory (and post-memory) which, through documentary work, restores the identity of the victims definitively annulled by the Nazi regime (victims who have no grave). Our hypothesis is that Modiano is building a literary cenotaph for Dora Bruder. For her part, Herta Müller tries, in at least two of her novels (The Land of Green Plums and The Appointment), to build for the victims of the Securitate (the Political Police in Communist Romania, during the neo-Stalinist regime under Nicolae Ceaușescu), a memorial, a literary tumulus. In this case, it is about victims who have a grave, but the author is building a second grave from an ethical point of view."

Ethical and scientific considerations when making decisions to euthanise companion animals

Euthanasia is a highly controversial issue in human society. In the field of veterinary medicine, there are guidelines that are intended to assist with the decision-making around euthanasia and reduce the possible ethical and moral conflicts involved with these situations. In this review, we have collected the existing information that allows veterinarians to better understand the factors surrounding the practice of euthanasia. Specific literature on topics such as the pathophysiology of pain in animals, clinical situations that could lead to a decision to euthanise an animal, possible ethical and moral conflicts, the management of emotions by animal tutors, etc. This article provides a general and practical overview of this potentially complex issue for the benefit of students, veterinarians, and the general public from both an ethical and medical point of view, and covers the fundamental concepts and notions that can facilitate decision-making concerning the euthanasia of animals. Ethical practices in veterinary medicine and the correct application of animal welfare principals are central to making such decisions responsibly.

Demarginalizing the Margins: Gender, Agency, and Nostalgia for French Algeria in Carnets d’Orient (Jacques Ferrandez, 2011)

Representations of the Other, particularly the racialized and gendered Other remains problematic for many artists, particularly in the context of representing aspects of French colonialism. This is notably the case for French pied-noir artists who set out to retrospectively tell the history of colonial Algeria. Jacques Ferrandez, a francophone pied-noir graphic novelist, published his series Carnets d’Orient between 1987 and 2009. In the second cycle, there is one single, recurring female Algerian character named Samia who will be the focus of this article. A close analysis of Samia’s representation illustrates the degrees to which the artist exploits the medium’s specificities in order to influence the message received by their readers. The reader is required to be an active co-creator and becomes implicated from an ethical point of view in that they are asked to reflect critically on their own subjectivity and biases. In the case of Carnets d’Orient, while a reading in which the Algerian woman’s agency is foregrounded is possible, we will see that instead of giving a voice to the female Algerian character, the white male pied-noir author uses her to voice a plaintive nostalgia for an Algeria which according to some “could have been.”

ETHICAL PROBLEMS OF USING PUSH-POLLS IN MARKETING RESEARCH IN THE POLITICAL MARKET

Thepurpose of political marketing research is to measure the electoral sentiments of voters, which are formed in the process of using various tools of influence. Critical from the ethical point of view of conducting marketing research in the political marketis their use as a tool to influence the consciousness and electoral mood of voters. Under the current conditions of marketing development, researching the needs of consumers, competitors, and macroenvironmental factors is extremely important for further planning of the company's activities. Marketing research, in addition to the fact that it should help in making effective management decisions, can be used by unscrupulous customers for various manipulations. For example, in the conditions of the industrialgoods market, such manipulations are practically unreal, because each of the participants systematically makes purchasing decisions and is very well acquainted with both the market participants and the technical and functional characteristics of the goodsthat are the subject of procurement. In the political market, the "purchase of goods" is carried out regularly, but with large time intervals (once every 4 or 5 years), which, given the unformed political culture, creates extremely favorable conditions for the use of various manipulations and technologies to influence the voter (consumer of political goods).The main methods of the conducted research are the analysis, generalization and processing of information obtained as a result of sociological research conducted by the Batkivshchyna party, the sociological company Rating, the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, and the Razumkov Center. The method of correlation analysis was also used to identify the relationship between the poll results and the actual voting results. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the use of manipulative technologies in the process of conducting marketing political research in the conditions of the pre-election process is ineffective and difficult to predict from the point of view of the final result. Thus, it can be argued that the Ukrainian voter is influenced by a complex of marketing and technological means and techniques, and individual efforts do not bring the desired result

Responsibility and decision-making authority in using clinical decision support systems: an empirical-ethical exploration of German prospective professionals’ preferences and concerns

Machine learning-driven clinical decision support systems (ML-CDSSs) seem impressively promising for future routine and emergency care. However, reflection on their clinical implementation reveals a wide array of ethical challenges. The...

