Moral Rules Research Articles

Sensitivity to moral and conventional rules in temporal lobe epilepsy

ObjectivesSensitivity to moral and conventional rules (SMCR) is supported by bilateral brain networks and psychosocial input both of which may be altered in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This study evaluated the components of SMCR in patients with TLE, aiming to clarify their preservation and link to psychopathological and cognitive aspects. MethodsAdult patients with unilateral TLE and healthy controls were evaluated using neuropsychological tests for SMCR, memory, language, and executive functions, the Empathy Questionnaire (EQ), and the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R). ResultsThe SMCR test items showed good reliability and validity, yielding the Severity and Rules factors distinct from the Executive, Lexical and Memory factors. Patients with right TLE scored worse in moral rules recognition than controls, but this difference was nullified by a significant influence for age and sex. The Severity and Rules factors related to semantic fluency and age and, respectively, TLE side and psychoticism. However, these factors did predict TLE membership. ConclusionsIn adult patients with TLE, the SMCR test reflects a distinct cognitive domain. Conventional rules are well-retained, while moral reasoning may be only affected in right TLE if unfavorable demographics coexist. Although age, TLE side, semantic abilities, and psychoticism cooperate to determine SMCR, impairment of such domain is not a distinctive feature of TLE.

Challenges of the new Fiocruz Biodiversity and Health Biobank for preparedness and response to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), a Brazilian federal research institution supported by the Brazilian Health Ministry, established a biobank. This biobank began by preserving the SARS-CoV-2 virus and human biological material related to COVID-19. This innovative initiative combined human and biodiversity materials within a single infrastructure. Designed for supporting research, development, and innovation in healthcare and preparedness and response to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, the biobank’s focus has since expanded to include various biological materials, leading to its renaming as the Biodiversity and Health Biobank - Fiocruz-BBS (Portuguese: Biobanco da Biodiversidade e Saúde da Fiocruz – BBS-Fiocruz). This paper outlines the challenges of creating and maintaining an adequate infrastructure in a developing country for promoting and supporting scientific research and biotechnological innovation activities in health through processes of depositing, characterizing, preserving, and supplying human and biodiversity biological materials, alongside associated data, while complying with prevailing legal and ethical rules. These processes adhere to stringent quality, biosafety, and biosecurity standards set forth in ISO 20387:2018. Additionally, the challenges of ensuring the Biobank’s long-term sustainability is discussed. This involves a) establishing benchmarks and best practices, b) developing a comprehensive business plan, c) forging partnerships, d) diversifying funding sources, e) ensuring ethical and legal compliance, f) implementing rigorous quality control procedures, and g) investing in human resources and infrastructure. The insights shared in this paper will benefit other biobanks engaged in services related to tropical infectious diseases.

VII. Eine Entwicklungsgeschichte des chinesischen Familien- und Erbrechts im Lichte der Rezeption des deutschen BGB

Summary In contrast with China’s several millennia of civilization history, its history of civil law legislation had not started until the late Qing-Dynasty (1911). This discrepancy stood out prominently in the correlated areas of the family law and inheritance law due to China’s cultural features and the compatible cultural awareness of its people, which had naturalized and legitimized their practices in both areas. Actually, in no other areas had the cultural consciousness, the deep-rooted cultural psychology and the consciousness-driven behavioral patterns of the Chinese families and individuals been more profoundly shaped by the rules of rites and etiquette, the ethical rules and the patriarchal clan system, central customary-legal elements enshrined in the Chinese history. As its key achievement, the legal modernization in the late Qing period (1902–1911) brought forth the Civil Code of the Qing- Dynasty (ZGE), the first such milestone in China’s legal history, initiating the civil law legislation in China. With regard to China’s special legal-historical and legal-cultural background, the drafters of the ZGE – especially its family and inheritance law – had to revolutionarily modernize the Chinese civil law, while at the same time, transferring certain traditional cultural legacies. This could not have been possible without adopting the German Civil Code (BGB) as the primary foreign codification model, especially from the legal-technical, legal-systematic and legal-dogmatic perspective. Ever since then, the evolution of the Chinese civil law has been closely connected with the adoption of the BGB, while the history of the former runs parallel to the history of the latter. The influences of the BGB on China’s major civil law codifications, including also the Civil Code of the Republic of China (1929–1931) and the PRC Civil Code (2020), have been significant and continuous. It is legal-historically insightful to probe into these influences while examining the evolutionary history of the Chinese family and inheritance law ever codified since the ZGE, and, accordingly, retracing and closely analyzing the pre-modern state of both areas.

