Ethical Doctrine Research Articles

The Permanent Condition of War-And-Peace: From the Total Mobilization to the Absolute Construction of the Event

In the present consideration the author tries to explain on three levels a fundamental shift which occurred and changed the dynamics of the binary opposition of and peace and the globally defined area, the post-national sovereignty. Those levels are: (1) transition from the metaphysics of modern history to the production of bio-political power on a global scale between the Empires (United States, Russia and China) against rogue states which calls into question the ontological definition of the modern as a civilian, guerrilla as warfare or ethnic conflict; (2) definition of the world as a (techno-science and capital) which necessarily leads to the possibility of as the construction of events on a planetary scale; (3) review of the Enlightenment's ideas of Kant's perpetual peace in correlation with the condition of permanent state of emergency on a global level, which break up the Manichean logic “either or peace”, because we are living in an age characterized by the logic of and peace in the intervals it constructed crisis of the global security. Therefore, the question of human nature as good or bad does not make decisive philosophical meaning, and even theological problem, because the ethics of responsibility becomes only a weak appeal for the preservation of life on earth and the theology of salvation already assumed the fight against evil in the form of negative theodicy. What, then, is left of the idea of not only world history but also of the different versions of the just war at a time when terror, control and politics should decide on events in the world? The answer could not lie in the pseudo-humanization of the world and the inflation of ethical doctrine as a treatment for a technology-designed apocalypse. Instead of utopias and apocalyptic narratives, the solution lies in rethinking the constellation of techno-cybernetic thinking as the dangers that allow conditions of total mobilization and absolute construction.

A conceptual model of business drawing insights from Indian philosophical thought

New paradigms of doing business are evolving as the world is facing a host of problems such as ecological imbalance, destruction of environment, corruption in business organisations and global financial crisis. It has been observed that business has often failed in the areas of ethics, social responsibility and sustainability. Commencing from the 'financial profit' motive, business has come a long way; but has still failed to meaningfully address various social and ethical concerns. Study of the emerging trend of business advocates the need for a holistic solution driven by spirituality. The Indian philosophy is the oldest living tradition with an ethical doctrine derived from its metaphysics giving it the capacity to provide solution to various problems of life. In this paper an attempt has been made to propose 'a conceptual model for business based on the insights gleaned from the rich Indian philosophical thoughts.

МОРМОНИЗМ И ПРОТЕСТАНТИЗМ: СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ

The article analyzes in detail the basics and sources of dogma, theological specificity, religious practice, organizational structures of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and individual Protestant denominations. A comparative analysis of the two Christian denominations is carried out taking into account the conditions of their emergence and historical development. The main positions of ethical doctrines, in particular economic and labor, social doctrines of Mormons and Protestants, etc., are examined separately. The features common to both confessions are highlighted, as well as those features that are peculiar only to Mormonism and only Protestantism. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian denomination despite its specificity, with a long history and a membership of more than 15 million followers in 165 countries of the world (including the post-Soviet space), having more than 30 thousand parishes, 16 thousand assembly houses and 160 temples; five more temples are under construction [Sitnikov, 2014: 17, 33, 32]. Mormonism proximity to Protestantism can be traced in the socially significant aspects of the doctrine — moral teaching, work ethic, religious motivation of social service, and in certain theological positions. At the same time, there are noticeable differences in dogma as well as and in cult practice and church organization.

Zarys etyki buddyjskiej

This paper offers an outline of an ethical doctrine of Buddhism. In the initial part of the text the fundamental law of dharma is presented, as well as the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path leading to a final liberation from suffering. Then the crucial criteria of good and evil acts are considered, also the principal rules of moral behaviour, followed by a few remarks on Buddhist ethics as a form of consequentialism and of virtue ethics. The last part of the paper attempts to apply the fundamental ethical precepts to selected issues like nature, abortion, suicide and euthanasia.

