Ethical Meaning Research Articles

Transformation of Traditional Food with Duck Basic for Culinary Business Continuity in Ubud Tourist Village, Gianyar, Bali, Indonesia

Ubud Village, which is one of the attractions for tourists to visit the island of Bali, has a very beautiful and beautiful view. Tourists who visit Ubud not only enjoy the physical views of natural and man-made resources but they also want to learn about the original Balinese culture that breathes Hinduism. One thing that tourists can learn from Balinese culture is enjoying traditional Balinese food (culinary tours). This study aims to identify traditional Balinese food made from duck meat in terms of (1) The transformation product of traditional Balinese food made from duck and (2) Food contained in traditional Balinese food. The informants were determined by selecting restaurants and restaurants that sell traditional Balinese food which had been transformed and determined based on the purposive sampling method. Determination of information from tourists used in-depth interviews with resource persons who are competent in their fields. Data collection techniques are using observation, interviews, and documentation. The presentation of the research results is described quantitatively and qualitatively. Transformation processes such as texture, shape, taste, color, the aroma of the processing process, and attractive presentation methods, taking into account sanitary, hygienic, and food safety standards. Furthermore, the meaning of the transformation of traditional Balinese food made from a duck that has been developed is in the form of economic meaning, social meaning, ethical meaning, and aesthetic meaning. This will be able to provide added value to tourists and the community in Ubud Tourism Village.

Formalizing Objectives and Criteria for Urban Agriculture Sustainability with a Participatory Approach

The last few years have seen an exponential development of urban agriculture projects within global North countries, especially professional intra-urban farms which are professional forms of agriculture located within densely settled areas of city. Such projects aim to cope with the challenge of sustainable urban development and today the sustainability of the projects is questioned. To date, no set of criteria has been designed to specifically assess the environmental, social and economic sustainability of these farms at the farm scale. Our study aims to identify sustainability objectives and criteria applicable to professional intra-urban farms. It relies on a participatory approach involving various stakeholders of the French urban agriculture sector comprising an initial focus group, online surveys and interviews. We obtained a set of six objectives related to environmental impacts, link to the city, economic and ethical meaning, food and environmental education, consumer/producer connection and socio-territorial services. In addition, 21 criteria split between agro-environmental, socio-territorial and economic dimensions were identified to reach these objectives. Overall, agro-environmental and socio-territorial criteria were assessed as more important than economic criteria, whereas food production was not mentioned. Differences were identified between urban farmers and decision makers, highlighting that decision makers were more focused on projects’ external sustainability. They also pay attention to the urban farmer agricultural background, suggesting that they rely on urban farmers to ensure the internal sustainability of the farm. Based on our results, indicators could be designed to measure the sustainability criteria identified, and to allow the sustainability assessment of intra-urban farms.

Mental Money Laundering: A Motivated Violation of Fungibility

People exploit flexibility in mental accounting to relax psychological constraints on spending. Four studies demonstrate this in the context of moral behavior. The first study replicates prior findings that people donate more money to charity when they earned it through unethical versus ethical means. However, when the unethically-earned money is first “laundered”––the cash is physically exchanged for the same amount but from a different arbitrary source—people spent it as if it was earned ethically. This mental money laundering represents an extreme fungibility violation: exchanging “dirty” money for the same sum coming from a “clean” source significantly changed people’s propensity to spend it prosocially. The second study demonstrates that mental money laundering generalizes to cases in which ethically and unethically earned money is mixed. When gains from ethical and unethical sources were pooled, people spent the entire pooled sum as if it was ethically earned. The last two studies provide mixed support for the prediction that people actively seek out laundering opportunities for unethically earned money, suggesting partial sophistication about these effects. These findings provide new evidence for the ease with which people can rationalize misbehavior, and have implications for consumer choice, corporate behavior and public policy.