Integritas Kepemimpinan Pastoral di Era Postmodern Menurut 2 Timotius 2:14-25

The development of technology and information in the global era will have a major influence on human life. Modernist culture has become the choice of the wider community over conventional cultures. Sometimes society loses the social glue that has been the root of culture, which is replaced with the emergence of social media. Apart from that, the development of this technology also has a bad influence on moral ethics, norms and rules in society. However, this development also provides positive insight into the emergence of new leaders, especially leaders in the spiritual world or pastoral leaders who must maintain their integrity. The methodology in this writing uses an exposition approach by paying attention to the verses of God's word contained in 2 Tim 2:14-25, to get practical application from the figure of a pastoral leader with integrity who keeps his life in accordance with the truth of God's word and by asking for the guidance of the Holy Spirit so that he can protect accountability which has a good influence in the postmodern world.

Morphology of human sinoatrial node and its surrounding right atrial muscle in the global obesity pandemic-does fat matter?

The sinus node (SN) is the main pacemaker site of the heart, located in the upper right atrium at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium. The precise morphology of the SN in the human heart remains relatively unclear especially the SN microscopical anatomy in the hearts of aged and obese individuals. In this study, the histology of the SN with surrounding right atrial (RA) muscle was analyzed from young non-obese, aged non-obese, aged obese and young obese individuals. The impacts of aging and obesity on fibrosis, apoptosis and cellular hypertrophy were investigated in the SN and RA. Moreover, the impact of obesity on P wave morphology in ECG was also analyzed to determine the speed and conduction of the impulse generated by the SN. Human SN/RA specimens were dissected from 23 post-mortem hearts (preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution), under Polish local ethical rules. The SN/RA tissue blocks were embedded in paraffin and histologically stained with Masson's Trichrome. High and low-magnification images were taken, and analysis was done for appropriate statistical tests on Prism (GraphPad, USA). 12-lead ECGs from 14 patients under Polish local ethical rules were obtained. The P wave morphologies from lead II, lead III and lead aVF were analyzed. Compared to the surrounding RA, the SN in all four groups has significantly more connective tissue (P ≤ 0.05) (young non-obese individuals, aged non-obese individuals, aged obese individuals and young obese individuals) and significantly smaller nodal cells (P ≤ 0.05) (young non-obese individuals, aged non-obese individuals, aged obese individuals, young obese individuals). In aging, overall, there was a significant increase in fibrosis, apoptosis, and cellular hypertrophy in the SN (P ≤ 0.05) and RA (P ≤ 0.05). Obesity did not further exacerbate fibrosis but caused a further increase in cellular hypertrophy (SN P ≤ 0.05, RA P ≤ 0.05), especially in young obese individuals. However, there was more infiltrating fat within the SN and RA bundles in obesity. Compared to the young non-obese individuals, the young obese individuals showed decreased P wave amplitude and P wave slope in aVF lead. Aging and obesity are two risk factors for extensive fibrosis and cellular hypertrophy in SN and RA. Obesity exacerbates the morphological alterations, especially hypertrophy of nodal and atrial myocytes. These morphological alterations might lead to functional alterations and eventually cause cardiovascular diseases, such as SN dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, and heart failure.

