Ethical Framework Research Articles

Ethical approaches in designing autonomous and intelligent systems: a comprehensive survey towards responsible development

AbstractOver the past decade, significant progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has spurred the adoption of its algorithms, addressing previously daunting challenges. Alongside these remarkable strides, there has been a simultaneous increase in model complexity and reliance on opaque AI models, lacking transparency. In numerous scenarios, the systems themselves may necessitate making decisions entailing ethical dimensions. Consequently, it has become imperative to devise solutions to integrate ethical considerations into AI system development practices, facilitating broader utilization of AI systems across various domains. Research endeavors should explore innovative approaches to enhance ethical principles in AI systems, fostering greater transparency, accountability, and trustworthiness. Upholding fundamental individual rights, human dignity, autonomy, privacy, equality, and fairness, while mitigating potential harm, remains paramount. Considering ethical values and ensuring compliance with ethical requirements throughout the development lifecycle of autonomous and intelligent systems nurture trust and reliability in their utilization. Ethical considerations should be ingrained within organizational procedures guiding AI research activities, establishing robust frameworks that address ethical concerns and reflect the ethical implications of AI-based systems. This paper presents an overview of ethical approaches and processes aimed at integrating ethical considerations into AI system development practices. It underscores the significance of ethical frameworks in fostering ethical AI implementation and ensuring the ethical integrity of AI technologies.

Managing CCTV in Indonesian Hospitals: A Legal, Ethical, and Managerial Perspective

Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) in Indonesian hospitals presents significant legal, ethical, and managerial challenges, particularly due to unclear regulations governing its installation in clinic rooms. The absence of specific guidelines raises legal uncertainties, casting doubt on patient privacy and the hospital's responsibility for safeguarding sensitive medical information. Ethical concerns intensify as the use of CCTV in clinic rooms may lead to potential privacy violations in the absence of clear regulations. This condition certainly poses managerial challenges for hospitals, affecting resource allocation, personnel training, and the management of data related to the CCTV system. Effectively managing this system becomes crucial to balance surveillance needs with privacy protection. Hence, this research aims to explore legal uncertainties surrounding CCTV installation, identify ethical issues, and evaluate managerial impacts. The study seeks to offer profound insights, aiding the development of pertinent policies, ethical frameworks, and effective managerial strategies for a balanced and responsible CCTV implementation in healthcare settings.

ADVANCEMENTS IN BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES: THE IMPACT OF AI AND GENERATIVE MODELS ON NEURAL DECODING AND APPLICATION

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) enable direct communication between the brain and external devices, offering transformative potential for individuals with neurological disorders and beyond. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in generative models, have significantly improved the accuracy and efficiency of neural decoding in BCIs. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of these advancements, focusing on the role of AI and generative models in enhancing BCI performance. I discuss the contributions of leading companies like Neuralink, Synchron, and Paradromics, and analyze key research findings on signal processing, machine learning algorithms, and ethical considerations. My synthesis of current literature and industry insights highlights the transformative potential of AI-driven BCIs while addressing the technical and ethical challenges that need to be overcome to fully realize their potential. I emphasize the importance of continued research in refining generative AI models, enhancing real-time processing capabilities, and establishing ethical frameworks to guide the development and application of BCIs.

Pemikiran Etika Perang Imām al-Shawkānī: Analisis Teori Just War dan Relevansi Konflik Israel-Palestina

This research analyzes Imām al-Shawkānī’s thoughts on war ethics within the Just War theory perspective, using the book “Nayl al-Awṭār.” The Israel-Palestine conflict is seen as an example of the abuse of power in just war ethics to the detriment of Palestinian civilians. Just War theory emphasises justice, proportionality and protection of civilians, yet Israel's military operations often violate these principles. Imām al-Shawkānī's thought in Nayl al-Awṭār had an Islamic perspective that emphasised justice and humanity in war. Integrating Just War principles with al-Shawkānī's ethics of war can provide a strong ethical framework to evaluate military actions in the Israel-Palestine conflict and seek a more just solution. Through a library research method and descriptive analysis, this study aims to contribute to the explanation of the connection between religion, ethics, and armed conflict, while promoting international peace and justice. Its practical implications highlight the significance of strengthening Islamic values in facing foreign cultural dominance, while its contemporary relevance underscores the necessity of upholding international law and human rights conventions in addressing armed conflicts. Thus, this research not only provides new insights into the ethics of war in Islam but also highlights the importance of actions to uphold humanity and justice in global armed conflicts.

Generative artificial intelligence and the personalization of health professional education: A narrative review.