Ідейні витоки етичної доктрини київських академістів

The article reveals the reasons for the Kyiv thinkers to emphasize their ethical issues in their creative intelligence. Most of all there was need for justification in the light of the moral postulates of metaphysical epistemological and eschatological developments, an updated tendency towards the injection of ethics in philosophical concepts which is characteristic to the development of European thought of the second half of the nineteenth century, needs of social practice, distribution of nihilistic ideas in society. The process of forming the ethical academic doctrine cannot be conceived without solving the problem of ideological influences. The following processes are recognized by: a) Mainly but not exclusively the Eastern-Byzantine tradition which was a logical extension of holy teachings; b) Influence of Kant's moral philosophy and in part Fichte's and theist-oriented theories of German thinkers of the nineteenth century. The ideas of the moral-educational character contained in the works of the holy fathers and teachers of the church, in particular Athanasius the Great, John Chrysostom, John Climacus, Ambrose of Mediolans, who are subsequently influenced the formation of the ethical doctrine of the Kyiv thinkers. The ideological discrepancy between spiritual philosophers and their predecessors - professors of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, who came out in their intelligence from the provisions of Aristotelian ethics, is emphasized. Reasons of the influence of German idealism were found in particular practical philosophy on the process of formation of ethical attitudes of Kyiv academicians. Separately the most influential researchers of the idea of the moral philosophy of Kant and the principle of morality a priori are considered. In order to identify possible recipes of theistic concepts of German thinkers the main propositions of the theologies of morality explained by A. Richel, F. Schleiermacher, H. Martensen, A. Wutke, R. Root, A. Ettingen, K. Palmer. Actually the ethical doctrine of the thinkers of the Kiev Theological Academy is actualized on the one hand through the creative processing of the ideological achievements of patristics, on the other hand the concepts of the practical philosophy of German idealism.

A conceptual model of business drawing insights from Indian philosophical thought

New paradigms of doing business are evolving as the world is facing a host of problems such as ecological imbalance, destruction of environment, corruption in business organisations and global financial crisis. It has been observed that business has often failed in the areas of ethics, social responsibility and sustainability. Commencing from the 'financial profit' motive, business has come a long way; but has still failed to meaningfully address various social and ethical concerns. Study of the emerging trend of business advocates the need for a holistic solution driven by spirituality. The Indian philosophy is the oldest living tradition with an ethical doctrine derived from its metaphysics giving it the capacity to provide solution to various problems of life. In this paper an attempt has been made to propose 'a conceptual model for business based on the insights gleaned from the rich Indian philosophical thoughts.

Liberalizm Marthy C. Nussbaum: między autonomią jednostki a polityczną tolerancją

Martha C. Nussbaum w oparciu o teorię sprawności (capabilities approach) tworzy wizję powszechnego ładu politycznego opartego na szacunku i tolerancji. Czy rzeczywiście jej teoria może stać się podstawą międzynarodowego liberalizmu politycznego? Wszak nosi ona wyraźne cechy opcji światpoglądowej – etyki moralnej autonomii jednostki. W dyskusji z Lindą Barclay Nussbuam odcina się od takiej interpretacji. Podkreśla pluralistyczny i uniwersalistyczny charakter swoich rozwiązań. Chce, aby konsensus oparty na teorii sprawności przekroczył bariery kultur, religii i narodowości. Stawia więc cele ambitniejsze niż sam Rawls, czołowy polityczny liberał. Wskazuje też inne, poza Rawlsem, źródła idei liberalizmu politycznego. Piętnuje dostrzegany u Berlina i Raza brak szacunku wobec religii.

Suárez: La verdad de la Ley y su Autoridad

Para Suárez la ley es el acto de voluntad con el que el legislador obliga a sus súbditos a actuar como es debido ordenándoles hacerlo. Algunos intérpretes sostienen que según el jesuita la ley añadiría a una obligación preexistente una obligación adicional y específica, mientras que otros creen que para Suárez no existe obligación que no tenga en la ley su propia fuente y que, por consiguiente, antes de la ley no puede haber obligaciones, sino sólo deberes. En todo caso, Suárez no parece capaz de explicar por qué el súbdito debería obedecer al legislador, ni tampoco por qué en efecto debería actuar como es debido. Por lo tanto, parece que se puedan compartir en su mayor parte las conclusiones bien conocidas de quien sostuvo que, una vez agotados los presupuestos metafísicos y antropológicos de la doctrina ética y jurídica de Tomás de Aquino, el intento suareciano de refundación de la obligación moral, jurídica y política no pudo, en última instancia, conseguir su objetivo.

