Moral Views Research Articles

METHODS OF TEACHING FAIRY TALES IN KINDERGARTEN

Fairy tales are one of the genres that continue to be passed down in the oral literature of all peoples, transitioning from father to son, from elder to younger. This is a form of oral literature, known to the broad masses of our people for its imagination and artistry. Among the Kyrgyz people, fairy tales have long been considered beloved works of our culture. On the other hand, “walking tales,” which are shorter than “fairy tales,” often appear in the form of folk narratives, and the sequences of stories are also quite simple. While fairy tales are told by talented poets-narrators who are specifically distinguished by their singing talent, walking tales are often shared in everyday life from adults to children. Walking tales are favored by younger school-age children due to their shorter length compared to fairy tales. The core of walking tales revolves around the daily life and social relationships of our people. Customs, ethical and aesthetic views, reality in the surrounding environment, personal life observations, and conclusions can be accepted in such contexts. This article discusses oral folk creativity, fairy tales, their role, and influence on the moral education and thinking of children.

Несвятой «святой Дэйв»: критическая рецепция личности и творчества Дэвида Фостера Уоллеса (обзор)

The review examines the critical reception of David Foster Wallace’s personality and works. A particular attention is paid to the appreciation of David Foster Wallace (1962–2008) in foreign criticism as an intellectual, religious writerphilosopher and a martyr (“Saint Dave”), whose works require deep analysis, and as a writer whose popularity is the result of marketing manipulations and publisher’s work, which has nothing to do with his talent. According to some researchers, it was market specialists who created his iconic image as the most important American writer of the turn of the millennium, and his books are unlikely to become classics. Others consider him the author who caused a “revolution” in literature, being the first to oppose postmodernist ironic and cynical attitudes. The paper reviews books dedicated to Wallace's personality, his religious, ethical and philosophical views, as well as studies based on the archive of David Foster Wallace. Attention is also paid to Russian-language critical works, although it is largely based on the above-mentioned foreign criticism. It is concluded that to a large extent the difference in opinion is caused by the identification of the writer with the man, whose life was complicated by the struggle with addiction and depression, as well as by the analysis of his works based on his personality. It is emphasized that Wallace's works are important for contemporary literature, and they are to be studied objectively, without deifying / demonizing Wallace or elevating him to the ranks of suffering geniuses.

Nuclear energy and our responsibility to future generations

In this paper I will try to reconsider whether the argument of responsibility towards future generations represents plausibile critique of global use of nuclear energy. Nuclear energy is considered one of the possible solutions for overcoming various environmental challenges, due to the fact that it represents an energy source that can provide society with all the necessary amounts of energy for a long time and that does not create unfavorable effects of solid fuel emissions, such as the destruction of the ozone layer and the greenhouse effect. However, from the perspective of responsibility towards future generations, I will try to show how the nuclear industry, due to its irreversibility character, cannot represent the most suitable ecological solution in the present. I will try to further support the plausibility of the argument, addressing human rights as a modern ethical and political view, which bases moral responsibilities towards future generations on the liberal society values, according to which the freedom of individuals and their right to lead a dignified life are respected.

Compte rendu: Unveiling the Depths of Social Innovation: A Journey Through Scholarship and Critique. A review of The Encyclopedia of Social Innovation

It is unclear when, how, or by whom the term “social innovation” was first used. According to Moulaert et al. (2013), the term was coined in Europe in the 1960s. The first book on the subject was published in 1967 by Fairweather, who sought to address social problems through experimental methods and had a reformist and moralistic view of sociology. In Latin America, the terms “appropriate technology” (Caldas & Alves, 2013) and “tecnologia social” (Pozzebon, Souza & Saldanha, 2023) emerged around the same time. These terms were aimed at social development and questioned the role of technology in society, proposing an emancipatory view to create spaces and opportunities that redefine social relations. The term’ social innovation’ has garnered substantial attention in recent academic and empirical research. This is evident in the proliferation of events, exhibitions, and platforms dedicated to discussing and promoting social innovations. The term has also become a prominent keyword in English language scientific research, particularly in business administration, public administration, and public policies, where it supports a wide range of theoretical and ideological positions on the nature of innovation in contemporary society. [...]

