Ethanolic Extract Of Propolis Research Articles

Cytotoxicity of Peruvian propolis and Psidium guajava on human gingival fibroblasts, PBMCs and HeLa cells.

It is indisputable that every day it is demonstrated that natural products present diverse therapeutic benefits, which has boosted their incorporation within various products for clinical use. However, this must be accompanied by knowledge of their effect on cell lines to ensure their use is safe. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of two ethanolic extracts based on Peruvian natural products, on three human cell lines. Cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa), human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1 - ATCC CRL-2014) (HGF-1) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured and subsequently treated with preparations of ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) and Psidium guajava (EEG) from a concentration of 50 mg/mL to 0.024 mg/mL, by the 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazole bromide reduction assay. At a concentration of 0.24 mg/mL EEG, viability of 99.7±1.24%, 99.8±2.2% and 99.7±2.7% was observed in HeLa, HGF-1 and PBMCs, respectively; >90% cell viability values were observed with EPP at 0.024 mg/mL, with HGF-1 showing the highest viability (96.9±1.15%). A dose-dependent effect was observed for both extracts with a decrease in cell viability as concentrations increased (up to 50 mg/mL). EEP and EEG extracts at low concentrations do not show cytotoxicity in human cell lines, these findings are an advance in the preclinical evaluation on their safety and open a continuity to further studies for their potential applications in dentistry and medicine.

<i>In vitro</i> Analysis of the Antimicrobial Properties of Propolis Collected from Jimma, Ethiopia

The effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs becomes uncertain due to the emergence of multidrug resistant microorganisms, which highlights the need for alternative antibacterial agents. Natural products are of great importance in the search for biologically active compounds. The present study aimed at investigating the antibacterial properties of propolis, one of the natural bee products, against <em>S. aureus</em>, <em>P. aeruginosa</em> and <em>E. coli.</em> Propolis was extracted using 30 %, 50 %, 70 %, and 99.9 % ethanol. The <em>in vitro</em> antibacterial activities of propolis extracts were evaluated by the disc diffusion method with concentrations between 500 and 4000 ?g/ml. Among the extracts, the 50 % and 70 % propolis extracts showed strong antibacterial activity against all tested strains with inhibition zones ranging from 6.64 ± 0.15 to 11.99 ± 0.04 mm.<em> P. aeruginosa</em> was sensitive strain to the ethanolic extracts of propolis with the highest inhibition zone diameter of 11.99 ± 0.04 mm. Statistically significant differences in growth inhibition were observed among the types of extracts (30 %, 50 %, 70 % and 99.9 %) against <em>P. aeruginosa</em> (p < 0.05) and <em>E. coli</em> (p < 0.05), but the effect was not significant on <em>S. aureus</em> (p > 0.05). All propolis extracts showed no effect on <em>S. aureus</em> at concentrations below 2000 ?g/ml. Propolis extracts showed a lower zone of inhibition compared to the effect demonstrated by the positive control. Overall, the results indicate that ethanolic extracts of Ethiopian propolis has a promising antibacterial activity which could be of an antibiotic development benefit.

Activity of Propolis Nanoparticles against HSV-2: Promising Approach to Inhibiting Infection and Replication.

Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) infection causes a significant life-long disease. Long-term side effects of antiviral drugs can lead to the emergence of drug resistance. Thus, propolis, a natural product derived from beehives, has been proposed to prevent or treat HSV-2 infections. Unfortunately, therapeutic applications of propolis are still limited due its poor solubility. To overcome this, a nanoparticle-based drug delivery system was employed. An ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) was encapsulated in nanoparticles composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and chitosan using a modified oil-in-water single emulsion by using the solvent evaporation method. The produced nanoparticles (EEP-NPs) had a spherical shape with a size of ~450 nm and presented satisfactory physicochemical properties, including positively charged surface (38.05 ± 7.65 mV), high entrapment efficiency (79.89 ± 13.92%), and sustained release profile. Moreover, EEP-NPs were less cytotoxic on Vero cells and exhibited anti-HSV-2 activity. EEP-NPs had a direct effect on the inactivation of viral particles, and also disrupted the virion entry and release from the host cells. A significant decrease in the expression levels of the HSV-2 replication-related genes (ICP4, ICP27, and gB) was also observed. Our study suggests that EEP-NPs provide a strong anti-HSV-2 activity and serve as a promising platform for the treatment of HSV-2 infections.

