Ethanol Extract Of Stem Bark Research Articles

A New Benzopyranyl Cadenane Sesquiterpene and Other Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Metabolites from Cleistochlamys kirkii.

Phytochemical investigations of ethanol root bark and stem bark extracts of Cleistochlamys kirkii (Benth.) Oliv. (Annonaceae) yielded a new benzopyranyl cadinane-type sesquiterpene (cleistonol, 1) alongside 12 known compounds (2–13). The structures of the isolated compounds were established from NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses. Structures of compounds 5 and 10 were further confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallographic analyses, which also established their absolute stereochemical configuration. The ethanolic crude extract of C. kirkii root bark gave 72% inhibition against the chloroquine-sensitive 3D7-strain malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum at 0.01 μg/mL. The isolated metabolites dichamanetin, (E)-acetylmelodorinol, and cleistenolide showed IC50 = 9.3, 7.6 and 15.2 μM, respectively, against P. falciparum 3D7. Both the crude extract and the isolated compounds exhibited cytotoxicity against the triple-negative, aggressive breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, with IC50 = 42.0 μg/mL (crude extract) and 9.6–30.7 μM (isolated compounds). Our findings demonstrate the potential applicability of C. kirkii as a source of antimalarial and anticancer agents.

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and In vitro Antimicrobial Study of the Root and Stem Bark Extracts of Ficus sycomorus Linn

This study was conducted to carryout preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanolic root and stem bark extracts of Ficus sycomorus. Qualitative phytochemical analysis for tannins, saponin, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenols, and reducing sugar was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were tested against four micro- organisms; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysentrae, and Salmonella typhi. Agar well diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial studies. Phytochemical screening of both root and stem bark aqueous extracts showed the presence of tannin, saponin, terpenoid, flavonoid, alkaloids, glycoside, steroid, reducing sugar, and phenol. Glycoside was not detected in both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the root bark. The result of the antimicrobial studies showed that the aqueous root extract have higher antimicrobial activity ranging from (2-12 mm) on the tested microorganisms than aqueous stem bark extract (3-9 mm), while for ethanol extract both stem and root bark extract has almost the same effect or antimicrobial activity on the tested pathogens ranging from (2-15 mm) which is having higher activity compared to the aqueous extracts. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of both the extracts were found to be 50 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL respectively. From this study, it can, therefore, be concluded that the root and stem bark extract is a potential antimicrobial agent which support the claim of the traditional users of this plant in herbal medicine for the treatment of diseases that are of microbial origin.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of Hymenodictyon pachyantha K.Krause stem bark

The cost and worrisome toxicities associated with currently available anti-inflammatory drugs necessitate continuous search for more effective, cheap, and safe anti-inflammatory agents. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of ethanol extract of Hymenodictyon pachyantha stem bark (EEHP). The anti-inflammatory activity of EEHP was evaluated by determining its effect on egg albumin–induced rat paw edema, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, calcium chloride (CaCl2)–induced platelet aggregatory response, and membrane stabilization. The effect of EEHP on acetic acid–induced writhing responses was used as a model for analgesic property. The presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and phenols was detected in EEHP. There was no sign of toxicity and mortality 24 h post-EEHP administration, suggesting that it is safe up to 5000 mg/kg b.w. EEHP significantly inhibited egg albumin–induced rat paw edema, in a dose-dependent manner and in both early and late stages of inflammation. Similarly, EEHP significantly inhibited PLA2 activity and platelet aggregatory response. EEHP also inhibited hypotonic-induced haemolysis by 23.99, 54.99, and 92.68% at 0.2, 0.6, and 1.0 mg/ml respectively. Similarly, EEHP produced 44.64, 58.04, and 70.54% reduction in the number of writhings induced by acetic acid at 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg p.o. respectively. These results demonstrated that EEHP has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The results also showed that the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effect may be by inhibiting PLA2 and aggregation of platelets, and stabilization of lysosomal membrane.

IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PLANT ELAEOCARPUS TUBERCULATUS ROXB.