Effect of Moral Sensitivity on Green Behavior, Green Economy and Function of Moral Identity, Moral Judgment Mechanisms: Rational Moral View

Effect of Moral Sensitivity on Green Behavior, Green Economy and Function of Moral Identity, Moral Judgment Mechanisms: Rational Moral View

Этические взгляды Л. Д. Троцкого: проблема насилия

Introduction. The article analyzes the problem of substantiating morality in revolutionary activity using the example of L. D. Trotsky’s articles. The relevance of the article is connected with its consideration of ethical ideas, which are largely common to Marxist and generally left-radical philosophy. In addition, the works of L. D. Trotsky that we are considering, for political reasons, entered into free scientific circulation relatively recently, and to date have not received a sufficient amount of versatile academic commentary, primarily philosophical. The purpose of the study is to analyze the position of L. D. Trotsky regarding the use of violence as a means of achieving political goals, to identify the main arguments and principles underlying his approach to this problem, and also to assess its influence on political thought and practice. As a result of the analysis, the authors strive to provide readers with a deeper understanding of the problematic ethical aspects of using violence in politics through the prism of the ideas and views of Leo Trotsky. Methods. The authors use historical and hermeneutic methods. The first allows us to explore the context of the time in which the ethical views of L. D. Trotsky developed, and the second allows us to identify in his texts the basic principles and ideas characteristic of revolutionary radicalism. In addition, general scientific methods were used: analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization, which made it possible to organize the material, identify patterns and draw conclusions based on a comparison of the ethical views of L. D. Trotsky with various ethical systems, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses in these views. Scientific novelty of the research. The authors focus on the problematic substantiation of morality in the articles of L. D. Trotsky, primarily such as “Terrorism and Communism” (1920) and “Their Morality and Ours” (1938, written in exile). At the same time, Western research on this topic is analyzed, as well as the controversy that unfolded between Trotsky and Bertrand Russell. It is noted that based on the statements of F.M. Dostoevsky that building a just society is impossible with the help of immoral means, since the goal can be transformed depending on the methods of achieving it. The problematic nature of the concept of conscience and possible options for its inadequate interpretation are revealed: (1) when it replaces the moral and metaphysical ideal (I. Kant, L. Tolstoy), or (2) it is completely declared a “chimera”, identified with selfish aspirations, the need to capture and retain power, hiding behind some ideals. It is indicated that the second position is characteristic of L. Trotsky, who tried to “morally” justify total revolutionary violence. Results. The authors come to the conclusion that Trotsky’s position is essentially an extremely utilitarian and revolutionary version of Machiavellianism, when, for the sake of an allegedly good goal, it becomes possible to carry out mass repressions, to sacrifice not only people, but also entire nations. It turned out that sworn political opponents, Stalin and Trotsky, assessed the role of violence in politics in a similar way. At the same time, the launched flywheel of violence cannot be stopped so easily; it destroyed Trotsky himself. Nevertheless, the fact that Trotsky addressed this item speaks to the importance of resolving the moral problems associated with revolutionary practice.

Artistic and aesthetic features of the image of the province in modern Ukrainian literature

