Ethical Component Research Articles

Assessing the assessments: toward a multidimensional approach to AI literacy

This scoping review explores the field of artificial intelligence (AI) literacy, focusing on the tools available for evaluating individuals’ self-perception of their AI literacy. In an era where AI technologies increasingly infiltrate various aspect of daily life, from healthcare diagnostics to personalized digital platforms, the need for a comprehensive understanding of AI literacy has never been more critical. This literacy extends beyond mere technical competence to include ethical considerations, critical thinking, and socio-emotional skills, reflecting the complex interplay between AI technologies and societal norms. The review synthesizes findings from diverse studies, highlighting the development and validation processes of several key instruments designed to measure AI literacy across different dimensions. These tools – ranging from the Artificial Intelligence Literacy Questionnaire (AILQ) to the General Attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence Scale (GAAIS) – embody the nature of AI literacy, encompassing affective, behavioral, cognitive, and ethical components. Each instrument offers unique insights into how individuals perceive their abilities to understand, engage with, and ethically apply AI technologies. By examining these assessment tools, the review sheds light on the current landscape of AI literacy measurement, underscoring the importance of self-perception in educational strategies, personal growth, and ethical decision-making. The findings suggest a critical need for educational interventions and policy formulations that address the gaps between perceived and actual AI literacy, promoting a more inclusive, critically aware, and competent engagement with AI technologies.

Ethical concerns in integrating sport-related concussion (SRC) genetic testing into return-to-play (RTP) protocols

ABSTRACT The occurrence of sport-related concussions (SRCs) has emerged as a significant health concern in professional sports, with millions of concussions occurring worldwide each year. Current return-to-play (RTP) protocols after SRCs involve a multi-disciplinary approach with growing interest in genetic testing technology. Numerous studies have indicated that the gene Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) holds promise as a predictive factor for developing diseases after concussions and other traumatic brain injuries. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing and contentious debate surrounding the impact of SRC genetic testing on the RTP decision, encompassing concerns about the potential adverse effects on individual athletes, coaches, and even the whole sport community at large not in a small degree due to incidental findings. Hence, the purpose of this article is to explore the clinical and ethical components of SRCs genetic testing and its potential integration into RTP protocols by utilizing the ACCE framework to assess the validity, utility, and ethical aspects of SRCs.

Populist Authoritarianism and Catholic Political Ethics: A Framework for a Moral Review

Can there be an ethics of politics or political ethics in populist authoritarian democracies? Given that politics operates under potentially risky and morally ambiguous methods that involve strategic calculations with some elements of irrationality, developing an ethics of political leadership can be an abstruse exercise. The frequent mismatch between political methods, objectives, and outcomes exemplifies the complexity of political reality and its unpredictability. The existential tension between utilitarian and deontological approaches to ethics frequently arises in politics. However, to address the failures of democracy in political leadership, it is imperative to explore the ethical implications of populist authoritarianism. By scrutinizing how populist authoritarianism undermines democratic principles and polarizes societies, one can better understand its moral challenges and work towards developing a more ethical framework for political leadership. This article discusses Catholic political ethics in response to populist authoritarianism from three different perspectives: first, it analyzes what populist authoritarianism entails and its limitations in political governance; second, it discusses diverse components of political ethics, highlighting realistic dilemmas in the application of each component; and third, it makes an ethical evaluation of populist authoritarianism from the Catholic social ethics perspective, emphasizing human dignity, common good, and solidarity as key to countering populist authoritarianism. The article makes two ethical suggestions in line with Catholic political ethics to address populist authoritarianism. The first is the principle of social cohesion, aimed at addressing the social, ethnic, racial, political, economic, and religious divisions that characterize populist authoritarian leadership. The second is the principle of social recognition, used as a strategy for safeguarding the common good by centralizing human dignity.

A Scoping Review of Transparency and Explainability in AI Ethics Guidelines

Transparency and explainability are crucial tenets of ethical Artificial Intelligence (AI) and are often classified as technical components of AI Ethics. Many countries and international governing bodies have developed AI guidelines and principles that are made public for respective civilians with a diverse range of expertise and knowledge. This short paper compares how explainability and transparency are presented and discussed in AI ethics guidelines developed by the top ten countries leading in AI research and development according to the AI Global Index Report in 2023 and leading efforts from governing bodies such as the EU. Methodologically, this paper presents a thematic analysis focusing on the presence and acknowledgment of various dimensions of explainability and transparency, as well as the level of detail and examples in the guidelines. The aim is to uncover how various aspects of AI ethics are presented in global guideline documents, highlight areas in which the documents converge, and discuss implications for AI stakeholders.