Examining the Barriers and Problems of Employee Performance Appraisal Systems and Their Ranking in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences

Background: Measuring the employee's performance and examining their behaviors and capabilities are among the principal responsibilities in managing human factors in organizations. A performance appraisal system meets specific barriers. It is required to recognize these barriers to decrease their influences to a satisfactory level to take proper measures to decrease their influences in any organization. This research aims to examine the executive barriers of Article 81 of the Civil Service Act concerning the appraisal of personnel's performance in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This research is a kind of applied based on the used objective. Basically, 11 factors were recognized to analyze the barriers (strategic congruence, thoroughness, practicality, meaningfulness, specificity, recognizing efficient and inefficient performance, validity, acceptability and fairness, inclusiveness, openness and ethicality) utilizing literature review and expert's view and included in the questionnaire. This questionnaire was distributed among 350 university employees after discovering its validity and reliability. The data were analyzed using the Nonparametric Binomial Test and Friedman method after checking for being parametric (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test). Results: The results revealed that except for the three variables of being ethical ((mean 4.13), openness (mean 4.46) and acceptability and fairness (mean 4.46), other variables were not recognized as barriers; Consequently, Conclusion: It is required to take proper measures in the mentioned organization to decrease the influences of these barriers to enhance the productivity of the organization.

SIMBOL DAN MAKNA SIRIH PINANG PADA SUKU ATONI PAH METO DI TIMOR TENGAH UTARA

This paper investigates social interaction, the meaning of messages and, human actions are activities based on certain symbols. This research focuses on the Sirih pinang tradition of the people of the Atoni Pah Meto tribe. Sirih Pinang has a role in the fundamental cultural symbols in the life of social courtesy and social interaction. Using the Symbolic Interaction Theory Herbert Blumer (1986), this study explains the symbolic function and meaning of Sirih Pinang which will be useful for everyone in establishing social, economic, educational and, political relations with the Atoni Pah Meto tribe, also for the Atoni Pah Meto community. This study uses a qualitative method with participant observation. Three Indigenous Elders who have in-depth knowledge of this tradition were critical informants in the study. Participant observations were carried out in the field by living and living with the Atoni Pah Meto tribe during the survey in the Kefetoran Aplal North Central Timor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The results of this study indicate a relationship between the Sirih Pinang symbol and the local religious beliefs of ancestral heritage. In ritual communication to honor the spirits of sirih pinang is a symbol that has ethical values ​​and meaning. Sirih Pinang is included in unifying tribal members and in breaking up as a practice of various forms of communication that has the value and meaning of family and friendship. Furthermore, humans modify the meaning, the result of developing social interaction. Sirih Pinang is used as a tool for negotiation, lobbying, and enters the realm of political communication and then experiences a shift in meaning.
 Keywords: Symbolic Interaction Theory, Intracultural Communication, Atoni Pah Meto Tribe, Indonesian Culture, Sirih Pinang.

COVID-19 and Contact Tracing Apps: Ethical Challenges for a Social Experiment on a Global Scale

Mobile applications are increasingly regarded as important tools for an integrated strategy of infection containment in post-lockdown societies around the globe. This paper discusses a number of questions that should be addressed when assessing the ethical challenges of mobile applications for digital contact-tracing of COVID-19: Which safeguards should be designed in the technology? Who should access data? What is a legitimate role for “Big Tech” companies in the development and implementation of these systems? How should cultural and behavioural issues be accounted for in the design of these apps? Should use of these apps be compulsory? What does transparency and ethical oversight mean in this context? We demonstrate that responses to these questions are complex and contingent and argue that if digital contract-tracing is used, then it should be clear that this is on a trial basis and its use should be subject to independent monitoring and evaluation.

Penerapan Etika Bisnis Islam Dalam Transaksi Jual Beli:

The problem to be looked for the answer in this study is the process of applying Islamic business ethics in buying and selling transactions in the traditional market of Pendopo, Empat Lawang. This research uses a qualitative approach to the case study method, which emphasizes efforts to obtain information about the status of a picture of phenomena, as well as to draw the meaning of a desired problem with respect to a case. The data collection technique used triangulation with interviews, observation, and documentation study. The results of the study conclude that the understanding of traders in the traditional Pendopo market towards Islamic business ethics, traders have not maximally understood Islamic business ethics, both the expression of feelings that are reflected, the pattern of application of business ethics in Islam which emphasizes trading ethics in buying and selling transactions in the Pendopo market. It has been running quite well without being overtaken by the traders, there is still a lack of awareness of the traders about raising prices by hoarding goods with the aim of seeking high profits from consumer needs in general. traders feel they can compete so that their merchandise can sell cheaply and cheerfully. The measurement of the application of business ethics in Islam carried out by the seller / trader shows that not some traders have implemented business ethics in Islam. Based on these findings, it is suggested the need for periodic counseling to increase the insight and knowledge of traders to be aware of the meaning and benefits of business ethics in Islam which emphasizes trading ethics in sales transactions. the role of the community in this case is that buyers are also required to understand and understand the business ethics system in Islam
 