Коментарі до українського перекладу трактату аль-Фарабі “Послання, що вказує шлях до щастя”

The commentary dwells on certain features of al-Farabi’s work Risala fi Tanbih ‘ala Sabil al-Saadah and first of all the “Islamic” and universalist visions of the text. It explores the essential ethical doctrine of al-Farabi: the notions of “good deeds”, “appropriate states of soul” and, finally, “good distinction”. The strict observance of these means in pursuit of happiness leads, according to al-Farabi, to perfection of one’s virtues. It is concuded that al-Farabi links rationality and ethics placing his logical views in the context of eudemonism. The translation and commentary show that al-Farabi's ethics is integrated in his project of making “virtuos city” ( al-madinah al-fadhilah ). The commentary also elucidates the meanings of al-Farabi’s therms.

Horace, Ofellus and Philodemus of Gadara in Sermones 2.2

This paper examines Horace’s portrayal inSermones2.2 of Ofellus, the poet’s rustic spokesman whose recent loss of property provides the opportunity for an ethical discourse on wealth administration. More specifically, it considers his advice on how to manage wealth within the context of Epicurean ethical doctrines, particularly those of Philodemus of Gadara, who was Horace’s contemporary in Italy and who authored relevant treatises with the concerns of Roman landowners in mind. These concerns involve not only the proper acquisition and use of revenue, which is based on the Epicurean doctrine of observing a “measure of wealth” in connection with the pleasure calculus, but also advice on how to endure financial crises by drawing on the support of a network of close friends, all of which contributes to Ofellus’ own equanimity in the face of misfortune.

Can Lutheran Theology and Virtue Ethics Be Friends?

AbstractLutheran theology is generally suspicious of virtue ethics. This suspicion arises from (1) the Lutheran commitment to justification by faith in God's unconditional promise; and (2) Luther's corollary understanding of sin as existential self‐absorption. Some Lutheran theologians have sought to incorporate virtue ethics by using it as an orientation for Christian life, while making sure to avoid any contamination of the doctrine of justification by virtue ethics. My project is to consider the possibility of a mutual illumination and interaction between the doctrine of justification and virtue ethics’ focus on formation by habituation. As an aid in exploring this possibility I use the distinction in Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Ethics between the “ultimate” and the “penultimate.”

Этикетный речевой жанр «обращение» в зачине духовного письма (на материале текстов русских церковных писателей-монахов ХХ века)

The peculiarities of etiquette speech genre of “compellation” in the Russian spiritual letter are discussed. The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of studying the Church-religious style and written spiritual heritage of Russian Orthodox monasticism, by the interest to Russian speech etiquette and Russian epistolary traditions. The novelty of the study lies in the author’s reference to not previously studied texts of spiritual letters of the Russian Orthodox monks of the 20 th century, study of the interaction of language and religion, identification of the specifics of etiquette genres in religious style. The article focuses on the question of how the Hesychast idea of deification is embodied in the language of the genre of “compellation.” Also the attention is paid to the principles of theocentrism and christocentrism, determining the linguistic embodiment of the genre of “compellation.” With the help of illustrations it is shown that the specifics of the genre of “compellation” in the opening sentence of Russian spiritual letter is linked with the Christian worldview of the authors, adherence to ethical Hesychast doctrine. On the basis of involved linguistic material it is concluded that etiquette units which embody the idea of deification ( о Gospode , vo Gospode, vo Khriste, vo Khriste Iisuse, bogolyubivyy, bogolyubiveyshiy, rab Bozhiy ) become a stylistic marker. The analysis of complaints in the letters of clerical writers-monks from the point of view of their functions shows that, in addition to the usual functions of compellations, the texts of this genre realize the function of spiritual rapprochement of the author and the addressee.

The Trouble with Feelings, or Spinoza on the Identity of Power and Essence

Spinoza claims both that a thing’s essence is identical to power, and that emotions are fundamentally variations in this power. The conjunction of these two theses creates difficulties for his metaphysics and ethics alike. The three main worries concern the coherence of Spinoza’s accounts of essence, diachronic identity, and emotional “bondage,” and put in question his ability to derive ethical and psychological doctrines from his metaphysical claims. In response to these difficulties, this paper offers a new interpretation of Spinoza’s account of affects and his doctrine of the identity of power and essence. It shows that what is fundamental to his ontology of affects is the relation of modification or determination, a relation central to his ontology more generally. The paper argues that we cannot simply identify power and essence but should instead take affects to modify or determine essences as particular exercises of power (particular desires, appetites, and volitions). That is, Spinozistic essences should be viewed as intrinsically determinable, with affects supplying the determinations, and as consisting not in rigid sets of determinate properties, but in ranges of variable properties.