ABUSE OF PROCEDURAI RIGHTS BY ADVOCATE (ON THE EXAMPLE COMMERCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS)

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of abuse of procedural rights by advocate on the example of commercial and administrative proceedings. The relevance of the chosen topic is substantiated and attention is drawn to the fragmentary nature of the coverage of the indicated issues in the scientific literature. The approaches formulated in the scientific literature and judicial practice regarding the understanding of the concept of «abuse of procedural rights» are presented. there are approaches. It is suggested that abuse of procedural rights by an advocate should be understood as actions committed by a lawyer within the framework of a judicial process that formally correspond to the norms of the procedural law, but do not correspond to its conceptual ideas, and are not intended to create an obstacle in the activity of the court or other persons. We consider the following as additional signs of abuse of procedural rights by the advocate: 1) a person who abuses procedural rights has a special status – an advocate; 2) the presence of procedural rights, which are abused by the advocate, are determined by his provision of legal aid and participation in the court process; 3) may result in prosecution not only of the advocate, but also, for example, of the bar association in which the advocate works (about which judicial practice has already been formed in the decision of the Supreme Court dated 14.07.2022 in case No. 755/11559/16-ts); 4) damages the prestige of the entire institute of advocacy. It is proposed to supplement Part 1 of Art. 43 of the Rules of Advocate Ethics. As part of our research, attention will be paid to the abuse of procedural rights by the advocate. The choice of this particular aspect of the specified issue is determined by several reasons: 1) the existence of rare cases of such abuse by advocate; 2) significant dissonance in the public consciousness, which arises due to the abuse of procedural rights by a advocate, which is due to the fact that a advocate must be a model of behavior as a representative of the legal profession and must comply not only with the current substantive and procedural legislation, but also with the Rules of Аdvocate Ethics; 3) creation of a significant threat to the authority of the entire institute of advocacy.

Bioethics - Origins and Birth. Inaugural Lecture

Bioethics is the study of ethical issues emerging from advances in Biology, Medicine and our environment. The oldest sub-discipline of Bioethics is Medical Ethics. This can be traced back to the earliest writings in Egypt and Mesopotamia, in the 3rd millennium BCE. The “Hippocratic Oath” was the most important milestone dominating ethical rules for 2,500 years. With the advent of Christianity, these early ethical rules were expanded and accepted throughout the Western World. However, the term Medical Ethics itself was only coined in 1803 by Thomas Percival, outlining the obligations and conduct expected of healthcare practitioners and institutions. Regrettably, subsequent codes of ethics did not provide for any legal repercussions. As a result, during the Nuremberg Trial for Nazi physicians, only patient deaths were punishable, while all other heinous acts could not be punished. Remarkably, no country worldwide had legislation to prosecute physicians who had violated their oath. The Nuremberg Code and the Geneva Declaration, which followed offered again merely guidelines for physicians. With the rate of medical knowledge doubling at an accelerated pace from every 50 years in the 1950s to every 2 months today, new ethical dilemmas have emerged that cannot be resolved by the current recommendations. The discovery of genes, cloning, genetic manipulation, selection criteria for chronic haemodialysis and transplantation, contraceptives for birth control, abortion, brain death, vegetative state, the right to die and euthanasia, along with extracorporeal fertilisation, surrogate motherhood, sexual relations and numerous other ethical issues, have become significant concerns that will need to be reconsidered in the future. What is deemed acceptable in one country may still be prohibited in another. Legal regulations are often implemented years after the ethical problems have arisen, and many physicians have found themselves caught in the middle and incarcerated. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, the atomic bomb, gene discovery, and manipulation, and many other developments, the Earth has entered a new geological epoch, known as the “Anthropocene”. As we are unable to foresee what lies ahead, it is imperative that we pass down to our students and future generations the timeless ethical principles that we have inherited from our forebears and adapted to our era. These values encompass the safety of patients, respect for their autonomy, avoidance of harm and promotion of well-being, detailed information and informed consent, respect of confidentiality, impartiality towards all patients irrespective of gender, race, religion or beliefs, treatment, pain relief, fairness, and concurrently, respect for the rights of all humans, animals, and nature. It is imperative that these values are always kept at the forefront of our minds. These will enable our students, successors, nursing staff, theologians, lawyers, sociologists, psychologists, administrative personnel, and ethical committees to find common ground and prevent conflicts with patients, their families, or society. The cultivation of self-control, constructive criticism of our decisions, and quality control shall remain our duty forever.

