Ethanol Extract Of Plant Research Articles

Antibacterial effects of plant extracts with hurdle technology against Vibrio cholerae.

Vibrio cholerae is an etiological cause of cholera implicated in several pandemics. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts has been established. However, these extracts exhibit activity at a concentration that may alter organoleptic attributes of water and food, hence limiting their application. In this light, there is need to device ways of reducing plant extracts' effective levels in order to widen their application. Thus, this study was conducted to improve activities of plant ethanolic extracts through combination with other generally recognized as safe antimicrobials. Combination of plant extracts with sodium acetate (NaOAc) 0.4% at pH 7.0 reduced minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clove, lemon eucalyptus, rosemary and sage from 0.2 to 0.025%. At pH 6.4, combinations were more effective reducing MICs of clove, lemon eucalyptus, rosemary and sage from 0.2 to 0.0125% with NaOAc at 0.2%. At pH 7.0, the combination resulted in additive effect. Nevertheless, at pH 6.4, synergic effect was established. No interactive effect was observed with combinations involving glycine. Combination of plant extracts with NaOAc at mildly acidic pH creates a hurdle effect that may have potential application to control the growth of V. cholerae.

Botanical extracts against the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), during storage conditions

The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a destructive pest of stored potatoes and potato crop. Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from animals, plants, and bacteria. Botanicals are especially efficient in the form of antifeedant, repellent, protectants, and growth-disrupting hormones. They are also sources of secondary metabolites that are safer than synthetic insecticides. Present research was conducted to evaluate some botanical extracts as natural local alternatives against PTM under storage conditions. Twelve different 80% ethanolic plant extracts were tested on PTM during storage condition (30 ± 2°C and 70 ± 5% RH) at a light regime of the day 10-h light and 14-h dark. Biological parameters of the pest, evidence of the potato tubers damage, and continuation of protection to the tubers were recorded. Extracts of mint, zygophyllum, coriander, arnoglosse, harmel, and solanum indicated a total inhibition of egg deposition at 2.5% concentration; also, they provided high protections to the potato tubers from the PTM infestation for about 3 months and without observations’ effect on tubers germination. Senna, colocynth, and basil reduced the number of deposited egg/female. Jasmine, geranium, and chamomile recorded a low potential on egg deposition. Basil showed the highest potency in decreasing development of larvae that hatched from eggs, therefore, reduced the number of next adult offspring (F1) and followed by jasmine and geranium. Variable levels of extracts’ protection can be arranged according to their damage evidence as follows: basil > colocynth > jasmine > geranium > senna > chamomile.

Determination of flavan-3-ols by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array, antioxidant potential, antimicrobial activity, and pharmacognostic evaluation of Maytenus obtusifolia (Mart.) leaves

Background: Maytenus obtusifolia Mart. (Syn. Monteverdia obtusifolia Mart. Biral), Celastraceae, is a species located on the coast of Brazil, which is commonly used as anti-inflammatory and on the treatment of gastric ulcers. Objectives: The aim of this study consists of the determination of quality control parameters of the plant material, as well as to develop, validate high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array methodology for the quantification of its analytical markers and evaluate the antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of the extract. Materials and Methods: The plant material and ethanolic crude extract (ECE) were evaluated through pharmacopoeial and non-pharmacopoeial methods. Anti-oxidant assay was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Minimum inhibitory concentration was used to evaluate antimicrobial activity assay. Results: The assays have provided the following results: granulometry (d50 0.82 mm), moisture content (6.41%–9.03%), pH of aqueous solution (5.41), apparent bulk density (0.41 mg/mL), heavy metals (

JUULing Epidemic Among Youth: A Guide to Devices, Terminology, and Interventions.

JUULing Epidemic Among Youth: A Guide to Devices, Terminology, and Interventions.