Antioxidant Effects of Korean Propolis in HaCaT Keratinocytes Exposed to Particulate Matter 10

Air pollution causes oxidative stress that leads to inflammatory diseases and premature aging of the skin. The purpose of this study was to examine the antioxidant effect of Korean propolis on oxidative stress in human epidermal HaCaT keratinocytes exposed to particulate matter with a diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10). The total ethanol extract of propolis was solvent-fractionated with water and methylene chloride to divide into a hydrophilic fraction and a lipophilic fraction. The lipophilic fraction of propolis was slightly more cytotoxic, and the hydrophilic fraction was much less cytotoxic than the total extract. The hydrophilic fraction did not affect the viability of cells exposed to PM10, but the total propolis extract and the lipophilic fraction aggravated the toxicity of PM10. The total extract and hydrophilic fraction inhibited PM10-induced ROS production and lipid peroxidation in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas the lipophilic fraction did not show such effects. High-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis showed that the hydrophilic fraction contained phenylpropanoids, such as caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid, whereas the lipophilic faction contained caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). The former three compounds inhibited PM10-induced ROS production, lipid peroxidation, and/or glutathione oxidation, and ferulic acid was the most effective among them, but CAPE exhibited cytotoxicity and aggravated the toxicity of PM10. This study suggests that Korean propolis, when properly purified, has the potential to be used as a cosmetic material that helps to alleviate the skin toxicity of air pollutants.

Phytochemical Constituents of Propolis Flavonoid, Immunological Enhancement, and Anti-porcine Parvovirus Activities Isolated From Propolis

Propolis is widely used in health preservation and disease healing; it contains many ingredients. The previous study had revealed that the ethanolic or water extracts of propolis have a wide range of efficacy, such as antiviral, immune enhancement, anti-inflammatory, and so on, but its antiviral components and underlying mechanism of action remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition, anti-porcine parvovirus (PPV) effectiveness, and immunological enhancement of propolis flavone ethanolic extracts. The chemical composition of propolis flavone was distinguished by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis. In this study, the presence and characterization of 26 major components were distinguished in negative ionization modes to evaluate the effects of propolis flavonoid used as an adjuvant on the immune response of Landrace–Yorkshire hybrid sows immunized with an inactivated vaccine of PPV. Thirty Landrace-Yorkshire hybrid sows were randomly assigned to one of three groups, and the sows in the adjuvant groups were intramuscularly injected with PPV vaccine with a 2.0-ml propolis flavonoid adjuvant (PA) and oil emulsion adjuvant. After that, serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG subclasses were measured to evaluate the adjuvant effects of propolis flavonoid on the humoral immune responses, as well as peripheral lymphocyte proliferation activity and serum concentrations of Th1 and Th2 cytokines for cellular immunity. Results indicated an enhancing effect of PA on IgM, interleukins 2 and 4, interferon-γ, and IgG subclass responses. Especially in the effect of improving cellular immune response, the PA was the best. These findings suggested that PA can significantly enhance the immune responses against the PPV vaccine and could be an alternative way to improve PPV vaccination in sows. Furthermore, we screened the PF chemical components to the effectiveness of anti-PPV. Ferulic acid has an excellent anti-PPV effect.

Chemical Characterization and Cytotoxic/Antibacterial Effects of Nine Iranian Propolis Extracts on Human Fibroblast Cells and Oral Bacteria.