This narrative review examined the intersection of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) and the personalization of health professional education (PHE). This review aims to the elucidate the current condition of GAI technologies and their particular uses in the field of PHE. Data were extracted and analyzed from studies focusing on the demographics and professional development preferences of healthcare workers, the competencies required for personalized precision medicine, and the current and potential applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in PHE. The review also addressed the ethical implications of AI implementation in this context. Findings indicated a gender-balanced healthcare workforce with a predisposition toward continuous professional development and digital tool utilization. A need for a comprehensive educational framework was identified to include a spectrum of skills crucial for precision medicine, emphasizing the importance of patient involvement and bioethics. AI was found to enhance educational experiences and research in PHE, with an increasing trend in AI applications, particularly in surgical education since 2018. Ethical challenges associated with AI integration in PHE were highlighted, with an emphasis on the need for ethical design and diverse development teams. Core concepts in AI research were established, with a spotlight on emerging areas such as data science and learning analytics. The application of AI in PHE was recognized for its current benefits and potential for future advancements, with a call for ethical vigilance. GAI holds significant promise for personalizing PHE, with an identified need for ethical frameworks and diverse developer teams to address bias and equity in educational AI applications.

Ethical Issues in Implementation Science: A Qualitative Interview Study of Participating Clinicians

Background Implementation science presents ethical issues not well addressed by traditional research ethics frameworks. There is little empirical work examining how clinicians whose work is affected by implementation studies view these issues. Accordingly, we interviewed clinicians working at sites participating in an implementation study seeking to improve patient handoffs to the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods We performed semi-structured interviews with 32 clinicians working at sites participating in an implementation study aiming to improve patient handoffs from the operating room to the ICU. We analyzed the interviews using an iterative coding process following a conventional content analysis approach. Results Clinicians’ greatest concern about involvement was possible damage to interpersonal relations with more senior clinicians. They were divided about whether informed consent from clinicians was necessary but were satisfied with the study’s approach of sending out mass communications about the study. They did not think opting out of the implementation portion of the study was feasible but saw this inability to opt out as unproblematic because they equated the study with routine quality improvement. Those clinicians who helped launch the study at their sites recounted several different ways of doing so beyond simply facilitating access. Conclusions The risks that clinicians identified stemmed more from their general status as employees than their specific work as clinicians. Implementation researchers should be attuned to the ethical ramifications of involving employees of varying ranks. Implementation researchers using hybrid designs should also be sensitive to the possibility that practitioners affected by a study will equate it with quality improvement and overlook its research component. Finally, the interactions that go into facilitating an implementation study are more various than the “gatekeeping” typically discussed by research ethicists. More research is needed on the ethics of the myriad interactions that are involved in making implementation studies happen.

Ethical Considerations and Fundamental Principles of Large Language Models in Medical Education: Viewpoint.

This viewpoint article first explores the ethical challenges associated with the future application of large language models (LLMs) in the context of medical education. These challenges include not only ethical concerns related to the development of LLMs, such as artificial intelligence (AI) hallucinations, information bias, privacy and data risks, and deficiencies in terms of transparency and interpretability but also issues concerning the application of LLMs, including deficiencies in emotional intelligence, educational inequities, problems with academic integrity, and questions of responsibility and copyright ownership. This paper then analyzes existing AI-related legal and ethical frameworks and highlights their limitations with regard to the application of LLMs in the context of medical education. To ensure that LLMs are integrated in a responsible and safe manner, the authors recommend the development of a unified ethical framework that is specifically tailored for LLMs in this field. This framework should be based on 8 fundamental principles: quality control and supervision mechanisms; privacy and data protection; transparency and interpretability; fairness and equal treatment; academic integrity and moral norms; accountability and traceability; protection and respect for intellectual property; and the promotion of educational research and innovation. The authors further discuss specific measures that can be taken to implement these principles, thereby laying a solid foundation for the development of a comprehensive and actionable ethical framework. Such a unified ethical framework based on these 8 fundamental principles can provide clear guidance and support for the application of LLMs in the context of medical education. This approach can help establish a balance between technological advancement and ethical safeguards, thereby ensuring that medical education can progress without compromising the principles of fairness, justice, or patient safety and establishing a more equitable, safer, and more efficient environment for medical education.