Improving Moral Posture

A common narrative in the discourse on modern transnational yoga concerns its secularization, i.e. the assumption that posture-based yoga can be separated from its soteriological background. This aspect is particularly pronounced in yoga manuals which, from the 1950s onwards, address a largely female audience. This article highlights a slightly different historical move: the promotion of yoga in line with a faith-based mindset. It presents a case study of two German sisters, who from 1952 onwards instructed an early generation of yoga teachers, referencing harmonious gymnastics, the Christian Indian Yesudian and the American legacy of Yogananda. I argue that in this sociohistorical context yoga practice was seen as a multi-religious method to increase and revive ethical rules and behaviour—regardless of the functional secular tone favoured in yoga manuals. This particular way of framing posture practice and its curative power was highly influenced by the aftermath of the war, and hence differed from what might be called New Age religion or today’s popular self-identification as ‘spiritual, but not religious’. The paper thus contributes to the entangled history of modern yoga and illustrates the impact of women for initiating the spread of respective posture practice. It adds theoretically to reconsidering religious narratives for positioning and rationalizing posture-based yoga.

Responsibility of a private contractor for violation of the rules of professional ethics

Responsibility of a private contractor for violation of the rules of professional ethics

Legislation of the Russian Federation in the Field of Protection of Genomic and Genetic Information in the Framework of Medical Diagnostics

Objective: to formulate recommendations and proposals for improving legislation in the field of protection of genomic and genetic information, including those obtained as a result of medical diagnostics.Materials and methods. We analyzed 18 regulatory legal acts, including 4 international, 3 acts of foreign states, 11 domestic legislation and judicial practice in the area under study. In addition, scientific works on this topic were analyzed. In the course of the study, we used the formal-logical, dogmatic, comparative method and axiological approaches.Results. We formulated the concepts of genomic and genetic information and demonstrated differences between these concepts. We showed topical issues of information protection, identified problems in the field of legal regulation of relevant relations, formulated recommendations and proposals for improving legal regulation.Conclusion. Based on performed research results, we recommend: 1. To incorporate in the legislation of the Russian Federation the principle that would allow the use of genetic information for further research depending on certain cases using a criteria-based approach, when such use should meet important public interests, for example, contributes to developing methods for the treatment of serious and socially significant diseases. 2. Regulate relations in the field of obtaining consent for research of biological material for scientific purposes (for example, within the framework of the Federal Law "On Personal Data"). 3. To define in Federal Law No. 86-FZ of July 5, 1996 "On State Regulation in the Field of Genetic Engineering Activities" the cases that require ethical examination in order to comply with the principle of safety of clinical trials of gene diagnostic methods, as well as in other cases. 4. Medical organizations shall ensure compliance with the rules of professional ethics in terms of data confidentiality, carry out their depersonalization, notify patients in writing about compliance with such a regime and, as a result, provide guarantees for the protection of information about patients, as well as about their relatives.

Interpretations of Halal: A Comparative Analysis of Western and Eastern Ethical Frameworks

The concept of halal, deeply embedded in Islamic Sharia law, governs various aspects of daily life, including permissible foods, actions, and transactions. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of halal through Western and Eastern philosophical perspectives, drawing on Bertrand Russell’s A History of Western Philosophy and L. Adams Beck’s The Story of Oriental Philosophy. By exploring the ethical and moral viewpoints of key Western philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill, alongside Eastern thinkers like Buddha, Confucius, and Lao Tzu, this study examines how these traditions interpret and evaluate halal. The analysis reveals that Western philosophy typically perceives halal as a context-specific moral rule lacking universal applicability, whereas Eastern philosophy regards it as a fundamental component of social harmony and balance. Additionally, the paper addresses critical considerations regarding the relevance and potential reductionism in interpreting halal through non-Islamic frameworks. The findings offer valuable insights into the application of ethical and moral values across diverse cultural contexts, highlighting the importance of cross-cultural understanding in contemporary global society.