Multimicrobial infections caused by pathobionts are called dysbiotic multimicrobial illnesses. Commercial mouthwashes, such as chlorhexidine, have negative side effects that can prevent tooth decay and infection. The present study aimed to determine the antifungal, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity characteristics of the propolis extracts from different areas (Iran). The ethanolic extract of propolis was prepared. GC/MS carried out the characterization to determine the thymol, carvacrol, and menthol extracts, and also, total phenol and flavonoid were assed for all samples. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects were evaluated against S. mutans, S. mitis, S. salivarius, L. acidophilus, E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. The cytotoxic effect of extracts was measured on human fibroblast cells by MTT test. The MIC values in mg mL−1 were ranged as follows: S. salivarius (0.003 to 0.048), S. mutans (0.003 to 0.029), S. mitis (0.007 to 0.058), L. acidophilus (0.007 to 0.117), C. albicans (0.014 to 0.234), E. coli (0.007 to 0.058), and S. aureus (0.007 to 0.058), while MBC were, respectively, S. mutans (0.007 to 0.058), S. salivarius (0.007 to 0.117), S. mitis (0.007 to 0.117), L. acidophilus (0.014 to 0.234), C. albicans (0.029 to 0.468), E. coli (0.014 to 0.234), and S. aureus (0.007 to 0.117). Cariogenic bacteria and Candida albicans were demonstrated to be resistant to propolis extracts. Therefore, propolis extracts may make good mouthwashes.

Mathematical modelling of the combined effect of propolis extract and Origanum compactum essential oil on the growth of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal human pathogen responsible of several infectious diseases, especially nosocomial infections. Its rapid spread and ability to resist to environmental conditions make it a serious threat for public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined antibacterial effect of propolis extract and Origanum compactum essential (OCEO) against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and to build a mathematical model predicting this effect. Propolis and OCEO were collected from the north of Morocco. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each product was determined by the microdilution method. The kinetics of MRSA growth was evaluated in absence and in presence of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) and OCEO, each alone and in combination. The mathematical modelling was made by a polynomial regression. EEP and OCEO showed strong antibacterial activity against MRSA. The MIC of EEP was 0.625 mg/mL and the MIC of OCEO was 1%. The two products showed significant reduction in the growth rate of MRSA, and that as a function of concentration. The combination of EEP and OCEO showed strong synergistic interaction, noticed by growth rate reduction. A mathematical model describing the growth of MRSA in presence of EEP and OCEO was generated. By the negative signs of the coefficients of EEP and OCEO in the linear part, the model confirmed they synergistic interaction. From the obtained results it can be concluded that the combination of propolis extract and O. compactum EO is an interesting approach to control MRSA infections.

Antifungal Activity of Green and Red Brazilian Propolis Extracts

Background: Diseases associated to Candida spp. are recurrent and can be difficult to treat, mainly due to the new strains resistant to the limited number of available antifungals. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo activity of Brazilian green propolis (GrProp) and red propolis (RdProp) ethanolic extracts against standard strains of Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and 10 clinical isolates of C. albicans. Methods: Antifungal activity in vitro was tested using the M-27-A3/CLSI protocol. The in vivo antifungal activity was evaluated using Tenebrio molitor model and, the effect of extracts on adhesion of C. albicans in human buccal epithelial cells (BECs) was also studied. Results: GrProp and RdProp exhibited antifungal activity against at least one of the Candida strains tested. The adhesion inhibition of C. albicans in BECs was 45% (GrProp28), 60% (Gr- Prop50) and 82% (RdProp), in comparison to amphotericin B (82%). All propolis extracts showed synergistic activity with fluconazole and amphotericin B. GrProp50 (10 mg/kg) showed better protection of T. molitor, blocking the progression of C. albicans infection, increasing survival and delayed the larvae death. Conclusion: Brazilian GrProp and RdProp extracts inhibit the in vitro C. albicans growth and protect T. molitor against infection by this yeast. The physiochemical parameters found for the analyzed samples were in accordance to the standards established by the Brazilian Legislation for propolis and derivatives. GrProp and RdProp have potential to be used against Candida spp. infections, mainly in association with fluconazole or amphotericin B.