This study deals with the features of the description of the Province topos in modern Ukrainian prose and the problems of the development of the ideas of geopoetics in Ukrainian literary studies. The subject of the study is the poetic and stylistic parameters of the Province topos in modern Ukrainian prose. Elzhbieta Rybitska’s ideas of structuralism and geopoetics became the intellectual support of this research. The goal is a systematic analysis of the poetic and stylistic parameters of the topos of the Province in the novels “The Servant from Dobromil”, “Enchanted Musicians”, “The Tycoon”, by Halyna Pahutiak, “Voroshilovgrad” by Serhiy Zhadan, and “District D” by Artem Chekh. A combination of structural-typological analysis and conceptual analysis methods in the context of the ideas of geopoetics was chosen for this research. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that it describes three models of understanding the topos of the Province in modern Ukrainian literature, proposes and argues for an aesthetic paradigm of modeling the world and man in the prose works of modern Ukrainian writers in the context of the ideas of structuralism and geopoetics. The study’s results present three models of the topos of the Province. Within the first model, the Province is described as a geographical space in which the opposition of the Center / Province is revealed. The second model is based on myth as a sacred space in which the aggressive Center and the Arcadian and harmonious Province are opposed. The third model is based on post-colonial ideas of the contradiction between colonized cultures and regions, describing the dialogue with the colonial past and images of Own / Strangers. Such theoretical ideas of this article made it possible to analyze the novels by Halyna Pahutiak, “The Servant from Dobromil”, “Enchanted Musicians”, “The Tycoon”, Serhiy Zhadan’s “Voroshilovgrad”, Artem Chekh’s “District D” and describe the features of depicting the topos of the Province in the works of modern Ukrainian writers. Thus, in the novels by Halyna Pahutiak, the topos of the Province are reproduced as a mystical space with symbolic ambivalent images. In this place, the character gets an opportunity for self-discovery and rethinking ethical views. Instead, Serhiy Zhadan’s novel presents the topos of the Province as a space deformed by the Soviet past, a kind of semantic wasteland, abandoned and hostile to the character. In the novel by Artem Chekh, the model of the topos of the Province is embodied as an existential trap from which the character seeks to escape and simultaneously feels both his own and a stranger. The study results prove the productivity of geopoetics for modern Ukrainian literary studies, the perspective of the study of the topos of the Province in particular, and the poetic features of geographical images in artistic works in general.

Лев Выготский: письма к Эмме

Background. The current publication presents the text of three previously unknown letters from L. S. Vygotsky to E.I. Heifetz, which were written by him in 1918, 1920 and 1921. A psychological analysis of the letters was carried out in the context of the author’s life at the time of their writing. Objectives. The goal is to disclose previously unknown aspects regarding the personal and professional development of L.S. Vygotsky. Methods. Analysis of archival documents in comparison with biographical materials from the period of Vygotsky’s life under study. Results. The letters represent a unique source for understanding the experiences and moral and ethical views of the young Vygotsky: in them he provides reflections on his “Life’s Work”, the personal choices and social “sacrifices” required for its realisation and talks about the mystery of personal feelings. The analysis shows how these feelings and Vygotsky’s life views changed over time. Conclusions. The analysed letters, along with characteristics of relationships within the family and in the microsocial environment, reveal the uniqueness of Vygotsky’s self-perception and personal self-determination in his youth.

A Study of the Ethics of Contemporary American Women’s Cinema

Abstract As one of the essential mediums of global cultural communication, American films, especially those involving women’s themes, have played a key role in shaping and transmitting women’s images and ethical concepts. The diversity of women’s roles and deep-seated emotions in contemporary American films with women’s themes is reflected in changes in society’s understanding of women’s status and rights. This paper aims to examine the impact of ethical views presented in contemporary American female-themed films on society and the audience. By collecting and analyzing popular American female-themed films in recent years, it explores ethical issues and the portrayal of women in the movie. Of the 100 films studied, more than 60% present a strong ethical tendency towards female self-identification and autonomous choice, with 40% showing a clear tendency towards gender equality and anti-discrimination. We find that the images of resilience and independence shown by female characters in movies in the face of difficulties and challenges have positively impacted the values and behavioral patterns of predominantly female audiences. Contemporary American women’s films not only reflect the current social concern and exploration of women’s issues, but also promote the public’s awareness of gender equality and women’s rights through the portrayal of diversified and profound women’s images, and provide an essential perspective for the promotion of social progress and the development of cultural pluralism.