In Vitro Assessment of Antimicrobial Potential of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extract of Against Some Highly Resistant Pathogens

Objective: To find out the antibacterial potential of ethanolic and aqueous roots extract of Phlomis umbrosa L. against both Gram positive and Gram negative isolates Methodology: Disk diffusion method according to Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) standard was used to examine the in vitro antibacterial activity of P. umbrosa extract while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using broth dilution technique. Miles and Misra technique was also utilized to count the number of colonies CFU/mL of bacteria at different concentrations of extract. Results: All the studied strains showed a diverse range of vulnerability against both ethanolic and aqueous plant extract. Among all tested isolates, ethanolic extract of P. umbrosa showed highly significant activity against Gram positive isolates i.e. S. aureus (20.1 mm) and B. subtilis (22.9 mm) with least MIC (12.5 mg/mL) and MBC (12.5 mg/mL) as compared to Gram negative isolates. A progressive decline in bacterial colonies (CFU/mL) was observed in Miles and Misra technique. One way ANOVA followed by postHoc Tukey test showed the significant differences in antimicrobial activities of plant extract with two tested antibiotics i.e. Amoxicillin and Erythromycin (10 µg/disc) as positive control at p-value of 0.05. The antimicrobial activity of this plant exhibit may be due to the presence of such chemical constituents namely monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids compounds. Conclusion: It is concluded that roots ethanolic extract of P. umbrosa has a promising antibacterial potential so it can also be used as an alternative medicine to treat different infections for reducing bacterial resistance and side effects associated with antibiotics. 

Micropropagation of Alocasia longiloba Miq and Comparative Antioxidant Properties of Ethanolic Extracts of the Field-Grown Plant, In Vitro Propagated and In Vitro-Derived Callus.

In this study, an efficient micropropagation protocol was developed for A. longiloba and the antioxidant properties of field-grown plant, in vitro-derived greenhouse-grown plant and in vitro-derived callus extracts were compared. The A. longiloba seeds tested using tetrazolium chloride salt exhibited 89% viability. Due to poor germination capacity of A. longiloba seeds, the seeds were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The maximum seed germination of 87% was observed at 30% H2SO4 treatment after 19.00 d, whereas GA3 treatment showed maximum germination of 53% after 22 d. In vitro shoot multiplication was carried out using various types of cytokinins alone or in combination with auxin. Among them, 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) single treatment was found to be the best hormone. The highest shoot-length (7.26 cm) and maximum number of shoots per explant (18) were recorded at 3-mg L−1 BAP. For in vitro rooting, indole-3-acetic acid at 0.5-mg L−1 was found to be the optimum concentration. Callus was induced using various types of auxins alone or in combinations with cytokinins. The highest percentage of callus of 91 and fresh weight of 6 g was obtained with 3-mg L−1 IAA. The plantlets produced in the current study were subjected to acclimatization. The combination of topsoil and peat moss at 1:2 ratio was found to be the best soil media. In this study, in vitro-derived callus extract showed the highest phenolic content (538 mg GAE), followed by extracts of field-grown plant parts, i.e., fruit and petiole (504 and 300 mg GAE) while in vitro plant extract showed the lowest (98 mg GAE). Meanwhile, the highest flavonoids was recorded in petiole extract. Comparative antioxidant activity study shows, in vitro-derived callus exhibited better DPPH-radical-scavenging activity (IC50: 0.113-mg mL−1) whereas the extracts of petiole, fruit and in vitro plant showed 0.126-, 0.137- and 0.173-mg mL−1, respectively. At the same time, the fruit extract showed better (IC50: 0.088-mg mL−1) ABTS radical scavenging activity than all extracts tested. In conclusion, the in vitro-derived callus extract could be favored for high TPC and better DPPH scavenging activity. Hence, the present study was conducted to establish an efficient micropropagation protocol and to compare the antioxidant activity of the field-grown plant, in vitro plant and in vitro derived callus extracts of A. longiloba.

In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Various Ethanolic Medicinal Plant Extracts Against Some Human Pathogenic Bacteria

The widespread use of antibiotics often causes increase in the bacterial drugs resistance and causes many side effects in humans. Medical plants have antimicrobial effects against most pathogenic bacteria and can serve as harmless replacement to antibiotics. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial effect of five medicinal plant prevailed in Kurdistan region namely; Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia (L.) D.Don), Nigella (Nigella sativa L.), Allium (Allium hirtifolium Boiss.), Carrot (Daucus carota L.), and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) against pathogenic Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), and pathogenic Gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli). The evaluation of antibacterial activity for these plant extracts was carried out using agar-well diffusion method. Results showed that minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of A. hirtifolium against tested bacterial isolates were (25 mg/mL), the lowest MIC values for S. aureus were (25 mg/mL) observed with C. cassia, N. sativa and F. vulgare ethanolic extracts and the lowest MIC of D. carota against bacterial isolates were (50 mg/mL), Also, it was observed that S. aureus was more sensitive than S. typhi and E. coli to plant extracts. The ethanol plant extracts had potential antibacterial activities. However, further studies are required to identify the active compounds which could be used for the preparation of new antimicrobial agents and control the bacterial infectious diseases.