Assessment of the knowledge, attitude and practices of the informed consent process in oral healthcare among dental students in Makerere University Dental Hospital, Uganda

IntroductionInformed consent is an ethical and legal component of healthcare. It ensures patient autonomy and allows patients to make decisions regarding their treatment. In dental care, informed consent is particularly important because most dental procedures are invasive. Since dental students are future dentists, they need to learn about their ethical obligations and accountability through the informed consent process as this is critical to patients’ well-being. This study aimed to determine dental students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the informed consent process for oral health care in Makerere University Dental Hospital, Uganda.Study methodologyThis was a descriptive cross-sectional study using quantitative methods. It was carried out at Makerere University Dental Hospital and third, fourth, and fifth-year students (n = 102) pursuing a Bachelor of Dental Surgery program took part in the survey. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices of informed consent for oral health care. Collected data were entered into Epi-data version 3.1, where it was cleaned, coded, and imported to STATA version 14 software for statistical analysis.ResultsAbout two-thirds 67 (65.7%) of the participants were males. The mean age was 25 (SD = 3.21) years. The majority (90%) of the students had a high level of knowledge of the informed consent process. About (80%) had a positive attitude towards informed consent and (85%) most often practiced the informed consent process. Based on bi-variate analysis, training on informed consent, year of study, age, and sex were significantly associated with the informed consent process. However, there was no significant risk factor associated with informed consent in multiple logistic regression analysis.ConclusionThe study findings highlighted high levels of knowledge, positive attitude, and practice of the informed consent process among the clinical dental students. Continuous training is necessary to remind dental students about the importance of informed consent in healthcare, not only for complex procedures.

The role of generation Z media literacy in confronting the destructive value messages of digital media

Introduction. Today, the Internet environment has become a usual place of living and working for Generation Z. Digital media have created a unique digital environment adapted to the most diverse requests and needs of the new generation. However, in addition to its constructive capacity and boundless opportunities for education, the digital environment has a negative impact on the value orientations and priorities of the younger generation. The aim of this article is to review the studies on the role of media literacy in countering the negative effects and destructive value messages in digital media, as well as to summarize current trends and educational solutions in teaching media literacy. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the research includes general scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, description, philosophical methods (hermeneutics, dialectics), social and pedagogical methods. Materials of the research are articles from Russian and foreign periodicals published mainly for the last 5 years. The main source of data was the analysis of publications in the search engine for world scientific publications Google Scholar. The search for publications was additionally carried out through electronic scientific libraries Elibrary. ru, CyberLeninka, and ResearchGate. Research results. The increasing complexity and growth of the destructive influence of digital media on the young generation determines the principles of developing and shaping the content and focus of modern media education. The development of media literacy should be carried out according to the age, value, and motivational features of personal development at all levels of education, combining technological, cognitive, social, and ethical components of media competence. Conclusion. The development and execution of media literacy projects and educational programs aimed at developing media literacy and increasing resistance to manipulative and destructive content of digital media is an urgent research and practical task, especially in the context of the experimental-evidence-based paradigm. Today, under conditions of increasing complexity and improvement of digital media, literacy and information culture become the key to the safe psychological and physical growth of a person in the digital world, including in the context of increasing civil involvement of young people. Media literacy is a sophisticated set of abilities, including the ability to think critically about a diverse range of digital content (news, entertainment, commercial, educational, viral) and to understand its consequences. It also includes the ability to use digital tools and technologies to create content, the ability to reflect on one's state and behavior and to manage emotional reactions, and the ability to build socially acceptable and ethically correct communication and interaction with other users. There is a shortage of Russian studies aimed at investigating the educational effects related to literacy education of different age groups in accordance with the user's goals and motivations for digital content consumption.

REVISION OF ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK IN UKRAINE: SCIENTIFIC, EDUCATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL ASPECTS

The article identifies the theoretical and practical basis for understanding the problem of revising the ethical principles of social work in Ukraine. The urgency of updating the Code of Ethics for Social Work is substantiated by taking into account the content of the Global Declaration of Ethical Principles of Social Work, systematization of competencies related to the ethical component at the level of educational and professional standards in this area. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of foreign experience in updating national codes of ethics in the context of the spreadof new practices of digital social work and the use of artificial intelligence tools. The author emphasizes the growing need for an appropriate response to digitalization in the professional and educational dimension of social work, in particular, with regard to the specification of the ethical component in the list of social worker competencies. The importance of strengthening the role of self-governing professional associations in the formation and supervision of ethical standards, as well as the active participation of national associations, associations of social workers, scientific and educational communities in the development of common approaches to the development of social work at the global level is substantiated. This is seen as one of the factors in overcoming the catch-up nature of national theory and practice in this area. Attention is drawn to the importance of Ukraine’s experience of social work in wartime, new aspects and conclusions of this period. The author traces the multilevel nature of the modern system of ethical foundations of social work (supranational, national, local levels), which is considered as a means of unifying approaches and at the same time promoting the development of the local context.