Antimicrobial Effects of Propolis Incorporated Dental Composite Resin

Aim/Objective: The aim of this in-vitro study is to assess the antibacterial activity of a propolis-modified experimental dental composite resin in terms of reducing and preventing recurrent caries, usually caused by Streptococcus mutans. Materials and methods: Control group specimens were made using the 70/30 (filler/resin) method without the use of EPE. Group 1 specimens were made by mixing 12% EPE with 30% resin in experimental dental composite resin. The experimental dental composite was created by adding 16%EPE and 20% EPE to Group 2 and Group 3, respectively. Antibacterial testing was carried out in the inhibition zone using the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Surface roughness was assessed using scanning electron microscopy. Results: The results were evaluated using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's high significant difference test (HSD). The EPE displayed antibacterial action against S.mutans, according to the findings. The inhibitory zone of 20% EPE integrated dental composite resin was 2.2mm to 2.5mm. Inhibition zones ranging from 1.2mm to 1.8mm were found in 12% and 16% of the samples, respectively. The results of the minimum inhibitory concentration showed that 20% had stronger antibacterial activity than 12 and 16 %. Scanning electron microscopy research revealed that 20% of EPE samples had decreased surface roughness. Conclusion: The experimental dental composite showed antibacterial activity against S.mutans. Antibacterial activity is increased by increasing the proportion of EPE in the experimental composite. Due to its dark color appearance it is recommended for usage as a lining material under restorative materials. Keywords: Streptococcus mutans, Secondary Caries, Antibacterial activity, Propolis, Ethanolic extract of Propolis, Dental Composite Resin

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF PROPOLIS EXTRACT COATING ON POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF BANANA ARTIFICIALLY INOCULATED WITH Colletotrichum gloesporioides

Coating is one of the methods to prevent postharvest loss in food industry. Propolis seems to be promising as a coating due its waxy properties, high antifungal activity and less toxicity. In this study, propolis ethanol extract coating were tested for the antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causative fungus that caused anthracnose disease on banana (Musa acuminata). All samples were artificially inoculated with C. gloeosporioides and the disease severity index (DSI) was measured. Other postharvest qualities of banana tested were weight loss, total soluble solid (TSS), colour and titratable acidity (TA). Results showed that the control banana was more susceptible to the fungal infection (60% necrosis) compared to the treated banana. The propolis coating successfully inhibited the fungus activity of C. gloeosporioides activity on banana during storage. The higher concentration of extract coating seems to be better effectiveness against the fungus. Moreover the control banana showed higher weight loss (6.92%) and total soluble solid (p<0.05) compared to coated banana during storage. In conclusion, banana treated with 11% concentration of propolis coating are promising for improving the colour, total soluble solid content and titratable acidity and able to inhibit artificially anthracnose disease caused by C. gloeosporioides on banana.

Impact of propolis as a bio-product on pepper plants productivity and their fruits at shelf-life period

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of propolis ethanolic extract (PEE) on development and productivity of sweet pepper plants in the first experiment and both of PEE and propolis aqueous extract (PAE) through fruit shelf life at room temperature during June of seasons 2019 and 2020 for 7 days in the second experiment. The concentrations of the two extracts were 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%. The results indicated that PEE at concentrate 9% was sufficient to obtain maximum values of vegetative growth yield characters i.e., fruit diameter, average fruit weight and total yield/feddan except plant dry weight which registered highly values with level 6%. The augment results for chemical fruit content i.e., TSS and ascorbic acid were obtained by the application of 12% of PEE. Data also indicated in the second experiment after shelf life period that PEE and PAE at concentrate 12% was significantly able to obtain the least percentage of fruit physical characters expressed as fruit weight, length and diameter especially PEE which was most superior to PAE. Concerning fruit chemical contents, dipping the fruits in the high concentrate 12% of PEE was the most effective in reducing the increase of TSS, while the same concentrate of PAE had the ability to reduce loss of ascorbic acid. On the other hand, both of two extracts PEE and PAE at high level 12% resulted in reduced fruit deterioration percentage in treated fruits especially those produced from plants that were treated by the same level (12%) in comparison with control treatment.