Novel silver-platinum bimetallic nanoalloy synthesized from Vernonia mespilifolia extract: Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities

In this study, bimetallic nanoparticles comprising silver and platinum with promising therapeutic activities were synthesized using ethanolic Vernonia mespilifolia plant extract for the first time. The bimetallic silver-platinum nanoparticles (AgPtNPs) were characterized using solid-state techniques including UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. The internal morphological structure showed that the AgPtNPs were spherical with a diameter of approximately 35.5 ± 0.8 nm, while FTIR confirmed the effective capping and formation of the nanoparticles by phytoconstituents. The polyphenolic contents of the green synthesized nanoparticles from the ethanolic extract of V. mespilifolia (AgNPs and AgPtNPs) was found to be (28.0 ± 0.8 and 13.6 ± 0.1 mg GAE/g) total phenol, while the flavonoids content was (366.2 ± 17.0 and 126.6 ± 0.2 mg QE/g), and proanthocyanins content was (161.8 ± 0.6 and 70.2 ± 0.6 mg CE/g). The AgPtNPs displayed a greater ability to scavenge free radicals, especially DPPH and ABTS (IC50 19.5 and 21.6 µg/mL) respectively when compared with AgNPs and ascorbic acid. Besides, the AgPtNPs had a higher ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (44.1 mg GAE/g) when compared to AgNPs (18.5 mg GAE/g). Moreover, the AgPtNPs showed a two-fold antimicrobial activity towards pathogenic microbes compared to AgNPs and a selective cytotoxic potency towards MCF-7 breast cancer cell line compared to HEK 293 normal cell line. In summary, these fascinating bioactivities displayed by the AgPtNPs highlighted their potential in therapeutic biomedical applications.

Plant Extract Treatments Induce Resistance to Bacterial Spot by Tomato Plants for a Sustainable System

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of extracts of Nerium oleander, Eucalyptus chamadulonsis and Citrullus colocynthis against bacterial spot disease of tomato and to investigate the induction of resistance by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in order to promote a sustainable management system. The antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanol plant extracts was tested against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, isolate PHYXV3, in vitro and in vivo. The highest antibacterial activity in vitro was obtained with C. colocynthis, N. oleander and E. chamadulonsis, respectively. In vivo, ethanol extracts of N. oleander and E. chamadulonsis were more effective than aqueous extracts in reducing pathogen populations on tomato leaves. Under greenhouse conditions, application of the plant extracts at 15% (v/v) to tomato plants significantly reduced disease severity and increased the shoot weight of ‘Super Marmande’ tomato. In most cases, plant extracts significantly increased total phenol and salicylic acid content of tomato plants compared to either healthy or infected ones. In addition, C. colocynthis and E. chamadulonsis extracts significantly increased peroxidase activity while only E. chamadulonsis increased polyphenol oxidase after infection with the causal agent. The results indicated that the plant extracts showed promising antibacterial activity and could be considered an effective tool in integrated management programs for a sustainable system of tomato bacterial spot control.

Potential implications of the use of Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez against mycobacteria