АНАЛИЗ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ТРАДИЦИОННОГО АЛГОРИТМА ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ РИСКОВ В ТРАНСГУМАНИСТИЧЕСКОЙ КОНЦЕПЦИИ

The research presented in the article is aimed at finding an intermediate approach that provides solutions related to the introduction of innovations offered by transhumanists. In connection with evolutionary anthropology, transhumanism supports technological development as a continuation of biological evolution. For transhumanists, the exponential growth of technology becomes an indispensable condition for the improvement of society, which, having reached a state beyond biology, will shape a new future for humanity: postbiological. The authors explore the possibility of predicting transhumanistic risks using integrated tools, taking into account the ethical component.

The Evolution of Perspectives on the role of Digitalisation in the Development of Labour Relations and Human Resources Policy

Digital transformation has a significant impact on the labor market as a whole and on social and labor relations within each individual organization. This study examines the evolution of perspectives on the application of information technologies in the functioning of the organizational unit responsible for Human Resources. Study use a comprehensive chronological analysis of over 70 scientific works published from the 1970s to the present. Results indicate that an increase in the intensity of the influence of information technologies on the Human Resources, as well as on social-labor relationships. This influence has evolved, starting from the use of computers as a means of storing personnel information and the potential for remote working, and culminating in the global impact of modern information technologies on social-labor relationships and labor market – the emergence of new forms of employment, changes in the job management, the simultaneous creation of new jobs and the threat to many existing ones. Additionally, study introduces analysis of the evolution of perspectives on the ethical component of digitalizing labor relations and personnel policy.

Can restaurants achieve customer retention through CSR?

The objective of this study is to establish a comprehensive framework that combines the four dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (Economic, Legal, Ethical, and Philanthropic Responsibility) with Environmental Responsibility. Additionally, the study seeks to assess the role of Corporate Image (CI) in mediating the impact of aspects of CSR on Customer Retention with the use of structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the hypothesized conceptual framework. A total of 217 questionnaires were successfully gathered through an online platform from customers who patronized restaurants in the city of Tehran. The findings indicate that the legal, ethical, philanthropic, and environmental components have a favorable and considerable impact on CI. Moreover, the impact of the five dimensions of CSR on customer retention is mediated by the perception of the CI. This study provides a valuable contribution by expanding upon Carroll's dimensions that included environmental responsibility, and demonstrating that the inclusion of this factor can also enhance company image. Going forward managers may acquire the knowledge that enhances their environmental responsibilities can concurrently contribute to the enhancement of CI and positively impact customer retention.

NEUROMARKETING TOOLS: ETHICAL SIDE OF INFLUENCE ON CONSUMER BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS

Despite the growing popularity of neuromarketing, its use faces certain problems. First of all, consumers and society have concerns about the ethical component of neuromarketing and the possibility of its use to manipulate consumer behavior. In addition, both businesses and consumers do not always have complete information about the features of neuromarketing and the technologies it uses. Addressing these issues is essential to expanding the use of neuromarketing as a tool for improving business performance. Purpose of the study: analysis of the ethical aspects of neuromarketing and review of the main neuromarketing technologies from the point of view of assessing their advantages compared to traditional marketing tools. Method or methodology for carrying out work. During the research, systemic and situational types of analysis, data from expert assessments, and information from complex studies provided by neurolaboratories were used. The information base of the study was formed on the basis of publications on the topic of neuromarketing, presented in the RSCI and Scopus databases, as well as monographs relevant to the research topic. Results. We have proposed our own definition that reveals the essence of neuromarketing. The author's point of view has been formed on determining the degree of ethics of using neuromarketing tools when conducting comprehensive studies of consumer preferences. Information on key neurobiological methods used in neuromarketing research is systematized and their effectiveness in comparison with traditional marketing tools is clarified. Scope of application of the results: results obtained can be used when conducting research in the field of neuromarketing.

A Model for Consumer Acceptance of Insect-Based Dog Foods among Adult UK Dog Owners.