Perceived Impact of Short-Term International Experiences on Personal & Professional Beliefs of Health Care Practitioners: A Longitudinal Study

Abstract Date Presented 03/23/24 This phenomenological study used semistructured interviews to understand the perceived long-term impact of short-term international travel as graduate students on current professional practices. Results support use of community-based global learning (CBGL) as an ethical framework. Primary Author and Speaker: Valerie Strange Additional Authors and Speakers: Brittany Balch, Marynell Disman, Bobbi Dynice, Cecil Huang

A starting framework for urban AI applications

There has been a growing concern about the ethical implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in urban environments. Scholars have highlighted the dual nature of AI, which can both enhance urban sustainability and pose significant privacy risks. The literature acknowledges that AI introduces specific challenges in urban contexts. However, there remains a gap in comprehensive sector-specific ethical frameworks tailored to the unique challenges posed by AI applications in cities. This study aims to fill this gap by proposing a starting framework for the ethics of Urban AI applications, providing principles to guide responsible AI development and deployment in urban settings. The study employed a two-phase methodology: a content analysis of 100 AI ethics documents to develop a preliminary framework, followed by a survey of experts and stakeholders to validate and expand this framework by identifying urban-specific risks and ethical considerations. The developed ethical framework for Urban AI applications provides a starting point to pave the way for ethical and sustainable urban AI systems that enhance the quality of life for all city residents.

Artificial intelligence, adversarial attacks, and ocular warfare

PurposeWe explore the potential misuse of artificial intelligence (AI), specifically large language models (LLMs), in generating harmful content related to ocular warfare. By examining the vulnerabilities of AI systems to adversarial attacks, we aim to highlight the urgent need for robust safety measures, enforceable regulation, and proactive ethics. DesignA viewpoint paper discussing the ethical challenges posed by AI, using ophthalmology as a case study. It examines the susceptibility of AI systems to adversarial attacks and the potential for their misuse in creating harmful content. MethodsThe study involved crafting adversarial prompts to test the safeguards of a well-known LLM, OpenAI's ChatGPT-4.0. The focus was on evaluating the model's responses to hypothetical scenarios aimed at causing ocular damage through biological, chemical, and physical means. ResultsThe AI provided detailed responses on using Onchocerca volvulus for mass infection, methanol for optic nerve damage, mustard gas for severe eye injuries, and high-powered lasers for inducing blindness. Despite significant safeguards, the study revealed that with enough effort, it was possible to bypass these constraints and obtain harmful information, underscoring the vulnerabilities in AI systems. ConclusionAI holds the potential for both positive transformative change and malevolent exploitation. The susceptibility of LLMs to adversarial attacks and the possibility of purposefully trained unethical AI systems present significant risks. This paper calls for improved robustness of AI systems, global legal and ethical frameworks, and proactive measures to ensure AI technologies benefit humanity and do not pose threats.

Деятельность локального этического комитета по повышению качества биомедицинских исследований молодых сотрудников университета

The article is devoted to the issues of clinical research: their ethical and legal regulation at the present time, the history of ethical expertise in the Russian Federation and at Kazan State Medical University. The role of ethical committees as a structure responsible for quality of scientific research and a guarantor of compliance with the principles of ethics, protection of the rights, safety and well-being of research participants is considered. The article presents the working experience of the local ethics committee of Kazan State Medical University on ethical examination of research projects with human participation and analysis of the most common mistakes in preparation of research documentation made by young scientists of clinical departments. The digital information showing typical errors and inaccuracies in the formation of a package of documents for ethical examination, based on the analysis of 284 initiative papers of PhD candidates from clinical departments: every fifth protocol required revision in accordance with the ethical and legal framework adopted in the Russian Federation, in 1.5% of cases the documentation was submitted for already conducted studies (i.e. ost factum), when no changes to its design are possible anymore. Typical mistakes were the following: inability to form research and control groups, calculate a representative number of participants, write an information sheet for a participant in a clinical trial and a sheet of informed consent, going beyond the specialty, desire to prescribe drugs beyond the scope of registered indications, etc. The ways of increasing both the awareness of young researchers and quality of ethical expertise by specialists of the ethics committee are proposed.

What Are Epidemiological Foundations for Integrating Legal Services Into Health Care Settings?