Tuberculosis (TB) is a threat to a large population across the globe. Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez, commonly known as the Cape beech, is a plant that is traditionally used in the treatment of tuberculosis and TB-related symptoms. The aim of this study, was to evaluate the pharmacological effects of a leaf ethanolic extract (1:10, w:v) of R. melanophloeos, as well as different polarity partitions, in conjunction with a fluoroquinolone antimycobacterial drug, ciprofloxacin. The bioassays in this study included the antimycobacterial, antibiofilm and synergistic potential against M. smegmatis. Secondly the antiproliferative and hepatoprotective effect on hepatocytes (HepG2), and, lastly, a potential mechanistic investigation on mycothione, glutathione and thioredoxin reductases. The hexane fraction from the ethanolic plant extract showed relatively good antibiofilm activity with a mean IC50 value of 128.25±4.09 μg/mL. The drug-herb interaction activity of the extract was tested against ciprofloxacin, and it was found that the plant extract acted antagonistically towards the standard drug (FIC > 4). Antiproliferative and hepatoprotective tests were conducted on HepG2 hepatocytes to test the effects on cell viability. The plant was not toxic to the cells but showed no significant hepatoprotective activity against drug-induced hepatotoxic injury, in comparison to the positive control silymarin. Furthermore, the plant extract was tested against glutathione, mycothiol and thioredoxin reductase (human and bacterial analogs) for its inhibitory activity. Rapanea melanophloeos showed higher affinity for the glutathione and mycothiol reductase with relatively high inhibitory activity against the enzymes. The findings from this study indicate the potential adverse effects and drug-herb interactions, associated with the use of R. melanophloeos in the treatment of TB. In addition, this study emphasizes the importance of herb indications and drug interactions, and the term “natural” or “herbal” does not coincide with safe.

Molecular Docking and In vitro Analysis of Fagonia Cretica and Berberis Lyceum Extracts Against Brucella Melitensis

Brucellosis is an economically important zoonotic disease caused by the Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the genus Brucella. Medicinal plants are well known for a wide variety of potential antimicrobial agents that can be used as antimicrobial drugs. In the present study, crude ethanolic and methanolic extracts of local plants (Berberis lyceum and Fagonia cretica) were tested in vitro against Brucella melitensis via a well diffusion method for their antibacterial activity. In the in silico study, phytochemicals previously identified in the selected plants were docked with a homology model of the cytotoxic factor malate synthase G (MSG) highly conserved among Brucella spp., in Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) to predict a potential drug against B. melitensis. A molecular dynamic simulation was performed to predict the stability of MSG through MOE. Ethanolic crude extracts of B. lyceum showed maximum zone of inhibition (32.5 mm) followed by methanolic extracts (30 mm), while ethanolic extracts of F. cretica showed zone of inhibition (29 mm) followed by methanolic extracts (27.5 mm). In silico screening predicted phytic acid as the most potent inhibitor followed by jehlumine, barbamine, oxyberberine and sindamine. The synergistic utilization of phytochemicals derived from B. lyceum may potentially provide protection against B. melitensis.

Cactus and lupin extracts as prospective anticancer agents compared with utoral drug.

The ethanolic extracts of many plants have been used in alternative medicine. The present study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and anticancer potential of cactus and lupin ethanolic extracts compared to utoral drug (UT) on the colon Caco-2 cancer cell line. Bioactive components, cytotoxicity of Caco-2 cell cycle, and gene regulation of apoptosis genes were studied by HPLC, flow cytometer, and RT-PCR, respectively. Lupin extract (LE) contained high bioactive components and antioxidant potential. The predominant phenol, flavonoid, and sterol in LE were rosmarinic acid (2,004.8μg/ml), quercetin (9,912µg/g), and ergosterol (2.77µg/g). LE and its mixture with utoral showed high cytotoxicity and effective potential in regulation of gene expression of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, LE and cactus extract (CE) could be considered as natural preparations with high anticancer properties against Caco-2 cells. LE had the highest anticancer potential among the tested preparations. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The study demonstrated that lupine and cactus extracts have high potential as anticancer substances. These natural extracts can be used to prepare therapeutic mixtures or foods.

The Isolation of Antimicrobial Resistant Aeromonas spp. from Aquaculture Samples and their Susceptibility to Medicinal Plant Extracts