Ethanolic extract of Turkish bee pollen and propolis: phenolic composition, antiradical, antiproliferative and antibacterial activities

Bee pollen and propolis are considered as health-promoting foods with many therapeutic (antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant) activities. This study analyzed the phenolic profile and the antioxidant properties of Turkish bee pollen and propolis ethanolic extracts and assayed their antiproliferative effect on myeloma cells and in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial activity assays included agar well diffusion and microdilution methods. The phenolic profile and several aromatic compounds of the extracts were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). The antiproliferative activity on myeloma cells was determined by MTT test. The propolis extract had higher total phenolic content (TPC), free-radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) than the pollen ethanolic extract. Benzoic and cinnamic acid were the most abundant aromatic substances in the pollen and propolis extracts, respectively. The IC50 values of pollen and propolis extracts on myeloma cells were 1.49% and 2.88%, respectively. The propolis extract was active against S. aureus and E. coli, but not P. aeruginosa. The pollen extract presented no detectable inhibition zone against the three bacterial strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of both extracts for S. aureus and E. coli was 0.63% (w/v). The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the propolis extract was 1.25% for S. aureus and E. coli. MIC could not be determined for the pollen extract in the tested bacteria. The pollen and propolis extracts did not exert antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa up to 2.5% concentration.

Inhibition Effect of Different Propolis Extracts against Fusarium solani in vitro

Propolis is a natural brownish by-product created by honey bees. Due to the antimicrobial components it contains, propolis has been widely tested against important fungal pathogens that cause agricultural damage. The diluent used in the extraction of propolis causes differences in the total phenolic compounds and antimicrobial properties of propolis. Fusarium solani, division Ascomycota, is infectious to many cultivated crops such as peas, beans, potatoes, cucurbits, and maize, resulting in significant crop losses. In most plants, it generally leads to rot, wilt and necrotic spots and eventual plant death. In this study, the antifungal effect of propolis collected from Bingöl province of Turkey was evaluated against, with a total of 9 groups of applications. In order to determine the differences between preparations and the critical dose levels, 3 different preparations (Ethanol, (Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and pure propolis purified by supercritical fluid extraction method) were applied in 3 different concentrations (100µl, 200µl, and 600µl) in PDA medium. The statistical results of the study showed that pure extracts of propolis are more effective at increasing doses (around 30% for 600 µl) against the mycelial growth of pathogen. Furthermore, ethanol extracts of propolis showed a moderate antifungal effect (around 33% for 600 µl), while the DMSO extracts were less effective (around 58% for 600 µl). This study is the first report showing the fungicidal activity of pure propolis purified by the SFE method using CO2 on F. solani. The results of this study may shed light on the development of drug-based strategies against fungal-borne phytopathogens in the future studies.

Capacidad antimicrobiana de propóleo en terapia pulpar

Introduction: Pulpotomy therapy is a treatment commonly carried out in pediatric patients to counteract the infection present, frequently chemical agents are used as antimicrobials being somewhat contradictory in terms of their effects. Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial action of 10% ethanolic extract of propolis in pulp therapy of primary dental organs. Materials and Methods: In this study, 10% ethanolic extracto of propolis (EEP) of natural origin was used for the treatment of pulpotomies.Its antimicrobial action was evaluated by collecting microbiological simples before the placement of EEP sample (S1) and after its placement sample (S2). The degree of microbial development was evaluated in McFarland Units and by CFU count at two initial times and24 hrs. Results: Propolis showed antimicrobial capacity since the results show an average decrease in bacterial growth amog the 20 samples, being from 8.30 to 8.10 in S1 and S2 as well as from 9,18 to 8.96 in S1a ande S2a. The results show an antimicrobial effect, obtaining differences between S1 and S2, results that favor the antimicrobial capacity of propolis. Conclusions: The use of plant extracts or natural derivatives such as propolis for the treatment of pulp therapy such as propolis for the treatment of pulp therapy such as pulpotomies in primary teeth is promising as an alternative to formocresol.