ETHICAL AND SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS OF TRANSHUMANISM AND TECHNOLOGIES OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

This paper deals with the impact of transhumanism and the technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on ethics and environment of the emerging society. Transhumanism, with its ideas of radical technological transformation of human being aiming at creating a new being – a hybrid form developed from the fusion of man and machine, with transhuman, as a transi-tional form, and posthuman, as the ultimate stage of the human-machine fusion, brings many controversies and radically affects the position and essence of the human being. The ethics of transhumanism is being manifested through the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which, based on new set of technologies, enables a radical transformation of the human being, requiring the necessity of a new approach to ethics, from the point of view of technological ethics. Technologies within the framework of 4IR bring new, hitherto unimagined challenges that require the entire global community to review current ethics and adopt new measures and tasks for the purpose of redefining, reorganizing and restructuring the relationship between humans and technologies, in the direction of preserving the stable, humanist, holistic sustainable development of human society.

The Ethical Significance of the Consequences of Our Actions: Contemporary Theory of Action, Aquinas, and the Utilitarian Point of View

Human actions have consequences for others and for oneself. The consequences may be positive. They may, however, also be devastating. This is why it is important for the moral evaluation of actions to take their consequences into account. The ethical significance of the consequences may depend on many aspects: From the point of view of action theory, ethicists may distinguish different kinds of consequences, like intended/unintended or foreseen/unforeseen consequences. From the point of view of normative ethics, scholars give different ethical weight to the consequences. This paper tries to combine insights from both disciplines: In section 1, I present a view of the consequences which draws heavily on contemporary theory of action. In section 2, I compare the normative accounts of three exemplary moral philosophers: the act utilitarian theory of John J. C. Smart, the rule utilitarian account of Richard Brandt, and the scholastic approach of Thomas Aquinas. I argue that we should give different moral weight to different kinds of consequences. It is shown that when it comes to complex actions, Aquinas’ account is more sophisticated and has more intuitive support than its utilitarian rivals.

The Necessity and Chance in Aristotle’s Theory of Society and Ethics

This study deals with Aristotle’s ideas on society in the context of his ethical and political philosophy focusing on the question of whether society emerges out of necessity or chance. Since his social philosophy is part of his ideas on society, morality, and politics, to respond to this question it analyzes his ideas on society as interconnected to his moral and political views. Moreover, it explains his ideas on life, soul, and mind exhibiting Aristotle’s perspective on these ideas in his philosophical system. Therefore, the study examines these ideas about his general philosophy concerning discussions about mind, life, human, and politics. Accordingly, it posits that society is the outcome of collective good and happiness, which is achieved through ethical behaviour. This habituation is the very product of politics that occurs through moral behavior whose telos is a just life amongst fellow humans. In this sense, it claims that Aristotle puts forward that society is not the product of either necessity or chance since human actions are neither automatic results of natural laws nor uncontrollable external forces.

Ethical Problems in the Field of Legal Protection of Personal Data

The article is devoted to issues of legal protection and protection of personal data from the point of view of philosophy and ethics; approaches to the protection of personal data in judicial practice in the Russian Federation through the prism of ethics; features of the relationship of legal protection of personal data and ethics; current judicial practice in solving ethical issues in the field of protection of protection of personal data; problems of improving legislation in terms of ethics in the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation on personal data.

ИДЕЯ ЦЕННОСТИ ПРИРОДЫ В БАШКИРСКОМ ЭПОСЕ «УРАЛ-БАТЫР»