Aeromonas spp, ubiquitous in both terrestrial and aquatic environments are becoming renowned as enteric pathogens of serious public health concern as they have a number of virulence and resistant determinants that are linked to both human and aquatic diseases due to consistent and incorrect use of antibiotics in aquaculture. The effect of crude aqueous and ethanol extracts of some medicinal plants on antimicrobial resistant Aeromonas spp. isolated from aquaculture water and fish samples was studied. Two hundred and forty (240) Aeromonas isolates, made up of 168 Aeromonas hydrophila and 72 Aeromonas salmonicida, were recovered from aquaculture water and fish gill samples collected from different commercial fish ponds using selective media. The isolates were assessed for their antibiotic susceptibility against ten (10) conventional antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer technique. Extracts from three medicinal plants, Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum and Garcinia kola were also analyzed for their antimicrobial effects on the isolates that were resistant to the conventional antibiotics. Aeromonas hydrophila isolates expressed the highest resistant rates of 100%, 78.6% and 70.8% to aztreonam, cefotaxime and neomysin respectively, and the A. salmonicida isolates also had a similar trend of high resistant rates of 100%, 87.5% and 77.8% to aztreonam, neomysin and cefotaxime respectively. Antimicrobial resistant analyses with the plant extracts showed 100% inhibition of the isolates at 100 mg/ml for both aqueous and ethanol extracts. Phytochemical screening identified the presence of certain phytochemicals like alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and glycosides which could have accounted for the antimicrobial effects of the plant extracts under study. It can be inferred then, that extracts from Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum and Garcinia kola can inhibit resistant aquaculture Aeromonas isolates and so can present an alternative source of antimicrobials in the effort to combat the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture.

Larvicidal activity of Vietnamese <em>Solanum nigrum</em> on mosquitoes <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and <em>Aedes albopictus</em> (Diptera: Culicidae)

A Vietnamese domestic plant namely Solanum nigrum (S. nigrum) was subjected to test for larvicidal activity on two majors Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) vectors Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) and Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus). The plant was processed to get infusions in hot water or extracted in ethanol. Laboratory and field larval strains of two Aedes species were exposed to the infusions and extract at increasing concentrations for one hour and followed-up intensively for up to 72 hours. The obtained results of bioassay showed larvicidal effects of extract on all mosquito strains. The effects on laboratory strain of Ae. aegypti larvae were correlated with infusions and extract concentrations. Chopped plant infusions in hot water indicated mortality up to 77.3% of larvae. Ground plant infusions killed all of exposed larvae at day 3 postexposure. Median lethal concentrations (LC50,s) of chopped and ground plant infusions were 10.25 and 7.54%, respectively. Ethanolic extract had very strong effect on experimental subjects. Within 72 hours, 100% of laboratory strain of Ae. aegypti larvae died after exposure to extract at 100 parts per million (ppm) or higher concentrations. Ethanolic plant extract showed similar larvicidal effect on field strains of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The percentage mortality of field strains larvae reached 100% after exposure to 100 ppm of plant extract. At concentrations of 1000 ppm, 100% of exposed larvae died with 8 hours. LC50 on tested larvae was 25.07-33.60 ppm. Strong larvicidal activity of S. nigrum suggests the possible application in DHF vector control effort.

Screening research of 90% aqueous ethanolic plant extracts antimicrobial activity against Propionobacterium acnes — an etiological factor of acne occurrence

Annotation. Prolonged antibacterial therapy of acne, mainly by antibiotics of MLS-group (macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B), has a number of side effects, the main of which is the emergence of resistant strains. Considering the risks and side effects of traditional etiotropic acne therapy, the use of herbal medicines may be an alternative of this disease treatment. The purpose of this study was to perform a screening study of 90% aqueous-ethanolic medicinal plant extracts antimicrobial activity against P acnes test strains. Antimicrobial activity of 242 aqueous-ethanolic extracts of 183 medicinal and aromatic plants of various organs against two P. acnes strains: sensitive and MLS resistant by HB (Heart Brain) agar diffusion method was studied. Statistical processing of results has been caried by UTHSCSA ImageTool 2.0, Microsoft Office Excel 2011. Eupatorium cannabinum L. and Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dun. aerial parts, Populus nigra L. fruits and needles, Helichrysum arenarium L., Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. herbs, Calendula officinalis L. flowers, Geranium pratense L. rhizomes and Larix decidua Mill. needles exhibited strong antimicrobial activity (diameter of growth inhibition≥ 15 mm) against test strains. Representatives with antimicrobial properties against acne agents have been found among medicinal plants of Ukraine's flora. The detection of pronounced antimicrobial properties in various pharmacopoeial and non-pharmacopoeial plants necessitates the need for phytochemical study of the raw material to isolate and identify its active components.