TOPICAL USE OF GREEN PROPOLIS FOR WOUND HEALING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Objective: To systematically identify the effectiveness of the topical use of green propolis in the healing process of surgical wounds. Methods: Systematic review of the literature that considered the publications available in the databases: National Library of Medicine(PubMed/MEDLINE), LatinAmerican and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science. The risk of bias of the studies was analyzed using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) tool. Results: The four studies analyzed used green propolis for the healing of surgically made lesions. All the selected studies were of experimental methodology, performed with animals. Two studies (50%) used the ethanolic extract of green propolis (at concentrations of 2.4% and 20%) and the other two studies (50%) used the hydroalcoholic extract of green propolis at 5.0%. Conclusion: The results showed that the topical use of formulated products based on green propolis promoted the healing of skin lesions, since it favored angiogenesis, the proliferation of fibroblasts and, consequently, the synthesis and deposition of collagen, as well as showed antimicrobial activity and showed.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Various Fractions of Heterotrigona itama Propolis Found in Kutai Kartanegara

BACKGROUND: In the current pandemic era, people are trying to find additional income, such as stingless bee cultivation. Especially bee species of Heterotrigona itama, because the selling value of stingless bee honey for maintaining health is quite high. However, the potential of other bee products such as propolis is still underutilized. AIM: In this study, the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of propolis from various fractions were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: H. itama propolis was extracted with 96% ethanol to obtain ethanol extract propolis (EEP). Then, it was used for liquid-liquid partition with different polarities (n-hexane and ethyl acetate) to obtain the n-hexane fraction (HF) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF). These fractions were tested for antioxidants using the DPPH method and antibacterial against bacteria Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli using the agar well diffusion method. Vitamin C was used as a positive control in the antioxidant assay and Thiampenicol was used in the bacterial assay. RESULTS: The EAF had better antioxidant activity (IC50 128.46 ug/mL) than the ethanol extract (IC50 205.86 ug/mL) and n-HF (IC50 350.01 g/mL). Antibacterial activity of EEP at 200 ug/mL against P. acne was 6 ± 1.5 mm, which was categorized as medium inhibition, while the other fractions were classified as weak. CONCLUSION: EAF had the highest antioxidant activity, meanwhile EEP is the most potent on antibacterial activity. The results obtained are influenced by the environment, where the sample is taken, which is less varied in plant sources and the time of sample collection.

Inhibition of Several Bacterial Species Isolated from Squid and Shrimp Skewers by Different Natural Edible Compounds.

Seafood is an excellent source of nutrients, essential for a healthy diet, ranging from proteins and fatty acids to vitamins and minerals. Seafood products are highly perishable foods due to their nutritional characteristics and composition. The application of nontoxic, natural, and edible preservatives to extend the shelf-life and inhibit bacterial proliferation of several foods has been a hot topic. Consequently, this work aimed to perform the microbiological characterization of squid and shrimp skewers during their shelf-life (five days) and evaluate the susceptibility of randomly isolated microorganisms to several natural edible compounds so that their application for the preservation and shelf-life extension of the product might be analyzed in the future. The product had considerably high total microorganisms loads of about 5 log CFU/g at day zero and 9 log CFU/g at day five. In addition, high bacterial counts of Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacterales, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were found, especially on the last day of storage, being Pseudomonas the dominant genus. However, no Escherichia coli or Listeria monocytogenes were detected on the analyzed samples. One hundred bacterial isolates were randomly selected and identified through 16s rRNA sequencing, resulting in the detection of several Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas spp., and LAB. The antibacterial activity of carvacrol, olive leaf extract, limonene, Citrox®, different chitosans, and ethanolic propolis extracts was evaluated by the agar diffusion method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined only for Citrox® since only this solution could inhibit all the identified isolates. At concentrations higher than or equal to 1.69% (v/v), Citrox® demonstrated bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity to 97% and 3% of the isolates, respectively. To our knowledge, there are no available data about the effectiveness of this commercial product on seafood isolates. Although preliminary, this study showed evidence that Citrox® has the potential to be used as a natural preservative in these seafood products, improving food safety and quality while reducing waste. However, further studies are required, such as developing a Citrox®-based coating and its application on this matrix to validate its antimicrobial effect.