Смысл страдания в православном богословии и русской религиозной философии

The paper considers the problem of suffering within the framework of the Eastern Orthodox theology and the Russian religious philosophy. Relying on the Orthodox exegetical studies and the Russian philosophers’ works, the article examines religious-moral and axiological aspects of suffering. Importance of suffering is identified. Scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that the authors analyse the chosen theological sources and the Russian philosophers’ works with a view to compare approaches to the problem of suffering in the Orthodox theology and the Russian religious philosophy. The research findings are as follows: the authors reveal similarities and differences of theological and religious-philosophical interpretations of ethical meaning of suffering.

Enchantment in Business Ethics Research

This article draws attention to the importance of enchantment in business ethics research. Starting from a Weberian understanding of disenchantment, as a force that arises through modernity and scientific rationality, we show how rationalist business ethics research has become disenchanted as a consequence of the normalization of positivist, quantitative methods of inquiry. Such methods absent the relational and lively nature of business ethics research and detract from the ethical meaning that can be generated through research encounters. To address this issue, we draw on the work of political theorist and philosopher, Jane Bennett, using this to show how interpretive qualitative research creates possibilities for enchantment. We identify three opportunities for reenchanting business ethics research related to: (i) moments of novelty or disruption; (ii) deep, meaningful attachments to things studied; and (iii) possibilities for embodied, affective encounters. In conclusion, we suggest that business ethics research needs to recognize and reorient scholarship towards an appreciation of the ethical value of interpretive, qualitative research as a source of potential enchantment.

Four Studies on the Social-Exchange Implications of Ethical Leadership Needed and Received

Social-exchange theory predicts beneficial outcomes of ethical leadership as followers perceive an obligation to return the favorable treatment. Drawing from theories of threat responses and need satisfaction, I propose a qualification of this well-established perspective. In particular, I differentiate between ethical leadership needed (i.e. the extent followers need ethical leadership from their leader) and ethical leadership received (i.e. the extent leaders show ethical leadership) to predict that in certain situations low (and not high) ethical leadership received may facilitate beneficial social-exchange outcomes in the form of increased follower responsibility taking. I develop a model in which an unsatisfied need for ethical leadership (i.e. ethical leadership is highly needed but only little is received) may strengthen followers’ felt obligation towards the team which then also translates into higher levels of helping behavior. I test my predictions across four different studies diverse in design including within-person, between-person, and team-level settings. Findings are in line with propositions and highlight an assumption in the ethical leadership literature in need of revision. This opens the door to further inquiry about the ethical means that stimulate followers to show normatively appropriate conduct.

Nurse managers' perspectives on working with everyday ethics in long-term care.

Background:Nurse managers are expected to continuously ensure that ethical standards are met and to support healthcare workers’ ethical competence. Several studies have concluded that nurses across various healthcare settings lack the support needed to provide safe, compassionate and competent ethical care.Objective:The aim of this study was to explore and understand how nurse managers perceive their role in supporting their staff in conducting ethically sound care in nursing homes and home nursing care.Design and participants:Qualitative individual interviews were performed with 10 nurse managers with human resources responsibilities for healthcare workers in four nursing home wards and six home nursing care districts. Content analysis was used to analyse the data.Ethical considerations:The Norwegian Centre for Research Data granted permission for this study.Findings:The analysis resulted in seven subcategories that were grouped into three main categories: managers’ perception of the importance of the role, managers’ experiences of exercising the role and managers’ opportunities to fulfil the role. Challenges with conceptualizing ethics were highlighted, as well as lack of applicable tools or time and varying motivation among employees.Discussion:The leaders tended to perceive ethics as a ‘personal matter’ and that the need for and benefit of ethical support (e.g., ethics reflection) depended on individuals’ vulnerability, attitudes, commitment and previous experiences. The managers did not seem to distinguish between their own responsibility to support ethical competence and the responsibility of the individual employee to provide ethical care.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that nurse managers need support themselves, both to understand and to carry out their responsibilities to foster their staffs’ ethical conduct. Supporting staff in conducting ethically sound care requires more than organizing meeting places for ethical reflection; it also requires greater awareness and understanding of what ethical leadership means.