Mitigation with plant ethanol extracts of STZ-induced histopathological injuries in the tissues of laboratory rats

This work studied the use of several plant extracts as probable medications in the treatment of diabetes. In laboratory rats, the diabetes model was developed by injection of Streptozotocin (STZ) in a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight. The animals, in which the blood glucose level increased 4-5 times, were considered as diabetic. The diabetic animals were treated by ethanol extracts of plants traditionally used in folk medicine and/or as food in Armenian cuisine. During four weeks, the STZ-induced diabetic rats were administered orally three times in a week with the ethanol extracts from sorrel leaves (SL, Rumex Confertus), pellicles of walnut kernel (WP, Juglans regia), grape leaves (GL, Vitis vinifera) and rose petals (RP, Rosa damascena). At the end of the experiment, certain decrease of blood glucose level was registered in these groups. An oxidative stress marker, malondialdehyde, which increased in the blood of the STZ-induced diabetic animals by 38%, decreased in the SL and WP groups to the level of the intact animals. The histo­pathological examination of the pancreas, kidney and liver sections from the diabetic animals, fed with the extracts from SL, RP and WP, revealed positive changes compared with the STZ-control animals. The obtained results manifest the benefit of using the studied herbal extracts in the STZ-induced diabetes model.

Pharmacological evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of ethanolic extract of Indigofera argentea Burm. f.

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIndigofera argentea Burm. f.; commonly known as neel, jantari, hathio; is traditionally used for the treatment of headache, fever, inflammation and body pain. Local communities also used this plant for the treatment of malaria, jaundice, vertigo and gastric disorders. Aim of the studyThis study is aimed to evaluate the toxicity and possible analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of the ethanolic crude extract of Indigofera argentea (IaCr) to support its use in folk medicine and to screen the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity. Materials and methodsAqueous ethanolic (30:70) extract of whole plant of Indigofera argentea (IaCr) was prepared and phytochemical study was performed by preliminary methods followed by HPLC and DPPH method. In vivo experiments were performed in Wistar albino rats including hot plate, tail immersion, formalin and capsaicin-induced pain tests in rats and acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by using in vitro human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test, while antipyretic activity was evaluated by Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia test. ResultsThe crude extract of Indigofera argentea confirmed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and tannins as soluble ethanolic constituents in preliminary study. The maximum quantity of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) phenolics, and quercetin equivalent (QE) flavonoid content found was 81 ± 2 mg GAE/g and 56 ± 1.4 mg QE/g of extract respectively. Quantification based on HPLC exposed the presence of phenols and flavonoids, quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, benzoic acid, ferulic acid and coumaric acid. In vivo experiments revealed significant P < 0.05) dose-dependent inhibition in hot plate, tail immersion and capsaicin-induced pain test. IaCr showed significant inhibition of pain latency against both phases in formalin test and considerably decreased the number of writhes caused by acetic acid at the doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg. In the in vitro anti-inflammatory (HRBC) assay, IaCr showed good membrane stability with maximum percentage hemolysis inhibition of 49.29% while in carrageenan-induced paw edema test in rats the IaCr showed significant anti-inflammatory action in a dose-dependent fashion. Statistical significant reduction in rectal temperature was observed at the doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg in yeast-induced pyrexia test in rats. ConclusionThe results of the experimental studies proved the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Indigofera argentea and supported the traditional use of this plant.

Evaluation of comparative Hypoglycaemic activity of ethanolic leaves extracts of datura stramonium and Eclipta alba