Polybios’ Geschichtsbild. Hellenistische Prinzipien seiner Darstellungen menschlichen Handelns

This article deals with Polybius’ view of history in general and with his narration of human action in particular. The argument starts from recent opinions that his narrations are influenced by Aristotelian conception and expounds the problems of his supposed incoherent conception of narration. This paper argues against these opinions and for a rather coherent conception of Polybius’ narration of human action, which is strongly influenced by stoic and middle-stoic ethical doctrine.

The Plan of Adolescence Education of Humanism Using the Eastern and Western Humanities Classics Focused on The Doctrine of the Mean and Nikomachos Ethics

The Plan of Adolescence Education of Humanism Using the Eastern and Western Humanities Classics Focused on The Doctrine of the Mean and Nikomachos Ethics

Review and explain the of consequentialism and Deontologists in Islamic Doctrines

One of the most important issues in normative ethics is investigation and explanation of the problem Consequentialism and Deontologism. Many intellectuals have focused in the West and the Islamic world (partly) on this issue and researches also have remained. The problem Consequentialism and Deontologism one of the valuable researches that can be applied as beginning in the teachings of Islam, especially in the realm of ethics .The fact that ethical Islamic propositions related to consequentialism or Deontologism itself is very important and in this area researches demands to be done. In many ethical doctrines Islam, such as Qur'an, the sayings of Imams clearly referred to deontologists and in some doctrine is provided to consequentialism. In this research we sought to investigate the important point that the ethical doctrines of Islam, related to Consequentialism or Deontologism. In addition to be important the pursuit of the fact that Islam is considered in the discussion of ethical education, Consequential or De-ontological. To achieve this objective, descriptive - analytic method has been investigated to investigate this issue with a focus on religious texts especially the Holy Qur'an. The results of this study, the separation between the two fields of Islamic teachings the field of relationship with God Deontologism and Consequentialism in society and people sphere. Please cite this article as: Shiravand M, Ranjkesh M. Review and explain the of consequentialism and Deontologists in Islamic Doctrines. Iran J Bioethics 2016; 6(19): 7-25.

PHILOSOPHICAL AND THEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PROTESTANTISM’S ETHICS

The main subject of article is research of theological and philosophical aspects of Protestant ethics and a form of her realization in the modern world. There is a communication between religion (including Protestantism) and the main spheres of human life. Ethical doctrine in Protestantism provides specifics of a sociality. Authors give the facts of rather religious organizations in Krasnodar Krai.

TEORIJSKI TEMELJI STOIČKE PRAKSE: TEORIJA PRIRODNOG ZAKONA

<p>Stoicizam je najvažniji i najutjecajniji filozofski nauk iz razdoblja helenizma, a njegov etički aspekt, podrazumijevajući integralnost stoičke filozofije, predstavlja ‘plod njihovog vrta’. Teorijski temelji i prva načela stoičke etike čine najjasnije određen i sistematiziran etički nauk antičke filozofije. Razmatranje i razumijevanje njihove etike pretpostavlja prihvaćanje cjelovitosti stoičke filozofske misli i neodvojivosti njezinih aspekata: logike (<em>logik</em><em>ḗ</em>, <em>lógos</em>) koja proučava bit stvari te fizike (<em>phýsis</em>, Priroda, Bog, <em>pneûma</em>, kozmički <em>lógos</em>) koja je ta prava narav. Integralnost stoičkog učenja i neizdvojivost etike proizlazi iz ideje savršenosti prirode oblikovane <em>lógosom</em>, koji je referentna vrijednost svega ostaloga u svijetu pa i moralnog djelovanja. Etičke vrijednosti mogu se spoznati samo logičkom analizom usklađenosti naravi pojedinih bića s Prirodom. Autor zbog ovoga daje pregled ovih aspekata stoičkog filozofskog nauka i njegovu etičku rezultantu. U konačnici se čini neupitnim da se stoičkom etikom u filozofiji Zapada pojavljuje prvi obuhvatni i sustavno osmišljeni prikaz vječnog moralnog zakona ugrađenog u strukturu Prirode, koji se može spoznati razumom moralno slobodnog djelatnika – čovjeka. Prema ovome je teorijski temelj stoičke prakse u etičkoj teoriji prirodnog zakona.</p>

Kurt Lampe, The Birth of Hedonism. The Cyrenaic philosophers and Pleasure as a way of life

The monograph by Kurt Lampe is the first systematic attempt in any modern language to deal with the ethics of the Cyrenaics, in particular with their he­donism. The book offers a detailed reconstruction of the ethical doctrines of both the Cyrenaics of the first generation (such as Aristippus the Elder, his daughter Arete, her son Aristippus the Younger) and the Cyrenaics of the later sects (such as Anniceris, Hegesias, Theodorus the Godless). After dealing with mainstream and later Cyrenaics...

