Moral Categories Research Articles

МОТИВИ ВИНИ Й КАЯТТЯ У ПРОЗІ ОЛЕКСАНДРА КОНИСЬКОГО

In this article, considering the prose works of Oleksandr Konyskiy, an attempt is made to analyze such moral and ethical concepts as guilt and remorse. The writer’s efforts to trace the protagonist's destiny, who unexpectedly becomes a criminal even for himself, is obvious. So, on the one hand, Konyskyi emphasizes that the illegal acts were not committed by a person with a genetically deviant pattern of behavior, but by a normal person, whose circumstances led to despair and eventually to cross all limits, but on the other hand, the writer claims that even an accidental murder can cause the protagonist’s deep suffering, awareness of his guilt and sinfulness caused by repentance and self-condemnation. The research is relevant in terms of the aspect of the specified moral and ethical categories. The object of the study, mentioned in the above works by Konyskyi, for one or another reason is not under the notice of literary critics. The purpose of the article is to trace how Konyskyi presented the motives of guilt and remorse and how they correlate with the modern collectivist and legal culture. Biographical, historical-literary, and hermeneutic research methods are used to achieve the purpose. Tasks: to analyze the prose of O. Konyskyi and to identify a problem-thematic group of works, in which wrongdoing is discussed; meaningful categories of guilt and remorse in specific historical and social conditions; find out the attitude of the writer-lawyer to the protagonist who commits a crime, and reveal how his actions related to the social and legal culture of thаt times. In his prose works, O. Konyskyi violated important moral and ethical problems, his sins were remorseful, which entailed complex moral and psychological processes: recognition of guilt, efforts to ask for forgiveness and to ease his spiritual suffering. Usually, after remorse a person can fundamentally change his behavior, his system of evaluations and judgments, and return to a normal life. However, the heroes of Konyskyi stories, even after repentance, cannot find a point of support to simply live, someone like Bebeh, a guard, who chooses suicide, and Myhailo Surmach or the priest Zosym cannot turn on redemption to mental bliss, and they gradually fade away psychologically and physically. A promising study is the identification of the mentioned motives in the great prose of O. Konyskyi, both in a comparative aspect, in particular, the image of a degraded person who also does not admit his guilt, for example, in the story “Sikutor” and “Persona grata” by M. Kotsiubynskyi, as well as the topic for infanticide of the classical Ukrainian literature Keywords: short story, character, protagonist, antagonist, fear, guilt, sin, remorse, death.

Moral and psychological foundations of the special military operation in Ukraine and the criminal liability of Ukrainian Neo-Nazis for crimes against the peace and security of mankind

In the article, using the methodology of system analysis an integrated approach using the ethical concepts of good and evil and other categories of general and professional ethics, the moral and psychological foundations of the special military operation in Ukraine and the criminal liability of Ukrainian neo-Nazis, their NATO accomplices for crimes against the peace and security of mankind are considered. By implementing this special military operation, Russia is acting on the side of Good, as evidenced by the humanistic orientation of this method of warfare to protect people from genocide and other crimes against the peace and security of mankind committed by the neo-Nazi Kiev political regime acting on the side of world evil and its Western allies - NATO countries led by the United States of America, arming Ukrainian neo-Nazis and their Western mercenaries with modern lethal weapons. The fact that Russia is acting on the side of Good and not evil in this armed struggle is also evidenced by the humane style of this special operation, during which Russian servicemen show not only humanism, but also patriotism, courage, courage and heroism. For our servicemen acting on the side of Good, these high moral and psychological qualities in extreme situations of a special military operation are manifested in inseparable unity with noble rage and reasonable determination, which in a combat situation act as a kind of spiritual catalysts that ensure the manifestation of genuine courage, courage, heroism and patriotism in the behavior of sane people.

Protection of honor, dignity and business reputation of citizens in international law

Honor, dignity and business reputation are moral and legal categories that, in one way or another, reflect the assessment of moral and other qualities of a person. In the article, the author highlights the historical, legal and international aspect of the institution of honor, dignity and business reputation of persons, characterizes these categories as objects of legal protection; considers ways to protect violated human rights, as well as highlights some of the problems that arise in connection with this protection. An important role in the study is given to international non-governmental organizations established to promote international cooperation in the field of protecting the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen. A special specificity of such activities of INGOs is the presence of a related area of activities with state and supranational government structures. Moreover, its inextricable link with politics within the existing international legal order is emphasized.