Ethical Procedures in Scientific Research

This work has as its theme the ethical procedures of research and aims to provide a framework of practical guidelines to ensure the protection of all actors involved in the development of scientific knowledge, particularly at the stage of research design and project.
 This is a theoretical reflection on the ethical dimension of data collection practices and the limits that the researcher should consciously attend to in the scientific research process. For this reflection, I carried out a literature review and a document analysis of several legal documents, highlighting the European directive on data protection. This led to several questions, namely: what documents should be ensured in the research project design process? What is the scope of informed consent and how can anonymity and confidentiality of data be preserved? These and other questions are answered in a thoughtful way for those who understand that there is no science without ethics, nor ethics without conscience.
 Here the hermeneutic method is the natural choice because it allows the interpretation of questions related to values and principles that must be contextualized. This interpretative analysis requires asking questions related to duty, but also to the norm or law. With this questioning it is hoped that the reader will understand in a systematized way the ethical procedures of research and will be able to draw on a documentary listing of the ethical point of view that will protect the informants, but also the researcher himself and affiliating institutions or participants.

The Neo-Platonic Christianity of C. S. Lewis

I shall attempt to show how Lewis’s fusion of Platonism with Christianity gives rise to his belief, metaphysically speaking, that the physical universe is not all there is but, rather, “transposes” (as he terms it) a greater non-physical or spiritual reality and is, as such, part of a divinely-ordained, orderly, and purposeful scheme of things. I shall also argue that for Lewis, epistemologically speaking, knowledge of this grand design and the place of humans therein is conveyed not through the human senses, at least as these are conventionally conceived, but, rather, through our higher reason, which is capable of objective insight into the true nature of reality. I shall conclude by contending that Lewis believes, from an ethical, social, and political point of view, that well-doing and well-being at both the individual and collective levels are attained through a combination of wisdom as to the true nature of things, the courage to act in accordance with this knowledge, the moderation of self-interest in the form of the surrender of one’s individual will to God’s, and, last but not least, justice in the form of a hierarchy of functions both within the soul and without.

Against Authority: The Bioethics of Ivermectin Use for COVID-19 Infection.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought new ethical challenges to both health care professionals and the general public. Among the ethical problems amplified during this period were the making of medical decisions to quickly introduce some drugs into therapeutic practice with unproven or insufficiently proven effects (such as ivermectin), the validity of drug testing, and the allocation of limited resources. The COVID-19 pandemic brought to the attention of the entire scientific world a new problem, which exceeded the guidelines and rules known until then. Out of the desire to quickly solve this medical problem, a series of measures were taken, however not sufficiently validated in scientific terms; the recommendations regarding the use of drugs known for their properties to treat a greater number of conditions, such as ivermectin, was tried. A narrative review of the specialized literature was carried out using keywords such as COVID-19, ivermectin, ethics, and off-label medication from Scopus and Google Scholar but also of official documents developed at the international level (World Health Organization). The off-label use of ivermectin alone or in combination with other medications during COVID pandemic raised problems related to the demonstration of its effectiveness, but also to ethics, starting from the expectations that both the medical staff and the population had of it. Ivermectin therapy was also evaluated by analyzing the behavior of ivermectin based on ethical principles (nonmaleficence, beneficence, and respect for one's autonomy) or on justice. Even in times of pandemic, exceptionalism must not triumph, and finding an effective treatment must be done through studies that respect ethical standard. The failures or rather lack of success in decision making during the pandemic showed that alongside scientific knowledge and the development of health policies, it is necessary to constantly evaluate the measures and decisions from an ethical point of view, and the prevention of slippages and abuses is not only necessary but even mandatory.