Aufklärende Rationalisierung. Ein Versuch, Max Weber neu zu interpretieren by Wolfgang Hellmich (review)

282 Max Weber Studies Kohler and Winckelmann did not have so they could not take advantage of the p task of compiling an index easier. Altho toph Morlok have been able to utilize co still must have cost them considerable In 1922 Werner Siebeck wrote that he f index' for Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft co the 'Vorwort' to this volume Wolfgang that this index probably does not live the Gesamtregister comes very close to Morlok to thank for providing us with an those by Kohler or Winckelmann. Schlu will be useful to scholars is more than ful certainly a very useful tool, but it is muc bers reveal statistics that should make us reconsider some of our beliefs about what Weber considered important. Since Weber was convinced that we should base our scholarship on facts and not on beliefs, there should be little doubt that Max Weber would approve of this Gesamtregister. Christopher Adair-Toteff University of South Florida/University of Kent Christopher Adair-Toteff Wolfgang Hellmich, Aufklärende Rationalisierung. Ein Versuch, Max Weber neu zu interpretieren (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2013), 278 pp. (pbk). ISBN 978-3-428-13906-4. €69.90. The first sentence of Aufklärende Rationalisierung contains the bold claim that this study intends to interpret Max Weber in a new way. Wolfgang Hellmich immediately adds that his effort is going to be more modest than the claim suggests, but he also insists that his path to interpreting Weber must be regarded as new. It is new because it is neither 'orthodox', like Wolfgang Schluchter's approach, nor is it 'heterodox', like Wilhelm Hennis's. Hellmich regards Weber as an enlightening figure, and he spends most of his book attempting to show how Weber's 'enlightening rationalization' fits with much of the Western philosophical tradition, especially Kant. Hellmich sees traces of a number of other philosophers in Weber's conception of enlightening and his emphasis on reason, including Hegel, Nietzsche and William James. To support his contention, Hellmich focuses on Weber's less well-known works and shows the familiar ones in a new© Max Weber Studies 2015. Book Reviews 283 light. He maintains that it is impo correspondence but he insists tha 'Herrschaftssoziologie', 'Religion While he is correct about the impo in neglecting those critically impo claim is a major one and his 'new i intriguing observations. Unfortu inherent contradictions which le The larger issue for his interpreta shared these philosophers' belief in he did not share their enthusiasm Hellmich is worth reading for h ity to Kant's notion of enlighten Kant emphasized the importanc need to think for one's self. Kant's in Weber's insistence that one mus haps even more than Kant, Web reject myths. In short, Weber war to act like the grown-ups that the that Weber acknowledged that inte age cannot be expected to be found cannot live up to that standard o movie. For both Kant and Web against deceit by others as well as While Hellmich is quite correct Kant believed in the importance less correct in his assessment of Weber's and Kant's stances on ethics. Kant is famous for his Categorical Imperative with its prin ciple that every rational being can and should act ethically; Weber is well-known for his two types of ethics: the 'ethics of conviction', by which one acts solely upon principles, and the 'ethics of respon sibility', by which one considers likely consequences. Furthermore, Kantian ethics eliminate irrational factors, while Weber's thinking incorporates them. Finally, Kant's ethical doctrine is almost inhu manly strict, but Weber's is most certainly not. Hellmich believes that there are fundamental areas of agreement between Weber and the American pragmatists, and he cites Weber's interest in America as partial proof. Weber's concern with empiri cal studies and his demand for conceptual clarity do tend to line up with pragmatist philosophy and there is little doubt that Weber was impressed with William James. However, his interest was primarily© Max Weber Studies 2015. 284 Max Weber Studies in the Varieties of Religious Experience a losophy. What makes Hellmich's assert insistence that Weber is like the pragmat of the 'minor' type. Hellmich...