Принцип справедливости в уголовном процессе Австрии, Лихтенштейна и Швейцарии

The category of justice, increasingly used in various sources of criminal procedure law at the international and national levels, reflects the gradual convergence of law and morality, their harmonization. Legal proceeding cannot be fair if it does not comply with the basic categories of ethics. The philosophical basis of the principle of justice in the criminal procedure in Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and other states of continental Europe is works of 18th-century educators who studied the content of this category, its relationship with related concepts, the relationship of justice and equality of all before the law and the court - the most important modern principles of criminal procedure law. In German, the most common language in Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, there is no single concept for justice. There are such terms as die Gerechtigkeit, die Fairness, die Billigkeit. Only the last term of the three denotes justice, and it was used by developers of Austria's, Switzerland's, and Liechtenstein's criminal procedure codes. In the legal doctrine of Austria and Switzerland, justice is regarded as a principle of legal proceeding, predetermining all its other elements. Justice also determines the system of rights and obligations of the accused, the victim, and other participants. Each of them has the right to fair treatment by law enforcement agencies. The 1975 Criminal Procedure Code of Austria and the 2007 Criminal Procedure Code of Switzerland enshrine the principle of justice directly as an independent element of the criminal procedure, which reflects the high theorization of these codes, the convergence of doctrine and legislation. The Liechtenstein legislator, on the contrary, considers it unnecessary. Particular attention is paid to compliance with the principle of fairness of the verdict - the final act of justice. If the verdict, even if it corresponds to the law, is unfair, then criminal proceedings as a whole will automatically be unfair, which should entail the cancellation of such a verdict.

Dimenzie environmentálnej zodpovednosti

Global changes are taking place in our world that worry us. In the environmental field, these include climate change, water pollution and soil devastation. Deforestation is also a problem. Responsibility is a phenomenon of morality and a fundamental category of ethics. It is essential to take responsibility for sustaining life on our planet, which is home not only to humans but to all living beings.

К вопросу о введении специального учебного курса «Философско-педагогическое наследие А.С. Хомякова»

Further development of national education is impossible without reference to the spiritual and moral categories of the legacy of the Russian philosopher Alexey Stepanovich Khomyakov. Also the introduction of an appropriate special training course at the university is relevant. The content of the special training course examines the current state of education; philosophy of education; a brief introduction to the history of Slavophilia; pages of Alexey Stepanovich's biography; triads of A.S. Khomyakov's life activity; components of the philosopher's heritage: man – people – humanity; man – spirituality – morality; man – life-awareness – educational activity and its essence, which consists in Orthodox enlightenment; technologies; tasks for independent work. The ideas of an outstanding Russian thinker are the basis of Russian education. Their implementation in educational practice gives hope for way out of state of crisis for modern education. In our opinion, the study of this special training course sets the direction for further research and practical activities on the in-depth study of the national heritage, and also forms the basis for understanding and perception of traditional spiritual and moral values of Russian education.

Категория совести в нравственном богословии XVIII – первой половины XIX в.

The article presents a general overview of the interpretation of the category of conscience in the Synodal period. As a theological term, the word “conscience” entered the Old Russian language together with Christianity, that is why virtually all its meanings were associated with the New Testament and the texts of the Holy Fathers. Speaking of conscience, the scribes of the pre-Synodal pore understood it in a traditional way for Eastern Christianity. In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a systematic description of conscience as a moral category emerged under the influence of a methodology that had taken shape in the West, primarily in the context of what was commonly referred to as casuistry. A peculiarity of this approach was the emphasis on a vague or scrupulous conscience and its errors. Later in the second half of the 18th century, the Catholic influence was replaced by a Protestant one, which affected the way of thinking about conscience in the first half of the next century as well. The doctrine of conscience became more balanced, because the emphasis was no longer only on error, but on its transformation by the grace of baptism. Finally, in the first half of the nineteenth century, the first experiments in the independent courses in moral theology appeared, the authors of which considered conscience in the context of sacred theology.