The use of alternative proteins is becoming more common in pet feed, and insect-based dog foods (IBDFs) are becoming more widely available. However, little research has been conducted to date in respect of the drivers for consumers' acceptance of IBDF. This study aimed to investigate the acceptance of IBDF among adult UK dog owners and the factors influencing the decision to try and buy such products. A theoretical model was developed following a review of the existing literature. An online survey of 280 participants was carried out and the results were analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM) to test the theoretical model. The following constructs all had a significant impact on attitudes towards IBDF and/or intentions to try and buy IBDF: food preferences for animal welfare, health and environment; attitudes towards uses of animals; beliefs about insect sentience; disgust; perceptions of benefits and risks; and social norms. Social norms had the strongest influence of any single construct. Consumer acceptance of IBDF is multi-faceted including social, cultural and ethical components, and it is likely that the better availability of information and opportunities for consumers to familiarise themselves with IBDF would help to drive consumer acceptance. In order to allow dog owners to make informed decisions in line with their ethical preferences, further research is needed to establish the overall health and welfare implications of IBDF on the animals involved in production, as well as the companion animals, who are the ultimate consumers.

Bioethics and toxicological-hygienic research

There are presented and discussed documents regulating the ethical component of working with experimental animals and humans when examining public health, including documents regulating the use of genomic samples in clinical trials of drugs and the study of other factors in the human environment.

Ethical triage in public health emergency facilities: distributive justice – a decision model

PurposeA new triage method, MBCE (Medical Bio Social Ethics), is presented with social justice, bio, and medical ethics for critical resource distribution during a pandemic. Ethical triage is a complex and challenging process that requires careful consideration of medical, social, cultural, and ethical factors to guide the decision-making process and ensure fair and transparent allocation of resources. When assigning priorities to patients, a clinician would evaluate each patient’s medical condition, age, comorbidities, and prognosis, as well as their cultural and social background and ethical factors.Design/methodology/approachA statistical analysis shows no interactions among the ethical triage factors. It implies the ethical components have no moderation effect; hence, each is independent. The result also points out that medical and bioethics may have an affinity for interactions. In such cases, there seem to be some ethical factors related to bio and medical ethics that are correlated. Therefore, the triage team should be careful in evaluating patient cases. The algorithm is explained with case histories of the selected patient. A group of triage nurses and general medical practitioners assists with the triage.FindingsThe MBCE triage algorithm aims to allocate scarce resources fairly and equitably. Another ethical principle in this triage algorithm is the principle of utility. In a pandemic, the principle of utility may require prioritizing patients with a higher likelihood of survival or requiring less medical care. The research presents a sensitivity analysis of a patient’s triage score to show the algorithm’s robustness. A weighted score of ethical factors combined with an assessment of triage factors combines multiple objectives to assign a fair triage score. These distinctive features of the algorithm are reasonably easy to implement and a new direction for the unbiased triage principle.Originality/valueThe idea is to make decisions about distributing and using scarce medical resources. Triage algorithms raise ethical issues, such as discrimination and justice, guiding medical ethics in treating patients with terminal diseases or comorbidity. One of the main ethical principles in triage algorithms is the principle of distributive justice.

Empathy-----moral behavior or immoral behavior

The concept of transference, rooted in psychoanalysis, involves projecting buried emotions and desires onto a therapist. Developed by Sigmund Freud, this enduring concept remains relevant today, particularly in psychological counseling. This paper explores the intricate interplay of empathy and moral considerations within counseling. Examining these dynamics enhances our understanding of emotional and ethical components, thus improving the effectiveness of psychological interventions. Freud's notion of transference as unconscious emotions surfacing during therapy has transcended time. It prompts us to question its influence on contemporary counseling. Concurrently, modern research delves into empathy's interaction with moral dilemmas in counseling. Balancing emotional resonance with ethics is crucial as counseling becomes more complex. Exploring empathy and moral crisis holds significance. It aids practitioners in using empathy while maintaining ethical boundaries. This research empowers mental health professionals to navigate transference and moral issues with wisdom. In summary, studying transference, empathy, and moral crises deepens our grasp of the human psyche. Combining historical foundations with modern inquiries elevates counseling's quality—refined techniques, heightened ethics, and commitment to well-being.

ЭТИКА И МОРАЛЬ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ БИЗНЕСЕ: АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ И ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

In this article the author reflects on the application of ethical principles in the business environment, starting with the definition of business ethics and considering the approaches of various schools of thought to the presence of an ethical component in the entrepreneurial activity. The author provides a wide range of arguments against the view that the goals of business should be primarily growth and profit and that ethical principles of business are secondary or irrelevant. The article provides a historical overview of the development of philosophical and ethical thought in this regard and, in particular, briefly formulates the key views on this topic of the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, the medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas, the mercantilists of the 17th century, Bernard Mandeville and Adam Smith in the 18th century, John Keynes in the first half of the 20th century, as well as some modern authors and figures. In conclusion, the author states a strong increase in the role of moral assessments and ethical formulations in business at the present time and formulates the idea that the ethical side of a company’s activities is beginning to approach the classical factors of production in importance. However, the author questions the sincerity of thinking about business ethics in modern society.