Literature Review and Analysis of Workplace Counseling and Mental health in Taiwan

<p>諮商心理理論與實務在企業中實踐員工諮商與心理健康。本研究旨在回顧台灣地區企業員工諮商與心理健康文獻，有助於了解台灣企業員工諮商與心理健康研究的發展背景。本研究採用文獻回顧分析了解台灣地區有關企業員工諮商與心理健康迄今的研究成果，探討重要研究變項。研究資料來源為「台灣期刊論文索引系統」、「華藝資料庫」，以企業諮商、員工協助方案、職場心理健康等關鍵字進行資料搜尋，迄2022年4月止，符合本研究目的的論文共51筆。研究結果顯示：(一) 研究類別依序為諮商輔導與教育心理類 (73％)、管理與勞工安全類 (20%)、醫療與健康類（8%）。(二) 研究方法依序為文獻回顧（35%）、實務應用 (27%)、質性 (22%)、量化 (12%)、質量混合 (4%)，研究內容包含企業員工諮商對員工工作效率影響、職場心理健康等。(三) 論文發表以2016-2021年期間發表量占總論文數量之42%為最高。(四) 51篇論文中僅有8篇量化研究，且多著重在壓力來源的探討與員工諮商使用意願調查，未將員工諮商與員工請假或生產力變化做連結；13篇質性研究中有5篇均提及企業諮商師的倫理觀點由單一案主轉移至雙重案主，最大的挑戰在於如何兼顧個案守密倫理原則與提供企業主諮商效益的數據化分析。(五) 在台灣，企業員工諮商與心理健康實證研究多以質性訪談為主，較少量化分析，且分析結果多與員工主觀滿意感受相關，未與員工請假時數或生產力等客觀數字作關聯分析。本研究除了將51筆企業員工諮商與心理健康文獻做描述性統計之分析外，同時整理了其中8篇量化研究（包含2篇質量混合研究）之量化研究方法及研究結果提供未來研究之參考。</p> <p> </p><p>Applying the theories and methods of counseling psychology in an enterprise is the core of workplace counseling and mental health. Reviewing related research on workplace counseling and mental health can facilitate understanding the development of workplace counseling and mental health research in Taiwan. This study adopted the literature review to understand the research results of workplace counseling and mental health in Taiwan. The key words of workplace counseling, employee assistance programs, and workplace mental health were used to conduct the search in the " Index to Taiwan Periodical Literature System" and "Airiti Library". Up until April 2022, there were 51 papers that matched the purpose of the study and were thus selected and analyzed. The results indicated that: (1) The research categories are counseling and education (73%), management and labor safety (20%), medical care and health (8%). (2) The research methods are literature review (35%), practical application (27%), qualitative research (22%), quantitative research (12%), and mixed methods research (4%). The contents of workplace counseling involved employee work efficiency, mental health, etc. (3) The papers on workplace counseling and mental health with the period of 2016 to 2021 accounting for 42% of all 51 papers. (4) Among the 51 papers, there are only 8 quantitative studies, and most of them focus on the discussion of the source of stress and the survey of employees’ willingness to use counseling. They do not link employee counseling with employees’ leave or productivity changes, 5 of the 13 qualitative studies mentioned that the ethical viewpoint of business counselors has shifted from a single client to dual client. The biggest challenge for workplace counselors were how to balance the ethical principles of client confidentiality and the benefits of counseling for business owners. (5) In Taiwan, most of the empirical researches on workplace counseling and mental health were based more on qualitative interviews than on quantitative analysis, the analysis results were based on personal feelings of employees’ satisfaction, and no analysis was conducted concerning objective factors such as employee absent hours or productivity. In addition to the descriptive statistical analysis of 51 corporate consultation documents, this study also sorted out the quantitative research methods and research results of 8 quantitative studies (including 2 qualitative mixed studies) to provide reference for future research. According to these findings, detailed results and suggestions for further research were discussed.</p> <p> </p>