Monetizing of ethics in the digital economy

This article examines the role of ethics and morality for businesses and consumers in the digital economy. The authors argue that companies that adhere to ethical principles build a positive reputation and gain customer trust. The paper describes various approaches to monetizing ethics and morality in the digital economy, such as creating ethical products and services, embedding ethical practices in business operations, and promoting social responsibility. The authors note, however, that incorporating ethical categories into business planning and practice is challenging for several reasons, such as the rapidly changing technological landscape, unresolved legal issues, inertia in decision makers' thinking, and others. The authors predict that in the future the integration of ethical and moral principles into business will be driven by increased regulation and changing consumer behavior. The authors draw attention to the need for further research and observation in this area to understand the processes taking place and to form a set of tools for the effective promotion of ethical practices and social responsibility in the digital economy.

Категория жалости в «Расторжении брака» К.С. Льюиса и «Властелине колец» Дж.Р.Р. Толкина

The article analyzes the main features of the category of pity in the texts of two inklings — C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien in the context of the ethical binary opposition of “good and evil”. This binary opposition is not randomly chosen: Lewis wrote “The Great Divorce” in order to refute the famous artistic idea of William Blake about a fruitful union or the marriage of Heaven and Hell, which personifies the creative mixture of good and evil, and as a result, the blurring of the boundaries of the main ethical categories, manifested in the moral relativism of man of the twentieth (and, perhaps, the twenty-­first) centuries. The genre of the text “The Lord of the Rings” by Tolkien can be defined as an epic fantasy dedicated to the eternal struggle of good and evil. The confrontation between the two members of the ethical binary opposition of interest to us is at the center of Tolkien’s narrative. In both Lewis’s text and Tolkien’s work, good and evil are not relative categories inherent in the consciousness of the perceiving person, but existential categories of the world order. This binary opposition is, according to Lewis’s thought, “the key to understanding the universe”. The method of comparative analysis makes it possible to reveal the unity and at the same time minor differences in the representation of the category of pity in the work of the two inklings. From the point of view of correlation with the basic ethical binary opposition, the category of pity in the texts of Lewis and Tolkien is analyzed. Different meanings (models) of pity are considered, the main features of realisation of this category in the texts of “The Lord of the Rings” and “The Great Divorce” are described.

КОНЦЕПТ DOSTLUK В ТУРЕЦКОЙ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КАРТИНЕ МИРА

The article aims at studying the concept DOSTLUK (FRIENDSHIP) in the Turkish language world view. Being one of the basic ethical categories in human consciousness, this concept is verbalized through a variety of linguistic means and reflects the spiritual values of the ethnic group. The purpose of the study is to identify the cognitive features of the cultural concept DOSTLUK based on the assumption of its multi-layer structure including semantic, imagery and value constituents. The research material includes Turkish explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of Turkish proverbs and sayings as well as the data from the Turkish National Corpus (TUD). The diversity of the problem under study determines the choice of various research methods: cognitive analysis of definitions, component analysis, contextual analysis, cognitive interpretation, framing techniques, etc. The semantic component of the concept DOSTLUK is represented as a frame including the subframes “Friendship as an Attitude/Relationship”, “Friendship as a Feeling/State”, “Subject(s) of Friendship”, “The Process of Friendship” and “The Value of Friendship”. The imagery component of the concept DOSTLUK is implemented with the help of metaphors (mainly artifact and natural). The value component of the concept is realized through various linguistic means containing evaluation, as well as the high frequency of use of the concept verbalizers that make up its nominative field. The author concludes that the concept DOSTLUK is a linguocultural ethical mental formation that models the situation and the state of friendship, with a pronounced value component.

Ethical Issues Referred to Clinical Ethics Support at a University Hospital in Korea: Three-Year Experience After Enforcement of Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Act.