Datura stramonium is a yearly plant belongs to family Solanaceae. Datura stramonium is generally known as jimson weed or thorn apple. Eclipta alba is commonly known as False Daisy or Bhringraj, a plant having a place with the family Asteraceae. Diabetes was produce in overnight fasted male Wistar rats (160-250 mg/kg) by interparitonial injection of 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan. Alloxan monohydrate 150 mg/kg, b.w was dissolved in normal saline and injected I.P after 18 hours fasting. The rats were then given 4% w/v glucose solution in feeding bottle for the next 24 h in their cages to inhibit hypoglycemia. The rats will be divided into 7 groups of 6 animals each, total 42 animals used. Ethanolic extract of both plants (datura stramonium and eclipta alba) given in dose of 100, 200 mg/kg b.w and 200, 400 mg/kg b.w ethanolic extracts of both plants are administered orally for 14 days, in a single dose daily seven days after confirmation of hyperglycemia. Standard drug Glibenclamid & ethanolic leaves extracts of datura stramonium and eclipta Alba were administered orally for 14 days, in a single dose daily 7 days after confirmation of hyperglycemia. Significantly reversed decrease in body weight seen in diabetes. The dose of 200, mg/kg b.w /day of ethanolic extract of leaves datura and 400 mg/kg b.w/day of ethanolic extract of eclipta alba leaves were found to be having maximum activity.

Two new phenylpropanoid amide glycosides from whole plants of Corydalis racemosa

Two new phenylpropanoid amide glycosides and ten analogues were isolated from the CH_2Cl_2 layer of 95% ethanol extract of the whole plants of Corydalis racemosa by using various chromatographic techniques, including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS column chromatographies, and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified on the basis of physicochemical properties, MS, NMR, and IR spectroscopic data as N-cis-sinapoyltyramine-4'-O-β-glucoside(1), N-cis-sinapoyl-3-methoxytyramine-4'-O-β-glucoside(2), N-cis-sinapoyltyramine(3), N-cis-feruloyltyramine(4), N-trans-cinnamoyltyramine(5), N-trans-feruloylphenethylamine(6), N-trans-p-methoxycinnamoyl-3-hydoxyoctopamine(7), N-cis-feruloyl-3-methoxytyramine(8), N-trans-feruloyltyramine(9), N-trans-feruloyl-3-methoxytyramine(10), N-trans-sinapoyltyramine(11), and N-trans-p-coumaroyltyramine(12). Compounds 1 and 2 are new compounds. Compounds 3-7 are obtained from the plants of Papaveraceae for the first time, and compounds 8-12 are firstly isolated from C. racemosa.

SKRINING FITOKIMIA EKSTRAK CARICA PAPAYA RADIX, PIPER ORNATUM FOLIUM DAN NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM SEMEN ASAL KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Penyakit Diabetes Mellitus merupakan penyakit dengan prevalensi tinggi dan menduduki peringkat 10 besar di dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Permasalahan besar yang dihadapi dunia kesehatan dewasa ini adalah Diabetes Mellitus tidak bisa disembuhkan secara total dengan obat antihiperglikemik konvensional. Penelitian perlu dilakukan dalam hal menelusuri potensi bahan alam yang biasa digunakan oleh masyarakat Kalimantan berdasarkan skrining fitokimia dari beberapa tumbuhan yang secara empiris digunakan sebagai antidiabetes yaitu Carica papaya radix (CPR), Nephelium lappaceum semen (NLS) dan Piper ornatum folium (POF). Tumbuhan obat yang diperoleh dilakukan ekstraksi maserasi dan diidentifikasi golongan senyawa dan profil kromatografinya.Kegiatan penelitian ini meliputi: 1) Pengambilan sampel tumbuhan,2) Pembuatan simplisia uji, 3) Pembuatan ekstrak etanol tumbuhan, 4) Uji kualitatif kandungan kimia tumbuhan, dan 5) Identifikasi secara kromatografi lapis tipis.&#x0D; Hasil dari penelitian dipilih dan dilakukan pengujian terhadap 3 ekstrak yaitu Carica papaya radix, Nephelium lappaceum semen dan Piper ornatum folium. Ekstrak Carica papaya radix diduga mengandung senyawa alkaloid (Rf : 0,53), saponin (Rf : 0,93), flavonoid (Rf : 0,38 ; 0,75) dan tanin (Rf : 0,52 ; 0,88). Ekstrak Piper ornatum folium diduga mengandung senyawa saponin (Rf : 0,89), steroid (Rf :0,20 ; 0,42) dan tanin (Rf : 0,52 ; 0,71 ; 0,85). Ekstrak Nephelium lappaceum semen menunjukkan hasil positif terhadap keberadaan senyawa alkaloid (Rf : 0,65 ; 0,82), flavonoid (Rf : 0,83) dan tanin (Rf : 0,79 ; 0,92).