The actualization of ecological discourse in modern research is due to the growth of problems in the relationship between man and nature both in the world and in modern Russian society, requiring the involvement of all possible mechanisms in their complex solution, including the study of everything rational and constructive in the cultural and historical heritage of each nation, including its mythopoetic folklore creativity, which it can bring real practical benefits in overcoming the consumer attitude of an individual to his environment and the formation of personal and social ecological culture. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that the value dimension and the significance of the spiritual meanings of the Bashkir epic Ural-Batyr, in particular the proclamation of nature as a value, are revealed for the modern world and man, who are on the verge of an ecological catastrophe today. The purpose of the study: to consider the axiological and ecological components of the ideological ideas of the epic about the Ural Batyr. In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were solved: to identify the spiritual, moral and ecological potential of the epic Ural-Batyr; identify the key environmental imperatives of the legend; and to prove the relevance and significance of the ecological ideas of the epic for modernity. The authors used general scientific and philosophical methods: dialectical, hermeneutic, descriptive, abstraction, generalization, analysis and synthesis within the framework of the socio-cultural approach to the study of the topic and on the basis of the philosophical and axiological interpretation of the text of the epic about the Ural Batyr. These methods, in contrast to the exclusively philological analysis of epic works, the study of their poetics, the system of images, etc., made it possible to identify the spiritual and cultural meanings of the epic, the significance of its ecological imperatives for modernity. Moreover, the philosophical and ethical view of the value aspects of this work, the results obtained and the conclusions drawn about the importance of the ecological ideas of the epic for contemporaries allow us to further project the concept of “nature as value” also to other genres of Bashkir folklore and use their pedagogical potential in the educational process, in particular in the formation of the ecological culture of the individual and society.

Morals and Historical Considerations of Ethics

Objectives: The primary aim of this article is to examine the history of cultural heritage and philosophical thought in Central Asia, utilizing a scientific-theoretical perspective. The focus is on providing a comprehensive understanding of the historical stages of moral development among Central Asian thinkers, emphasizing the significance of these stages based on the principles of historicism.
 
 Methods: The research methodology involves a thorough investigation of the moral heritage of Central Asian people. The study pays special attention to the unique features of moral views held by medieval Central Asian thinkers, highlighting their relevance to independence. The paper explores diverse aspects of socio-philosophical and moral thoughts in Central Asia, emphasizing their pivotal role in shaping and enriching the region's moral heritage.
 
 Results: The findings reveal that the issue of moral heritage extends beyond a global perspective, manifesting distinct characteristics in Central Asia. The article delves into the creative enrichment of views expressed by thinkers and mystics throughout the historical development of moral ideas, incorporating influences from folk art, "Avesta," and Islamic values, including verses from the Qur'an and hadiths. The results affirm that this rich tapestry of moral heritage serves as a solid foundation for the spiritual identity of the region.
 
 Conclusion: The conclusion drawn from the exploration of Central Asian moral heritage underscores the scientific basis of the tradition of succession in glorifying morality within the human values system. The article contends that the issue of morality, central to philosophy and mysticism, remains pertinent in the education of the contemporary young generation. The advanced traditions embedded in the moral heritage, as influenced by the holy book of Islam "Qur'an Karim," "Hadith Sharif," and Sufism teachings, have become a program guiding behavior, education, and personal perfection in the region.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ СВІДОМОСТІ МОЛОДШИХ ШКОЛЯРІВ У ПРОЦЕСІ НАВЧАННЯ ТА ВИХОВАННЯ (НА ОСНОВІ ЕТИЧНИХ ПОГЛЯДІВ ІВАНА ОГІЄНКА)

The article examines aspects of the formation of elements of national conscious-ness of younger schoolchildren in the process of learning the Ukrainian language (on the basis of the ethical views of Ivan Ohiienko); the ways and methods of fostering patriotism of elementary school students and improving the practical preparation of teachers for working with children are outlined; the issue of national-patriotic educa-tion is highlighted, the conditions for the formation of Ukrainian national conscious-ness are indicated; Ivan Ohiienko’s views on the issue of spiritual and moral educa-tion of younger schoolchildren are summarized; the main contradictions aff ecting the upbringing of children are revealed. The topic of the study is devoted to the problem of pedagogical support for the development of elements of national consciousness of elementary school students. In order to solve it, the model of conscious mastery of national values by younger school-children is substantiated. On the basis of this model, the structural components of the system of pedagogical support for the development of the national consciousness of the younger schoolboy’s personality, the conditions for its eff ective functioning, are deter-mined; a complex of factors infl uencing the positive attitude of younger schoolchildren to the values of Ukrainian culture, the hierarchy of motives for their self-formation by students is established; the main theoretical and methodical approaches to the design of the nationally and personally oriented educational process in primary grades are consid-ered; the dynamics of the development of national consciousness and self-awareness of younger schoolchildren in the process of education and upbringing are revealed