Medical-legal partnerships vary widely in how they are structured and use data to inform service delivery. Epidemiological data on certain chronic conditions' prevalence, the incidence of potentially preventable morbidity, and health-harming legal factors also influence approaches to care. This article draws on a pediatric example of how data-driven medical care complements data-driven legal care. This article also considers medical and public health ethical frameworks to guide protected information sharing, promote optimal service delivery, and achieve the best possible medical-legal outcomes.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using AI in Dermatology

ABSTRACTIntroductionArtificial intelligence (AI) in dermatology is both promising and challenging. This is important for clinicians to recognize most up‐to‐date knowledge and advancements.ResultsAdvantages include timely detection and diagnosis, enhanced accuracy, efficient triage, workflow automation, personalized treatment, outcome prediction, education support, telemedicine aid, research facilitation, cost‐efficiency, scalability, and drug development. However, limitations include generalizability issues, image quality variations, data requirements, interpretability concerns, patient acceptance, liability, multidisciplinary coordination challenges, data bias risks, lack of explainability, potential loss of clinical skills, security and privacy risks, resource intensiveness, integration challenges, validation and regulation gaps, and limited clinical assessment. Bridging these gaps requires robust ethical frameworks, interdisciplinary collaboration, education, regulation focusing on patient safety and privacy, standardized data sets, transparency, and human oversight.ConclusionDespite the challenges, AI holds significant potential to revolutionize dermatology practice, improving patient outcomes, healthcare accessibility, and research advancements. Further research and interdisciplinary collaboration are crucial to maximize AI's benefits and address its limitations effectively.

Ethical reflections on environmental crisis: Insights from 'the world without us’

Background: This research delves into the book "The World Without Us" by Alan Weisman, exploring the intersection of environmental ethics and the environmental crises arising from human exploitation of nature. Method: The study employs a qualitative literature review methodology, drawing insights from primary and secondary sources to shed light on the ethical dimensions of environmental degradation. Findings: The findings underscore the critical role of environmental ethics in guiding sustainable development practices, emphasizing the need for responsible stewardship of natural resources and the preservation of biodiversity. Conclusion: The article advocates for an ethical framework that integrates environmental considerations into decision-making processes, fostering a sense of responsibility and promoting sustainable development practices that prioritize environmental health, social equity, and long-term well-being. Novelty/Originality in this Study: By imagining a world without human presence, this study not only explores the impact of human exploitation of nature but also formulates an innovative, ethical framework for sustainable development, challenging how we view human-nature relationships.

The Implementation of Waqf Law within the Framework of Indonesia's Legal State: An Analysis of Pancasila Values

This study aims to explore the preservation of waqf in Indonesia, which plays a crucial role in supporting social welfare and community development, while considering Pancasila as the state ideology. The research seeks to analyze how Islamic legal principles are integrated into waqf preservation in relation to Pancasila values and to understand the interaction between these two value systems within the national legal framework. The study employs a qualitative analysis method with a literature review approach. Data is gathered through an examination of relevant laws and government regulations, as well as fatwas and guidelines concerning waqf and pancasila. The analysis focuses on evaluating the connection between Islamic principles related to waqf preservation and the implementation of Pancasila values within the Indonesian legal system. The research aims to identify and explain the relationship between Islamic legal principles regarding waqf and Pancasila values and to assess how Pancasila values support and enhance the preservation of waqf in Indonesia. The findings reveal that Pancasila values, particularly the principles of social justice and humanity, align with Islamic principles in the preservation of waqf. Pancasila serves as an ethical framework that supports fair and transparent waqf implementation, ensuring that waqf not only complies with Islamic law but also contributes to sustainable social welfare. The study also identifies that integrating Islamic principles with Pancasila values in waqf management can improve the effectiveness of waqf preservation and strengthen the legal and social foundation in Indonesia.

DIGITALIZATION A NECESSITY FOR SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS

Digitization, with its profound impact on business, manifests itself in increased efficiency, innovation and competitiveness. This transformation process requires comprehensive readiness assessments and improvement plans. Digitization is essential in driving value creation, operational efficiency and driving innovation, thereby shaping sustainable business practices. The adoption of digital technologies is essential for strengthening economic performance, mitigating the impact on the environment and promoting societal sustainability goals. This research proposes to analyse the ramifications of digitization in the field of sustainable business. Its main objective is to analyse how digital technologies have influenced and shaped businesses that adopt economic, social and environmental sustainability. To achieve this objective, a methodological review, based on academic research articles, was undertaken to elucidate how the conceptualization of digitization as a catalyst for changing sustainable business paradigms has evolved. This effort involved delineating digital technologies, discerning prevailing trends, and identifying best practices to drive sustainability goals within business operations. In addition, the review encapsulated the challenges and risks inherent in digitization in relation to sustainable business, encompassing concerns such as cyber security, regulatory compliance and ethical considerations. Finally, the research provided a forecast of the digital trajectory of sustainable business, highlighting emerging trends and potential development trajectories. The research findings underscore the imperative for sustainable businesses to adopt a strategic and meticulously planned approach. This involves investing in robust cyber security measures, upskilling the workforce in digital skills, conscientiously assessing the environmental footprint of technology and formulating robust ethical frameworks. By deftly navigating these challenges, businesses can optimize the dividends of digitization while maintaining their commitment to sustainability. While certain sustainable solutions may demonstrate effectiveness on a smaller scale, their scalability is essential to making a substantial impact on sustainability goals. Addressing the scalability issue requires concerted efforts by government bodies, businesses, communities and individuals, augmented by investments in education, technology and research. These innovative efforts hold promise for addressing global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss and socio-economic disparities, while fostering economic prosperity and societal well-being. As businesses delve deeper into the realms of digitization, the concomitant risks associated with data security and privacy escalate proportionately. Therefore, adopting strict cyber security protocols becomes of paramount importance. In conclusion, the digital frontier of sustainable business presents fertile ground for innovation and expansion. Combining digital talent with sustainability imperatives can generate business models that not only thrive economically, but also contribute significantly to social well-being and environmental conservation