Axiological Analysis of the Driving Teacher's Perspective in Educational Philosophy on the Profile of Pancasila at SMAN 2 Kota Bima

Learning at SMAN 2 Bima applies the concept of an independent curriculum with the strengthening of the Pancasila profile. Teachers are more skillful in using innovative learning models and media and strengthening student character. This qualitative research collected related data from various sources of literature, interviews and observations, journals, news, and the internet. One of the elements in the independent learning curriculum is the Pancasila student profile. In order for its implementation to be implemented correctly, this must be studied. Talking about useful philosophical research means entering into the field of axiology. The ethical component, which belongs to the domain of axiology, is the focus of this research.

Caring leadership in early childhood education in Chile: tensions from a highly gendered context

ABSTRACT Educational leadership at early childhood education (ECE) has been extensively studied. However, evidence from Chile is still scarce. As with many parts of the world, the ECE workforce is very female-heavy and Chile is no exception to this. This situation presents an intriguing context for leadership studies as particularities of a gendered role for women as leaders in Chile has not been a matter of analysis. Leadership in ECE includes a sense of vocation or ‘passion’ for children’s care, development, and learning, called caring leadership. This concept highlights an ethical component, interpersonal relations and a concern for the well-being. This article presents the findings of a three-year study involving 12 women leaders in ECE who established a Professional Learning Community. They were interviewed throughout the research. Findings reveal three tensions. Firstly, leadership is associated with a maternal role, perpetuating gender stereotypes. The second tension addresses the dynamics of personal connections within ECE teams in terms of asymmetry or horizontality. The third tension arises from the significance of caring as a crucial aspect of working in ECE education. These tensions underscore the need for a critical analysis of leadership in ECE, as gender considerations may overlook the complexity of the leaders’ role.

FEATURES OF TEACHING THE DISCIPLINES ETHICAL AND RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION

Issues related to the current state and peculiarities of teaching humanitarian disciplines of an ethical and religious orientation in the Ukrainian educational space are highlighted. The importance and practical significance of the ethical component in modern educational practices is substantiated. The set of problems that take place both in the organization of the teaching activity itself in disciplines of an ethical and religious nature, as well as promising ways and means of solving them, are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the need for optimization and high-quality meaningful content of these disciplines in educational programs. The importance of finding new approaches and mechanisms for the introduction of the ethical and religious component into educational practices is emphasized as a fundamental factor in the formation of the worldview and spiritual orientations of young people.

Professional moral deformation of lawyers as a threat to public safety: new challenges for the education system

The subject of this study is the problems of professional moral deformation of lawyers, acting as a threat to public safety. The purpose of the study is to identify the main factors influencing the occurrence and development of this negative phenomenon, and ways to minimize them. In the course of the study, an analysis of points of view regarding the moral character of a lawyer was carried out, and the main positive qualities that he should possess were identified. The high social significance of the legal profession has been established, since in fact its implementation takes place according to the "man-man" model. The analysis of the influence of employers on the professional moral deformation of lawyers was carried out by studying the information field and vacancies of the well-known aggregator "Head Hunter" and revealed the significant impact of the labor market on the negative phenomenon under consideration. The methodology of the research consists in the application of methods of analysis and synthesis, systematization, formal legal, dialectical and other methods. Digital services such as Wordstat were used to implement these methods. The author also used such information sources as Yandex and Head Hunter. The study follows the principles of logic and structuring. The scientific novelty of this study is to highlight the actual problems of professional moral deformation of lawyers as a threat to public safety. Practical recommendations have been accumulated regarding the improvement of the legal education system. In particular, it is recommended that the university conduct mandatory career guidance for applicants, since it is extremely important to determine the motivation of an applicant to enroll in the Law School. It is necessary to introduce the discipline "Fundamentals of professional ethics of a lawyer" into the educational program for the training of lawyers. It was revealed that only 35% of the universities studied have such a discipline. It is also required to approve the professional standard "Lawyer". It seems necessary to improve the Draft Order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation "On the approval of the professional standard "Lawyer" in terms of the moral and ethical component and psychological stability of lawyers. It is also recommended to introduce psychological trainings at the university level. Leading psychologists have developed various correctional and developmental programs that are aimed at reducing the level of aggression and contribute to the stability of the individual to professional deformations. This list of recommendations is not exhaustive.