Codes of Professional Ethics in the System of Regulation of Corporate Relations

Introduction. The article presents a study of the feasibility of having corporate codes of ethics in corporations that have different statutory goals, examines questions about the correlation between business and moral rules, the role of ethical codes in the management of corporations, the practical benefits, “payback” of codes and attracting investments.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was the following general scientific and special methods of cognition of legal phenomena and processes: the method of system-structural analysis; method of synthesis of social and legal phenomena; comparative legal method; formal logical method.Research results. As a result of the study, the Author came to the conclusion that the presence of codes of professional ethics is an indicator of the moral maturity of a society (in our case, a corporation), which can independently regulate the behavior of its members without the help of the state.Regardless of the degree of connection between codes of ethics and federal legislation, their blanket nature or sovereignty, corporate codes of ethics remain one of the most important tools for managing the activities of a corporation and regulating corporate relations.Examining the codes of ethics of corporations, it can be stated that, when integrated with the law, they have a positive impact on increasing the efficiency of the corporation and the formation of a morally oriented corporate culture.The inclusion of ESG principles in corporate codes of ethics increases the company’s responsibility in the field of environmental protection and brings corporations to a new level of social significance. In turn, this leads to the socialization of the business and helps to increase the business reputation of the corporation.Discussion and conclusion. The study of corporate codes of ethics allows us to draw conclusions that, having the status of a corporate regulatory legal act, it is a flexible and full-fledged tool for managing a corporation.The interaction of law and morality in corporations is implemented through a new model of influence on management, where the norms of ethics and morality are intertwined with legal mechanisms to achieve a synergistic effect - the formation of a unique corporate culture.The practical uniformity of the categories of morality and ethics used in corporate codes of ethics provides grounds for the development of universal ethical principles for their mandatory use in these acts.

Covert Moral Enhancement: Are Dirty Hands Needed to Save the Planet?

ABSTRACT Michael Walzer’s article ‘Political action: the problem of dirty hands’ initiated a new wave of discussion over a persistent problem in moral philosophy: are there situations in which ethical rules must be relaxed so as to bring about a greater good? In this article, we consider whether this ‘dirty hands’ approach may be applied to our current climate crisis. One proposed solution to the problem of global warming is the administration of moral enhancements to the population. Assuming that the administration of moral enhancements is a necessary condition in the prevention of a climate crisis, Parker Crutchfield argues that this procedure ought to be covert. This implies lying to the public, and such dishonesty amounts to immoral behavior. We conclude that despite the severity of global warming, there is no justification for a dirty hands approach. Lying to the public in order to save the planet would probably create bigger problems, and it would ultimately be very counterproductive in trying to save the planet.

The moral grammar of marriage rules

Abstract According to theories of “moral grammar,” judgments of what is wrong or right – like judgments of what is ungrammatical or grammatical – are guided by implicit, often unconscious rules. An ideal test case for exploring the parallels between moral rules and language rules is the moral regulation of mating in relation to kinship. Here I argue that combinatorial variation in both kin terminologies and marriage rules results from the operation of a grammar faculty, which juggles tradeoffs between conflicting constraints according to the principles of “Optimality Theory.” This works to produce kinship grammars, input-output systems that map some kin types onto others via mergers and reductions. This in turn can yield marriage rules. If a kin type maps onto a close consanguine, this corresponds to a marriage proscription. If a kin type maps onto a close affine, this corresponds to a marriage prescription/preference. I analyze both elementary structures of kinship (where cross kin are prescribed spouses, and parallel kin are proscribed; e.g. Dravidian southern India) and complex structures (where kin are divided into an unmarriageable core and a marriageable periphery, and affines are sometimes tabooed because they are equated with close consanguines; e.g. Jane Austen’s England). Rather than treating social organization as the source of mental categories, this analysis starts with the machinery of categorization and shows how it spontaneously generates marriage rules. The result is an updating of structuralism in light of cognitive science: moral codes vary within limits set by fundamental structures of the human mind.