Clinical ethics support is a form of preventive ethics aimed at mediating ethics-related conflicts and managing ethical issues arising in the healthcare setting. However, limited evidence exists regarding the specific ethical issues in clinical practice. This study aimed to explore the diverse ethical issues of cases referred to clinical ethics support after the new legislation on hospice palliative care and end-of-life decision-making was implemented in Korea in 2018. A retrospective study of cases referred to clinical ethics support at a university hospital in Korea from February 2018 to February 2021 was conducted. The ethical issues at the time of referral were analyzed via qualitative content analysis of the ethics consultation-related documents. A total of 60 cases of 57 patients were included in the study, of whom 52.6% were men and 56.1% were older than 60 years of age. The majority of cases (80%) comprised patients from the intensive care unit. One-third of the patients were judged as being at the end-of-life stage. The most frequent ethical categories were identified as goals of care/treatment (78.3%), decision-making (75%), relationship (41.7%), and end-of-life issues (31.7%). More specifically, best interests (71.7%), benefits and burdens/harms (61.7%), refusal (53.3%), and surrogate decision-making (33.3%), followed by withholding or withdrawal (28.3%) were the most frequent ethical issues reported, which became diversified by year. In addition, the ethical issues appeared to differ by age group and judgment of the end-of-life stage. The findings of this study expand the current understanding of the diverse ethical issues including decision-making and goals of care/treatment that have been referred to clinical ethics support since the enforcement of the new legislation in Korea. This study suggests a need for further research on the longitudinal exploration of ethical issues and implementation of clinical ethics support in multiple healthcare centers.

Мораль как ценностное основание правовой идеологии

The problem of interrelation of morality and legal ideology at the ideological level is highlighted. The correlation of individual moral and legal categories is carried out. The ideological significance of morality is pointed out, due to the fact that any ideology appeals to the moral discourse of good and evil, including legal ideology. It is noted that morality is an «amplifier» of legal values and values of legal ideology.

Osobowe dobro wspólne państwa w społecznym nauczaniu Kościoła

Common good of State in social teaching of the Church has been greatly settled in persons who create political community. It is good of every man since their conception till natural death. Consequently, common good from an individual gains its complete humanistic meaning. In state dimension, it expresses itself in creating conditions conducive to development and improvement of a person and including their need for transcendention. Essential here is being open to an integral vision of a human being, to complete truth, to the whole person. In relation to common good understood in such a way State authorities as well as social institutions are called for assuming an obliging attitude and for assisting in achieving goals of a person living in a community. The idea of human common good as formulated by the Church embraces State in ethical and moral categories and thus creates foundation for positive cooperation of people and smaller communities within the limits of State.

The practical philosophy of Hryhorii Skovoroda in the light of our experience

The article deals with the practical philosophy of Hryhorii Savych Skovoroda from the point of view of the leading trends of modern philosophical thought: the «rehabilitation of practical philo- sophy» and the communicative turn in philosophy, the components of which are the neo-Socratic dialogue, the philosophy of communication, and the ethics of discourse. The interpretation of Skovoroda’s philosophy is carried out not only in accordance with the principle «know yourself» as a method of knowledge, but primarily in the dimension of the Socratic dialogue, when the methods of morals and elenctics are used in the joint search for truth, solving moral problems. The dialogic nature of Skovoroda’s method consists in searching for the truth together with other people through argumentation, the truth that also appears as a moral category. The article shows the actualization of Skovoroda’s philosophy in the pre-Soviet, Soviet and modern periods of the study of his work in independent Ukraine. The main thesis of the work consists in the statement that Skovoroda did not reduce philosophy to life, but raised life itself to philosophy. Philosophy was his life — a practical philosophy of life that formed his dialogical habitus. Socratic dialogue appears in philosophy, in everyday practices of communication with people, in particular, in the itinerant habitus of the thinker. Traveling is an important element of his philosophy, his life, and his habitus. The itinerant nature of Skovoroda’s habitus takes his dialogues beyond epistemology, transferring the dialogue to a practical, or rather, moral-practical plane. Skovoroda as an educator, relying on the habitus of Ukrainian culture and dialogic practices, transcends this habitus, elevating it to the habitus of reason. The work asserts the opinion about the need and necessity to develop and practice neo-skovorodinian dialogue as a component of the worldwide trend of development of dialogic practical philosophy and dialogic civilization. The article shows not only the significance of Skovoroda’s philosophy as a historical-philosophical phenomenon, but also its role in modern philosophical research in Ukraine, as well as the national liberation struggles of the Ukrainian people in the fight against Russia’s aggressive policy.

Moral hazard index for credit risk to SMEs

This article proposes a methodology to calculate the effect of moral hazard on short term credit (working capital) to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The methodology incorporates four categories of moral hazard ratio defined in a previous study, which are employed to determine probability of default based on a logit model. To this end, a novel Colombian database is used to calculate a moral hazard index that considers the percentages of the odds ratios of the moral hazard variables for positive coefficients on the probabilities of default. The empirical analysis result in an index measuring the impact of moral hazard on odds ratio mainly based on underinvestment moral hazard category in the sample of analyzed companies for the period ranged from 2007 to 2014. • Moral Hazard Index for Credit Risk is proposed to measure the effect of moral hazard. • The original index is based on the analysis of moral hazard ratios on credit default. • Underinvestment category is the most important moral hazard variable in our sample.