A majority of the population in the developing world is struggling to raise living standards and improve health-care delivery due to increasing poverty and population. According to an estimate, 70-80% of the developing world is dependent on conventional plant-obtained remedies, as pharmaceuticals are high priced, so the present study was aimed at evaluating the crude ethanolic extract of stem bark of plant Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. belonging to the family Elaeocarpaceae with in- vitro antioxidant activity by following various methods namely total reducing power and free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The crude ethanolic extract possesses significant concentration dependent inhibition of DPPH activity and concentration dependent increase in reducing power property against the standard ascorbic acid. Our findings provide evidence that the crude ethanolic extract of stem bark of Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. is a potential source of natural antioxidant.
 Keywords: Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb., 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), Total reducing power, ascorbic acid.

Inhibitory Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Neem Parts on Fungal Rot Disease of Solanum tuberosum.

The processing and preservation of Irish potato tubers like many other crops has been affected by various pathogens like fungi (particularly storage rot) which causes a major constraint to Irish potato production in Nigeria resulting to enormous post-harvest spoilage. The inhibitory effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of neem leaves, stem bark and seeds on fungal rot disease of Solanum tuberosum (Irish potato) as an alternative treatment for fungal storage disease on Irish potato tubers cultivated in Nigeria has been determined in this study. Neem parts were harvested from Wukari, Nigeria and were processed for the experiment. Isolation of fungi and sub-culturing of the isolates was carried out to obtain pure culture. Pathogenicity study was carried out and effect of the plant extracts on mycelia growth of the test fungi was studied using the food poisoning techniques. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical studies of the neem parts were carried out using standard methods. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the selected parts of neem plant showed the presence of alkaloids, glycoside, flavonoids, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, steroids, tannins and saponins. The quantitative test revealed that the percentage quantity of phytochemicals in these plant parts ranged from 10.17-23.88%. Effect of the extracts on the test organisms was significant (p<0.05). Ethanolic extract of the seed (ESE) exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on Aspergillus niger (88.37%) followed by aqueous extract of stem bark (ABE) (87.21%), while aqueous seed extract (ASE), ethanolic leaves extract (ELE), aqueous leaves extract (ALE) and ethanolic stem bark extract (EBE) exhibited inhibition of 81.78, 77.52, 72.87 and 39.53%, respectively. The inhibitory effect of EBE was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of other extracts, while there was no significant difference in the inhibitory effects of ESE, ASE and ABE compared to ketoconazole on Aspergillus niger. The ethanolic extracts of the seed and leaves had 100% inhibitory effect on Fusarium oxyporium with 87.60% inhibition by aqueous extract of the leaves. The seed and the leaves ethanolic extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory effects on Pythium spp. and Fusarium oxyporium, while the aqueous leaves extract showed the least inhibition on Fusarium oxyporium. The plant extracts in this study were found to be very effective in inhibiting fungal mycelia growth and hence can be potentially effective for preservation during storage of Irish potatoes to minimize post-harvest lost.

Ethanolic extract of Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark prevents alloxan-induced diabetes

Background: Chrysophyllum albidum (C. albidum) is used in folklore for the treatment of diabetes. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of the ethanolic extract of Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were randomly divided into groups and treated with ethanolic extract of C. albidum stem bark for 7-28 days. Metformin (150mg/kg) was used as the standard control. At the end of the treatment, blood sample was collected for glucose test, while serum was extracted for triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and high density lipoprotein (LDLC) evaluation. The pancreas was excised and evaluated for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and histological damage. Results: Blood glucose, serum TG, TC, LDL-C levels were significantly increased whereas HDL-C levels were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in diabetic rats. Also, pancreatic levels of CAT, SOD, GSH were significantly increased (p<0.05) whereas MDA levels were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in diabetic rats. However, the levels of these parameters were restored significantly (p<0.05) in diabetic rats treated with 100, 200 and 400mg/kg of ethanolic extract of C. albidum stem bark. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of C. albidum stem bark has potentials as remedy for diabetes. The findings in the presents study support the use of C. albidum in folklore for the treatment of diabetes.Â