The Common and the Specific in the Translation of Pragmatic Clichés

The object of the analysis is pragmatic clichés. Their linguistic behavioral nature serves as an example to demonstrate subtleties of Czech-Ukrainian translation and is based on the differentiation of the common and the specific, systemizing the specific which causes most translation difficulties. Among the common features we can specify are: the presence of explicit or implicit performatives in the structure of clichés; speech act specificity; the connection with stereotypical communicative situations and culturally defined standards of behavior; perception of communicative success in different spheres and at different stages; retranslation of ethical and cultural meanings; the obligatory nature of the recipient’s reaction, at least, in the form of ‘received’. The specific is presented as a set of attributes different from the attributes of an analogous unit of the target language; it should demonstrate quantitative and qualitative definiteness. The study shows the way the specific can cause interest, occasionally cognitive dissonance, and cases when it can hinder full-fledged communication. The specific has been described in the context of issues of translation equivalence and adequacy. It has been proved that the vocabulary significative equivalent is only one possibility among the abundance of reference variants connected with specific contexts. Taking verbs as an example, the paper offers possible approaches to rendering grammatical meanings which are abstract by their nature and require taking into consideration different nuances and subtleties, including frequency of usage. Zero equivalence is presented as the highest degree of expressing the specific. This idea is proved using the translations of wishes which include the lexemes рушник (lit. ‘towel/ cloth’) and доля (lit. ‘fate’) in the Ukrainian language. The common and the specific are characteristic for both the linguistic model and the communicative model of translating pragmatic clichés. But it is the specific which offers most resistance in the process of rendering linguistic units.

Digital Archaeological Ethics: Successes and Failures in Disciplinary Attention

The assumption that archaeologists will behave ethically in fieldwork, analysis, and publication relies on a further assumption, that they have been taught what ethics mean in those contexts. Though the ethics of participation in archaeological contexts have been defined (and refined) over the life of the discipline, the emergence of digital technologies as tools, and the centering of digital methodologies in archaeology have created new areas requiring ethical consideration. The adoption of discipline-wide standards of digital archaeological ethics has been slow, and the output of digitally centered archaeological data and published products has outpaced ethical discussion and implementation of ethical guidelines. The result is a generation of archaeologists who are versed in digital forms, but whose work is ungrounded in consensus-led ethical frameworks that explicitly reference the digital. This paper details how ethics should be considered as digital archaeology moves forward, with discussions of existing successes and failures.

When good art is bad: Educating the critical viewer

There is a debate within philosophy of literature as to whether narrative artworks should be judged morally, for their ethical value, meaning and impact. On one side you have the aesthetes, defenders of aestheticism, who deny the ethical value of an artwork can be taken into consideration when judging the work’s overall aesthetic value. Richard Posner backs artists such as Oscar Wilde who famously wrote, ‘there is no such thing as a moral or an immoral book. Books are well written, or badly written. That is all’. On the other side of the debate are proponents of ethical criticism such as Martha Nussbaum, Wayne Booth, Noël Carroll and Mary Devereaux. This article examines the educational implications of each position and ultimately defends the importance of moral education alongside aesthetic education. Given artworks are powerful vehicles for moral sentiments and meaning, it is important that viewers are taught to engage critically with art’s ethical features as well as aesthetic features. In this way, educational concerns pose a challenge to the position of aestheticism.