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health: An Historical Perspective on Medical Boards, Disciplinary Actions, and Abortion

<i>Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health:</i> An Historical Perspective on Medical Boards, Disciplinary Actions, and Abortion

Istoriya sportivnogo patriotizma

The article is devoted to the analysis and description of patriotism as the most important moral and social category of human consciousness. It is noted the special role in the military-patriotic education of the “Ready for Labor and Defense” complex and the related system of support and development of physical culture and sports in the USSR. Having emerged as a complex that combines military and sports training with agitation, the complex, no doubt, was an important part of the country’s overall contribution to victory in the Great Patriotic War. Nevertheless, in the post-war period, there is a noticeable tendency towards the gradual transformation of the complex into a purely recreational complex.

The vice of nationality and virtue of patriotism in 17th century Czech Lands

Abstract While the emancipatory efforts of the Czech national revival culminated at the end of the 18th and in the 19th century, manifestations of national feeling in the 17th century Czech Lands were rather rare. The article focuses on the concept of nationality as it was treated by scholars from the monastic orders such as the German provincial of the Czech Franciscan province, Bernhard Sannig (1637–1704), or the Czech Jesuit Bohuslav Balbín (1621–1688), whose views are briefly compared with those of the most significant representative of the Czech Protestant emigration – Johann Amos Comenius (1592–1670). By the means of analysis and comparison of several texts, the article investigates how the concept of nationality was gradually rationalized and moralized through the ethical categories of vice and virtue. These reflections on nation, nationality, and patriotism and their moral assessment demonstrate that their authors anticipated some elements of the later formulated doctrine of the natural law of nations, which theoretically justified the demands of the Czech national revival and formed the basis for the concept of Czech history.

MORAL MOTIVATION IN PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION OF FUTURE SO-CIAL WORKERS

During the pandemic, higher education faced difficulties that caused a discussion about the quality of education. At the same time, the focus is on professional education, which requires the interested participation of students in educational activities. Such participation is largely determined by the presence of students' motivation, including moral. It is especially important for the formation of future social workers in connection with the high moral and spiritual component of social work itself. The article presents the results of a study of the moral motivation of the educational activities of bachelors studying in the field of social work. The qualitative study was aimed at revealing the content of moral motivation based on the self-assessments of fourth-year students. Some of them studied in a traditional format before the pandemic, and some in a distance and/or mixed format during the pandemic. The results of the study showed that the statements of the participants are built around the ethical category of responsibility: to themselves, the immediate environment, other people and society as a whole. The difference between the two groups is that the pandemic and learning in a non-traditional format has significantly reduced the moral motivation of students to receive professional education. This was manifested both in a decrease in the sense of responsibility to the immediate environment in the person of parents, and to other people and society as a whole. Conducting such studies should be carried out starting from the first course, because. they can serve as guidelines for educational and extra-curricular activities aimed at improving the training of future specialists.

Formation of Terminological System of Moral Philosophy in Works of John Locke: Innovation and Tribute to Tradition

The formation of ideas about the phenomenon of morality and moral responsibility in the works of the English thinker John Locke is considered. Two of his works served as the material: “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” and “Two Treatises of Government”. On the basis of philological methods, conceptual and discursive types of analysis, as well as procedures used in corpus studies, it was proved that the vocabulary of describing morality and moral responsibility in English was formed by the end of the 17th century and John Locke played a huge role in this process. Although the linguistic means of describing the categories of morality were based on the discussions of thinkers of previous eras, Locke made an attempt to rethink the existing vocabulary in order to create an integral system of concepts and terminological framework of moral philosophy. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that for the first time a complex methodology for analyzing Locke’s texts was used with quantitative methods and a thorough study of the previous cultural and historical context. The key lexical units in Locke’s texts, as well as in publications of the previous two centuries, have been studied. It is proved that the moral and ethical philosophical discourse of the scientist was formed on the basis of the vocabulary of religious discourse and partially philosophical discourse, as well as neutral words that were not associated with any discourse.