Hepatoprotective Properties of Aqueous and Ethanolic Stem Bark Extracts of Hura crepitans Linn. Against CCl4− Induced Acute Liver Damage in Rats

Medicinal plants are gaining wide acceptance even amongst the literate population of the world. Secondary metabolites obtained from herbal sources contain bioactive phytochemicals, many of which have little or no side effects. The hepatoprotective properties of Hura crepitans against CCl4‐induced acute hepatoxicity were investigated, using 48 male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Liver damage was induced with administration of a 1:1 (v/v) CCl4 and olive oil after pre‐treating for 7 days with ethanolic stem bark extract (EES) and aqueous stem bark extract (AES). Hepatoprotective effects of Hura crepitans were investigated by estimating the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin levels (TBIL). Effects of Hura crepitanson biomarkers of lipid peroxidation (oxidative damage) and antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S‐transferase (GST) and the non‐enzymic antioxidant, reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined in liver post mitochondrial fraction (PMF). EES, AES and Silymarin displayed significant hepatoprotective activities by reducing the activities of ALT, AST and ALP on one hand, and also decreased the level of TBIL on the other hand. Pre‐treatment with Hura crepitans extracts and the standard drug Silymarin led to reduction in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, reduction in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduction in serum levels of GSH in a significant manner. The histopathological studies also demonstrate the protective effect of pre‐treatment with Hura crepitans and Silymarin against oxidative damage by CCl4. Our investigations show that Hura crepitans extracts possess significant hepatoprotective effect against CCl4‐induced hepatoxicity, an endowment arising from the constituent phytochemicals. The present study has demonstrated that EES and AES protected the liver from the detrimental effects of CCl4 through their effects on the antioxidant defence system and their abilities to mitigate against lipid peroxidation.Support or Funding InformationTertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), Nigeria/ASPET.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

BIOLARVACIDE ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF KEDONDONG STEM (Spondias pinnata) AGAINST Aedes aegypti

Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. One effort to prevent the spread of the disease is vector control. The use of insecticides is a form of vector control in an effort to control DHF. There are two broad categories of insecticides that are often used as household insecticides, namely insecticides that function to kill insects and insecticides that function to repel insects. Kedondong (Spondias pinnata) which is a family of anacardiaceae which generally grows well in tropical climates. Kedondong bark contains saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids which are secondary metabolites involved in defense mechanisms against attack by many microorganisms. This study aims to determine the biolarvicidal activity of the ethanol extract of kedondong stem bark in killing Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. This study used 5 treatments and 3 replications. Each treatment contained 20 Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Observations were made for 24 hours with observation times of 0 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours and 24 hours. The time calculation starts after the larvae are inserted into the experimental bottle. The results showed that kedondong bark extract was able to kill Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. The effective dose of ethanol extract of kedondong stem bark in killing Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae is 20 mg/mL.&#x0D;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF KNEMA ATTENUATA (HOOK. F. AND THOMSON) WARB ETHANOLIC STEM BARK EXTRACT IN ALBINO WISTAR RATS

Objective: Knema attenuata (Myristicaceae), popularly known as “wild nutmeg,” is an endemic tree species from Western Ghats, which has been used in folk medicine. Conventionally, the stem bark of K. attenuata is used for treating inflammatory conditions without any scientific information available for the same. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic stem bark extract (ESBE) of K. attenuata using in vivo and in vitro screening models.&#x0D; Methods: The ethanolic extract of stem bark was prepared by soxhlation, and its cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cell line was assessed using MTT assay method. In vivo anti-inflammatory effect of extract was estimated in rats using carrageenan-induced paw edema model and cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was evaluated by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibition assay, estimation of myeloperoxidase activity, and determination of cellular nitrite levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.&#x0D; Results: Toxic symptoms were not observed for the ESBE. The extract demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity in both in vivo and in vitro models. The anti-inflammatory action exhibited by the extract was a result of the inhibition of leukocyte migration and nitric oxide pathway and partially by inhibition of mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes.&#x0D; Conclusion: Findings from the study provide the evidence for the popular use of stem bark extract of K. attenuata as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.

Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of Copaifera multijuga in Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice

ABSTRACT Copaifera multijuga, commonly known as copaiba, is popularly used in the form of tea for various conditions due to the presence of antioxidant substances in its composition, which protect cells against damage caused by free radicals. Its oleoresin is also used as an anti-inflammatory and antitumoral agent. The present study investigated the antioxidant effect of the ethanolic extract of copaiba stem bark on Swiss mice inoculated with solid Ehrlich tumors. Mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 1x106 Ehrlich’s tumor cells and treated via gavage with ethanolic extract of copaiba for thirty days, with doses varying between 100 and 200 mg kg-1. Biochemical analyses of enzymatic antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)], non-enzymatic antioxidants [reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ASA)], substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and protein carbonylation (carbonyl) in different tissues were significantly affected. The extract administered at 200 mg kg-1 presented higher antioxidant capacity in the liver, increased CAT, GST, GSH and decreased TBARS, as well as increased CAT activity and protein carbonylation in brain tissue. The results showed that the copaiba extract was able to reverse the oxidative stress caused by solid Ehrlich tumor, probably due to the presence of antioxidant compounds, and had potential antineoplasic effect after a 30-day treatment.

Design, Synthesis and In‐Vitro Antitumor Activity of Lupeol Derivatives via Modification at C‐3 and C‐30 Positions

AbstractLupeol has been isolated from ethanol extract of stem bark of Bombax ceiba through normal phase column chromatography. Total fourteen derivatives of lupeol were synthesized and assayed for in vitro antitumor activities against MDA MB‐231, HeLa and A549 cell lines. In cell proliferation experiments, pyrimidine‐2(5H)‐thione derivative (15) was found to be most potent and significantly inhibited all three tested cancer cell lines i. e. MDA MB‐231 (IC50 27.13±2.13), HeLa (IC50 45.95±1.42) and A549 (IC50 46.27±0.9). The (2, 4‐dinitrophenyl) hydrazyl‐3‐lupeol Derivative (12) exhibited antitumor activity against MDA MB‐231 (IC50 35.88±1.9) and HeLa cells (IC50 31.91±1.6) whereas (2, 4‐dinitrophenyl)‐2H‐imidazole derivative (14) showed activity against MDA MB‐231 (IC50 38.05±1.9) and A549 (IC50 42.01±0.90) cells respectively. Structure activity relationship is also described. Our study showed that compound 15 exhibited promising activity against MDA MB‐231 and A549 cancer cell lines.

In vivo Neurological, Analgesic and In vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf and Stem Bark of Wedelia chinensis

Wedelia chinensis is a widely used anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective medicinal plant in Bangladesh. In this study, analgesic, neurological, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the ethanolic extract of leaf and stem bark of W. chinensis were investigated. Oral administration of the ethanolic extract of W. chinensis (200- and 300-mg/kg body weight) was investigated on animal model for neurological activity using open field test and hole cross test. Acetic acid induced writhing method was used to assess the analgesic activity. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging assay was used for determining the antioxidant activity, while brine shrimp lethality bioassay was used for investigating cytotoxicity. The ethanol extract of the plant produced significant reduction (P&lt;0.05) of locomotion in both doses (200- and 300-mg/kg body weight) indicating pronounced neurological activity. Oral administration of alcoholic leaves and stem extracts significantly (p &lt; 0.05) inhibited writhing response in mice. The percentage of scavenging of DPPH free radical was found to be concentration dependent with IC50 value of 44.10 ± 0.65 and 38.96 ± 0.50 μg/ml for leaves and stem extracts, respectively. Our findings indicate that W. chinensis may be a source of natural antioxidant with potent analgesic, neurological and cytotoxic activities. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(1): 18-26, 2019

Hepatocurative and Gluco-stabilizing Potentials of Ethanol Extract of Stem bark of Flacourtia indica in Aluminium Chloride induced Toxicity in Albino Wistar rats