Penerapan Pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan pada Anak Usia Dini

Pancasila and citizenship education is a learning whose fulcrum is to develop Pancasila values as the basis of the Indonesian state. However, apart from that, Pancasila and citizenship education is also learning that focuses on providing moral values and rules in life as a citizen and in society. In practice, this education must be taken from elementary school children to tertiary institutions. Therefore, the basis for this education must be implemented from an early age. This is because young children are in a phase where their cognitive development can reach 80% of their life. In maximizing this development, the provision of Pancasila and citizenship education must begin to be instilled from childhood, by providing lessons regarding Pancasila education in a simpler way according to their age concept so that children get used to carrying out habits which contain elements of Pancasila. . The method used in making this journal is a literature study from several journals and books about Pancasila education and education carried out at the early childhood level.

Artificial Intelligence and Business School Students’ Performance

This study is intended to find a relationship between Artificial Intelligence and Business School Students’ Performance. Data was collected from 150 Business School students at KIMEP University using questionnaires in Spring semester of 2024. Questionnaires were distributed two times: at the early beginning of the semester and at the end of the semester. During the semester, students thoroughly studied Artificial Intelligence and its functions and capacity. Additional classes on Artificial Intelligence tools were offered to students. Based on findings, the study proposes to address some positive implications of Artificial Intelligence integration in university teaching and learning globally. Artificial Intelligence has positive impact on students’ learning process. However, special ethical rules and standards must be developed and introduced due to the fact that there are increasing concerns over the risks associated with Artificial Intelligence usage and how it might affect human being further.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF DECLARATION OF ETHICS FOR TURKISH JUDICIARY TO THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL IN TERMS OF EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION IN TRIALS

A fair trial forms the foundation of all laws and procedures applicable in legal cultures. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) defines a fair trial as a foundational norm of the rule of law in democratic societies and strives to guarantee the proper administration of justice. The right to a fair trial is enshrined in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). One of values protected by the right is the right to participate effectively in a trial. For effective participation in a trial to occur, a hearing must be conducted, and a defendant must have the means and opportunity to express himself/herself. These opportunities must be afforded to defendants by the courts. A court must adhere to ethical rules as well as procedural or substantive rules to ensure a fair trial. The Council of Judges and Prosecutors published "Declaration of Ethics for Turkish Judiciary" on March 6, 2019. Judicial ethics determine how judicial services should be carried out fairly for specific purposes. The purpose of the article is to analyze the contributions of the principles outlined in "Declaration of Ethics for Turkish Judiciary" to the right to a fair trial in terms of effective participation in a trial.

The Dead in Vernacular Magic Practices among Bosniaks

Based on fieldwork research among the Bosniak (Muslim) population in rural areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina, this article starts with the technique of summoning the dead, aimed at obtaining information about missing goods. It argues that the practice of summoning the dead, like practices aimed at magically harming others, is based on the same moral rules that govern everyday relations between the living and the dead. While these rules are generally followed and observed in everyday life, they can also be deliberately inverted to one’s own advantage or to the disadvantage of others. Ultimately, I argue that the dead prove to be moral agents who act when moral norms are violated.

Ethical Principles and Rules in Experimental Animal Studies: A Comprehensive Review

Ethical Principles and Rules in Experimental Animal Studies: A Comprehensive Review

ETHICAL HORIZONS: A COMPREHENSIVE EXPLORATION OF CONTEMPORARY BUSINESS ETHICS PRACTICES

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of business ethics practices from 2014 to 2023 against the backdrop of a rapidly changing socio-economic landscape. Recognizing the escalating global challenges, the study employs the PRISMA framework to scrutinize 60 selected articles out of 1023 database entries. Examining business ethics through various lenses, the paper categorizes articles by year, country, continent, and subject groups. Initial emphasis on business ethics and Human Resource Management underscores the global impact of leadership, governance, and ethical interventions in maintaining standards. Noteworthy findings highlight NGOs' role in promoting ethical considerations in HRM practices. Leadership, codes of ethics and transparency emerge as pivotal factors in fostering sound business ethics. The study further explores the intersection of business ethics and marketing, emphasizing ethical practices' role in influencing consumer confidence, organizational performance, and brand image. The interconnectedness of business ethics and sustainability challenges the perception of associated costs, advocating for ethical rule integration in Small and Medium Enterprises. Additionally, the paper delves into the incorporation of Islamic principles into business ethics, showcasing their potential to transform businesses into socially responsible entities.