Distintos acercamientos epistemológicos en programas de maestría en bioética

Después de hacer una recopilación aleatoria de algunos programas de maestría ofertados en lengua castellana en España y Latinoamérica, este trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar la pluralidad de presentaciones de la bioética y, a partir de esos hallazgos, replantear el concepto de interdisciplinario para efectos de la docencia. La pregunta de la que se partió fue la siguiente: ¿qué sentido darle a la palabra interdisciplina cuando se utiliza en la docencia de la bioética? Como marco teórico se utiliza la noción de razón ampliada, entendida como una superación de la razón instrumental, de manera que sirva de puente entre lo experimental y lo axiológico. Se realizó una exploración del concepto por medio de una muestra por conveniencia de los términos interdisciplina, pluridisciplina, disciplina, ciencia, tal como aparecen en diversos programas de maestría en bioética. El artículo se divide en tres partes: una sección en la que se comparan distintos programas españoles y latinoamericanos, para resaltar la concepción epistemológica que presentan sobre la bioética. La segunda sección estudia el concepto de interdisciplina a partir de lo visto en tales programas, compaginando las categorías de prudencia, concilio y sabiduría. La tercera parte cierra conlas propuestas de mejora docente en la enseñanza de la bioética. A partir de ellas se concluye la importancia del diálogo entre las disciplinas, en donde predomine la búsqueda del sentido ético en todos los cuestionamientos que se planteen en el aula.

Nexo ético-político del concepto de Justicia en Aristóteles. Una propuesta en la virtud para el bienestar social

Adentrarse en el pensamiento político de la Grecia clásica es retornar a las acepciones éticas proferidas por los filósofos de ese momento, como, en este caso, de Platón y de su discípulo Aristóteles, cuyos intereses por la comprensión racional de la conducta humana no eran más que una diáfana preocupación por la consecución del bienestar de los individuos al interior de las ciudades griegas, donde se consideraba de gran importancia la formación de ideas, instituciones y asociaciones. En efecto, los vínculos sociales y la configuración de actitudes que decantan en el objetivo del bienestar social implican una atención especial al concepto de ética-política, en tanto que la incorporación de acciones regidas por la razón determina las relaciones entre los individuos de una misma nación. Teniendo esto en cuenta, en el presente artículo se expone la acepción aristotélica de justicia, con el objetivo de precisar la importancia de dicha virtud en el nexo ético-político de la Grecia clásica, periodo al que asistió el mismo Aristóteles.

Аксиологический анализ былин о Дунае и Потыке

<p align="center">Based on an axiological analysis of the bylinas about Dunay Ivanovich and Mikhailo Potyk, the article reveals a number of epic motifs which are interpreted as a semantic unity of the hero’s motivation, his deed, and its consequences. The article brings to light how the epic singer renders the spiritual laws connecting the motivation for a certain act with its consequences (i.e., the hero’s punishment and his subsequent penance or perdition); and formulates cognitive ethical meanings belonging to each of the bylina’s motifs. For each motif, the author identifies the following components: the hero’s particular moral weakness or passion which captures him, evoking thus, sympathy — or the so-called «compassion» — in the listeners; the moment when the hero is overcome by his sin; the moment of the crime; and the punishment as a natural consequence of the hero’s deeds. Also, the difference between axiological coordinates of every act — before and after its commission, in the evaluation of either the hero or the listener — is determined in the present paper. The motifs of the mentioned bylinas are classified here on the basis of their type and their involvement into parallel structures with similar motifs, or by the presence — or absence — of their antithetical counterparts. The result of the present study is a denial of the widespread theory according to which Russian bylinas should be described as «meaningless», as having controversial diachronous semantics, as damaged — in terms of the content — during their existence in this or that social milieu (peasant, skomorokh, minstrel or Cossack one), as presupposing allegedly «extraneous» and «recent» Christian concepts and ideologemes.</p>

COVID-19: Time to Rethink the Randomized Controlled Trial and Consider More Efficient and Ethical Ways of Gaining Clinical Knowledge