Herbal therapies have been used to manage liver diseases resulting from hepatotoxicity and hyperglycemia. The study investigated the hepatoprotective and gluco-stabilizing abilities of ethanol extracts of stem bark of Flacourtia indica in albino Wistar rats. Thirty-one rats of mixed sex, weighing 165-285g were used and divided into five groups of A to E. Acute toxicity study of the plant’s stem bark was conducted on group E (20 rats). At phase 1, group A (negative control) was made up of 3 rats administered no AlCl3 and no leaf extracts while groups B (positive control), C and D (test) made of 4 rats each, administered 260mg/kg body weight AlCl3 only, for 7 days. At phase 2, groups C and D were treated with stem bark extract of Flacourtia indica for 7 days. Activities of Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase, concentrations of Bilirubin, Albumin, Total protein and blood glucose were assayed with histopathological study on euthanized rats’ liver. Results of phase 1 showed significant (p˂0.05) increase in the liver function enzyme and blood glucose after induction with AlCl3 compared with (phase 2) values of liver function enzyme and blood glucose with significant (p˂0.05) decrease after treatment with stem bark extract. Histopathology results in phase2 showed regeneration and healing of damaged hepatocytes of phase1. In conclusion, the liver injury induced by AlCl3 was found to be effectively managed by the treatment with Flacourtia indica’s ethanol stem bark extracts, with blood glucose stabilized. This could be as a result of the antioxidants and phytochemical contents of the plant, with diver’s potency to scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species.

Specioside (SS) & verminoside (VS) (Iridoid glycosides): isolation, characterization and comparable quantum chemical studies using density functional theory (DFT)

Two biologically important molecules specioside (SS) and verminoside (VS) have been isolated from the ethanolic extract of stem bark of Kigelia pinnata. We have explored the electronic and spectroscopic properties of these two molecules on the basis of the Density Function Theory (DFT) quantum chemical calculations along with the correlations of biological efficacies and the results are presented in this paper. The structures of the molecules were established with the help of spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C NMR, UV-VIS, FTIR) and chemical reactivity was compared by computed DFT theory using Becke3-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP)/6-31G (d,p) data basis set. UV-Visible spectrum was obtained using Time Dependent DFT method. Electric dipole moment, polarizability, first static hyper polarizability and hyper conjugative interactions were also studied with the aid of natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of these two compounds. The thermodynamic parameters of these compounds were determined at various temperatures. The HOMO, LUMO, chemical hardness (η), chemical potential (μ), electronegativity (χ), electrophilicity power (ω), the gap energy and NBO analysis of both the compounds have been discussed in this paper. Local reactivity was evaluated through the Fukui function i.

Oral LD50 of total saponins and tannins isolated from Dialium guineense stem bark

Background and Objective: The safety of bioactive compounds isolated from plant extracts has become a global concern. The aim of this study was to determine the oral LD50 of total saponins and tannins isolated from Dialium guineense stem bark using Sprague Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats (n=13) weighing 150-180 g (mean weight=165 ± 15 g) were used for this study. The aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts of the plant stem bark were obtained using cold maceration method. The lorke method was used to determine oral LD50 of isolated total saponins and tannins of D. guineense. Signs of toxicity and possible death of rats were also monitored for twenty-four (24) h. Results: The major signs of toxicity observed within 24 h were: difficulty in breathing, loss of appetite and general weakness. No deaths were recorded in both phases and all the animals in each phytochemical group survived. The oral LD50 of total saponins and tannins of D. guineense were greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight (bwt). Conclusion: The findings of this study have shown that saponins and tannins of D. guineense stem bark are not toxic at doses not exceeding 5000 mg/kg bwt.