Effects of Ethanol Extract of Propolis on Repair Optic Nerve Damage in a Rat Model for Diabetes Mellitus (Study of MDA, CRP, Caspase-3, and TGF-β Expression and Histopathological Changes on Optic Nerve Damage)

Purpose
 Hyperglycemia in diabetes increases oxidative stress in the body. It causes optic nerve damage and risk of glaucoma. In this study, we evaluated and analyzed the effect of propolis ethanol extract on repair of optic nerve damage in a rat model for Diabetes Mellitus.
 Study Design
 Laboratory experimental using the posttest only control group design was used in this study.
 Methods
 A total of 28 male Wistar rat were randomly divided into the following four groups namely control (K1), diabetes mellitus (K2), diabetes mellitus with propolis treatment (100 mg/kg) (P1) and diabetes mellitus with propolis treatment (200 mg/kg) (P2). Statistical analysis used ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis with a significance of p < 0.05.
 Results
 The results showed that Gunung Lawu propolis significantly reduced serum glucose levels, malondialdehyde levels and C-reactive protein levels (p<0.01). Furthermore, propolis extract significantly decreased caspase-3 expression and TGF-β expression (p<0.05) in the optic nerve. Propolis can significantly repair optic nerve damage (optic nerve necrosis, thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer and retinal ganglion cell apoptosis (p < 0.01).
 Conclusion
 The final results showed that most of the beneficial effects of propolis were mediated by the reduction of blood glucose levels in diabetic rat.

What Should Be the Ideal Solvent Percentage and Solvent-Propolis ratio in the Preparation of Ethanolic Propolis Extract?

What Should Be the Ideal Solvent Percentage and Solvent-Propolis ratio in the Preparation of Ethanolic Propolis Extract?

Optimization of Emulsification Conditions on Ethanol Extract of Taiwanese Green Propolis Using Polysorbate and Its Immunomodulatory Effects in Broilers.

Simple SummaryTaiwanese green propolis (TGP) ethanol extract has been shown to have a wide range of biological activities, such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, extraction using ethanol limits the use of TGP as an ingredient in animal feeds. In addition, the effect of TGP ethanol extract on immunomodulation in broilers is still unclear. In order to increase the utilization of TGP ethanol extract in poultry productivity, this study aimed to establish the optimal emulsification conditions for TGP ethanol extract using polysorbate and investigate its effectiveness in improving immune response in broilers.Beeswax and resin are the main components of propolis, both of which are hydrophobic. The use of emulsifiers helps to improve the extraction of active propolis compounds and makes them more widely used. In this study, we investigated the optimal parameters for the emulsification of Taiwanese green propolis (TGP) using different polysorbates (polysorbate-20, polysorbate-60, and polysorbate-80) and evaluated the effects on the immunomodulatory response in broilers. The results showed that 4 mg/mL of TGP in combination with 2% polysorbate-60 at 60 °C for 60 min significantly decreased the undissolved particle size of ethanol extract of TGP during the emulsification. The bioactive compounds of TGP, the propolins (C, D, F, G, and H), were also detected after emulsification. Supplementation of emulsified TGP (eTGP) in the drinking water of broilers before and after vaccination significantly enhanced the antibody titer response to infectious bronchitis virus at 28 days of age. In the lipopolysaccharide-challenged model, supplementation of eTGP in the drinking water of broilers decreased pro-inflammatory gene expression and increased anti-inflammatory gene expression. These results together suggested that the polysorbate-60 could effectively emulsify the ethanol extract of TGP. Moreover, eTGP could be used as a vaccine adjuvant and an immunomodulator to improve the immune response of broilers.