Many academics are advocating for the strict adherence to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in order to find treatments for CoViD-19. The prevailing orthodoxy within the academic establishment is that we should not encourage the use of new treatments for CoViD-19 until those treatments have demonstrated statistically significant clinical benefits in an RCT. Until that point, only patients enrolled in clinical trials should have access to new treatments, no matter how promising the treatment and no matter whether the patient might otherwise be at high risk of death. However, the fundamentalist belief in the RCT fails to acknowledge the limitations of the RCT in a rapidly changing, highly complex, enormously combinatorial and evolving system in which knowledge is continually being generated by clinicians around the world; the situation during the CoViD-19 pandemic. For our patients’ sake, we need efficient and ethical means of both providing treatment and gaining knowledge during this pandemic. The RCT should not be eliminated, but it's primacy reconsidered. From an ethical perspective, discouraging or prohibiting access to off-label/compassionate-use therapies outside of the RCT creates the potential for large disequilibria of the needs of current and future patients, in addition to forsaken clinical information from wide-scale observation. Depending on the pre-test totality of all knowledge of a treatment, it is difficult to even know if the result of an RCT is a true or false result. And importantly, depending on the pre-test probability, the result of the RCT might only give marginal (or no) extra surety regarding the effect of the studied treatment. A crucial, existential concept related to knowledge acquisition is whether the cumulative observation of clinical effects without a control provides any useable information. The RCT attempts to isolate a variable using the scientific method. Yet there are systems constraints within acute clinical medicine regarding reproducibility, and this can significantly affect the fidelity of knowledge that the RCT is able to provide. In this regard, the RCT has proved to be disappointing in providing efficient clinical knowledge in acute care medicine over the decades. Even proponents of the RCT have conceded that there has been a paucity of large RCTs that have shown a clear beneficial treatment effect. A major funding body has de-prioritized the RCT. We are half a year into the lethal CoViD-19 pandemic. Yet, the RCT paradigm has seemingly contributed little and has significantly lagged behind rational treatment innovation guided by increasing understanding of the disease. One well publicized RCT demonstrated a clinical benefit for a drug that otherwise had a high pre-test probability of effect. However, many clinical units were already using this drug as part of their treatment protocols and were achieving highly competitive survival rates; saving lives through rational innovation while continuously updating knowledge of drug and disease-specific effects. Should patients be empowered with the complete accumulated knowledge of an intervention as part of informed consent, before enrolling in an RCT? To be sure, the RCT has a role. However, with it's history of being an inefficient clinical-knowledge-gaining paradigm, we should not necessarily wait for clinical trials before introducing reasoned treatment approaches for our most vulnerable CoViD-19 patients.

Researching People who (Probably) Hate You: When Practicing “Good” Ethics Means Protecting Yourself

Abstract In the age of GamerGate and Cambridge Analytica, it is more important than ever that we find ways to conduct online research effectively and ethically. In this paper, we review the existing literature that explores the intersections between the identities of the researcher and the researched. We then discuss a central component to ethical practice in research and writing—our power to be affected and to affect others. We explore one research project on #GamerGate, finding that this research context raises key issues: first, that some groups are openly hostile to the very identity/ies of the researcher; second, that some groups are hostile towards researchers in general; and third, that sometimes ethnographic research might require the researcher to engage with ideological positions they find distasteful or even violent to their selves. We argue that the complex circumstances of online research must be considered when evaluating the ethical concerns of different studies, especially before judging researchers’ choices to, for instance, remain anonymous in an online community or not allow research participants the chance to comment on a researcher's work. Ultimately, we must continue to develop and teach an ethics of “do no harm”, both for the researcher and for the researched.

COVID-19 and Contact Tracing Apps: Technological Fix or Social Experiment?

Mobile applications are increasingly regarded as important tools for an integrated strategy of post-lockdown policy response around the globe. This paper explores how the use of smartphone applications for digital contact tracing is currently being framed by media, experts and policy-makers and discusses a number of questions raised by the debate on digital surveillance at the time of Covid-19: How can personal data be adequately collected and protected? Who should access data? What is a legitimate role for Big Tech companies in the development and implementation of these systems? How is the cultural and moral context taken into account in the design of these apps? Should use of these apps be compulsory? What does transparency and ethical oversight mean in this context? As we show that responses to these questions are complex and uncertain, we argue that rather than technological fixes to the current emergency these apps should be introduced in society as societal experimental trials whose effectiveness and consequences need to be closely and independently monitored the same level of precaution and safeguards that social experimentation require.