A Poet in the Land of the Sciences. Thinking About Human Nature with Wisława Szymborska

Is it necessary to have a notion of transcendence, a traditional metaphysics, to defend the human? This article addresses this question through an interpretation of the texture and rhythm of Szymborska’s language. Her poems are multi-faceted, and often playful, but it is difficult to ignore the poet’s insistence on ethics, despite the utter indifference of the natural world to good and evil. Humans are themselves a part of the natural world, and thus, if, like Szymborska, one does not accept a reality beyond nature, the strangeness of the ethical demand, which appears groundless, becomes shorn of any possible explanation. In the conclusion of the essay, the researcher puts Szymborska’s view of ethics in conversation with Emmanuel Levinas, whose position resembles hers and yet also sheds a new light on what the groundlessness of ethics might mean.

European Vector of Hryhorii Skovoroda’s PHilosophy: Resonance of Media Transformations in XVIII century

The article proposes the consideration of Skovoroda’s philosophical heritage in the complex contexts of the European philosophical thought in its historical dimension. This complexity was caused through the secular tendency of the Enlightenment ideology with its explanation patterns for human being and social life. The mediological method developed of R. Debray and A. Koschorke is used for analyzing of Skovoroda’s attitudes towards the Enlightenment innovations in cultural and political life. The contemporary narratives of the First, the Second and the Third Enlightenment are applied as pattern for explanation of Skovoroda’s attitude towards the secular trends in the culture and education caused of the Enlightenment ideology. Skovoroda is balancing on the edge of the First and Second Enlightenment: as a philosopher of freedom he makes human responsible for his way of life, but as philosopher of morality he defended the idea of God using the neo-platonic approach. The resurrection of Epicureanism in the Age of Enlightenment was a theoretical challenge for Skovoroda with resonance reactions because his ethical views were based on Epicurus concept of necessity as regulative principle for successful life which can be got without any effort. The religious anthropology developed of Skovoroda is considering in its anthropological-technical aspect. The central ideas of the First Enlightenment — omnipotence of education, disenchanting of religion and project of a new human are rethinking by Skovoroda from the perspective of his religious anthropology with imperatives of self-knowing and making distinction between visual and invisible thereby the way to the eternal truth is possible only possible by the new hermeneutic of the Bible. The semantics and heuristic metaphors in Skovoroda’s works are analyzed, which have a resonance effect with Protestantism and Freema sons ideas, some of which are actualized today.

When Does Psychotherapy Encourage Selfishness?

This paper explores how psychotherapy, with its inherent focus on the self, may inadvertently contribute to problematic selfishness. By comparison with religious traditions which have encouraged humility and dedication to serving others, psychotherapeutic schools have historically emphasized ways to meet one’s own needs. We review here the evolution of ego-centric approaches toward more relational and growth- and virtue-oriented ones, before considering four clinical contexts which risk fostering undue absorption with oneself and one’s therapy. A greater awareness of these risks can help clinicians and patients appreciate the role of moral values, world views, and religious commitments in shaping the direction of their work.

Aura of Digitalization and Digital Humanism in Tamil Celluloid Screen in the Twenty First Century

This paper highlights the applications and uses of technology in the pitch such as digitalization and digital humanism. The former refers to the process of converting information, processes, or activities into a digital form and the latter refers to the outlook that focuses on the ethical and human-centric view of interface with digital technologies. Both are considered as boons for the needy, whereas it is the other way round for those who do not have conviction toward that. The role of technology integrated with digitalization and digital humanism will be appraised in the paper with reference to the select Tamil movies. The sample movies select for this article do not stand as standing testimony either to flaunt or to flounce technology. This discussion will touch on the digitalization in real life situations and portrayal of digital humanism on celluloid screen.