Effect of AI on HI

Abstract: This paper explores the profound impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Human Intelligence (HI), examining both the enhancements and challenges AI introduces. AI, defined as the capability of machines to perform tasks requiring humanlike intelligence, has evolved significantly, influencing various domains such as education, healthcare, and the workforce. AI enhances human cognitive processes by assisting in decision-making, problem-solving, and creativity, thereby augmenting HI. In education, AI-driven tools offer personalized learning experiences, while in healthcare; AI improves diagnostics and patient care. However, the integration of AI raises ethical concerns, including privacy, data security, and algorithmic bias. The potential for AI to surpass human intelligence, known as the singularity, poses existential questions about human autonomy. This paper underscores the importance of responsible AI development, emphasizing the need for ethical frameworks to balance technological advancements with human values. As AI continues to advance, fostering effective human-AI collaboration and preparing society for an AI-enhanced future are crucial for maximizing the benefits and minimizing the risks associated with AI's influence on HI.

Toward a contemporary understanding of organizational trust in socio‐economic systems: Connecting theoretical perspectives of the management and business ethics literature

AbstractThis paper provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of 30 years of academic research on organizational trust in socio‐economic practice in the management and business ethics literature. A systematic review of 160 papers published in leading management and business ethics academic journals reveals two interpretations—one based on a transactional, cause‐and‐effect idea of the benefit of trust within relationships (or utilitarian trust), and one based on personal, sincere, and virtuous attributes of character allowing the participant to engage in trusting (or virtuous trust). Our review contributes an analysis of the state of prior research and the literature's intertextual coherence which allows problematization of the current theory and identification of opportunities for further contributions. Future work could be based on the interconnections among these two research traditions, ways to expand the current understanding of utilitarian trust, and proposals for a basic moral framework to support virtuous trust from the perspective of an understanding of trust in the socio‐economic practice in which contemporary trust problems arise. Our reinforcement of the theoretical underpinnings of trust also offers practical guidance as it sheds light on trust's nuanced dimensions in complex organizational and socio‐economic environments.

Ethical committee frameworks and processes used to evaluate humanities research require reform: Findings from a UK-wide network consultation

ABSTRACT Background Qualitative Humanities research is perturbed by ethical review processes that routinely invoke epistemological assumptions skewed towards positivistic or deductive research, giving rise to several concerns, including increased risk aversion by University Research Ethics Committees (URECs) and the evaluation of qualitative research designs according to STEM standards. Methods/Materials This paper presents findings from an AHRC-funded research network built to better understand how research ethics frameworks and processes might be reformed to more appropriately fit ethically challenging qualitative methodologies. Results There remains dissatisfaction with the current processes for awarding ethical approval and the subsequent management of ethical dimensions of projects. In spite of recent developments, UREC frameworks remain seriously flawed, with a wide divergence in the quality of expertise, procedures, and practices, leading to inconsistency in ethical approval awards. Conclusions These factors downgrade UK Higher Education research power in the Humanities and undermine our commitments to the researched. We propose a series of recommendations for reform.

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Medical Education: Current Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

AI's rise in medicine promises personalized care, better diagnoses, and innovative training. It analyzes images, predicts diseases, and tailors treatments. However, ethical concerns loom. Biased data can lead to unfair diagnoses, and some AI systems lack transparency, raising trust issues. The editorial proposes solutions: ethical frameworks, transparent AI, and legal regulations. It envisions a future where AI complements doctors, requiring collaboration across fields. To prepare future physicians, medical schools need to integrate AI and ethics into their curriculum. AI holds immense potential, but challenges must be addressed. Through collaboration and responsible development, AI can revolutionize medicine alongside human expertise.