Gastroprotective Effect of Lannea coromandelica Stem Bark in Rat induced by Aspirin

Lannea coromandelica is one of plant dispersed in Sulawesi. Inhabitants from the Southeast Sulawesi apply Lannea coromandelica Bark to relief symptom of gastritis or peptic ulcer. Phenolic compounds of Lannea coromandelica Stem bark contains antioxidant activity. The study investigated the gastroprotective effect of Lannea coromandelica stem bark. Ethanol extract of Lannea coromandelica Stem bark (LCSB) was evaluated its anti-ulcer activity using aspirin-induced rats. Normal group was given 0.05% Na CMC. Positive group was given sucralfat 360 mg / kgBW and aspirin 600mg/kg BW, group I was given extract of LCSB at dose 400 mg / kgBW and aspirin 600 mg/kgBW, group II was given extract of LCSB at dose 800 mg / kg BW and aspirin 600 mg/kgBW, and group III was given extract of LCSB at dose 1200 mg / kg BW and aspirin 600 mg/kg BW. Extract of LCSB was administered orally in various doses for three days prior to the ulcer induction. On the 4th-day rats, all rats were observed 8 hours after aspirin induction to determine ulcer index and percent inhibition. Results of this study revealed that LCSB extract significantly reduced the ulcer index and percent inhibition (p=0.00). Extract of LCSB shows gastroprotective activities.

Effect of Irvingia gabonensis Stem Bark on Liver Function in Sodium Arsenite-Exposed Wistar Rats

Arsenic is a known environmental pollutant that is detrimental to health. In this study, the effect of ethanol stem bark extract of Irvingia gabonensis (ESEIG) against sodium arsenite-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats was investigated. Wistar albino rats of weights between 100 and 179g were assigned to eleven (11) groups of five (5) animals each. Group 1 (control) was given feed and water ad libitum. Group 2 was exposed to sodium arsenite (SA) at a dose of 4.1 mg/kg body weight (kgbw) for two weeks. Groups 3-11 were treated with ESEIG with or without SA. Treatment was done orally and lasted 28 days. Serum activities of AST, ALT, ALP, GGT as well as total bilirubin, (TBIL) and direct bilirubin, (DBIL) concentrations were assayed in serum in addition to histological assessment of liver tissues. Exposure to SA caused significant (p˂0.05) increases in all assayed parameters as well as histological anomalies such as vascular congestion and ulceration, infiltration of inflammatory cells and Kupffer cell activation when compared with control. However, treatment with ESEIG both simultaneously and 2 weeks after SA exposure, reversed the deleterious effects of SA. Paradoxically, administration of the ESEIG alone at different doses produced significant (p˂0.05) increases in all assayed parameters when compared with control except TBIL. The results obtained in this study suggest that ESEIG may be protective against SA-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats and slightly toxic when administered alone, necessitating further studies.

Antioxidant Activity of Stem Bark Ethanolic Extracts of Calophyllum pulcherrimum, C. soulattri, and C. teysmannii

The decreased air quality due to severe pollution causes the formation of free radicals in the body. Antioxidants counteract free radicals compounds and are beneficial to health. Calophyllum plants is one of the natural antioxidants source. The study was aimed to determine the best antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of stem bark both single and combinations of three species of Calophyllum . The study was conducted from September to December 2017 at the Natural Product Chemistry Laboratory, Research Center for Biotechnology LIPI, Cibinong, West Java. The experiment consisted of seven treatments, repeated three times. The treatments consisted of ethanolic stem bark extracts of a) C. pulcherrimum b) C. soulattri (CS), c) C. teysmannii (CT), d) combination of C. pulcherrimum and C. soulattri (CP+CS), e) combination of C. pulcherrimum and C. teysmannii (CP+CT), f) combination of C. soulattri and C. teysmannii (CS+CT), and g) combination of C. pulcherrimum , C. soulattri and C. teysmannii (CP+CS+CT) with the ratio of mixed extract was 1 : 1 for treatments with two combinations and 1 : 1 : 1 for three combinations. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH free radical scavenging methods. The total phenolic and flavonoids content assays were conducted base on the reaction of follin-ciocalteu and aluminum chloride reagents respectively. The results showed that combination of Calophyllum stem bark ethanolic extracts revealed higher antioxidant activity, total phenol and flavonoid content compared to its sole extract. CP+CS+CT treatment has the lowest IC 50 value at 3.12 mg.l -1 so that it has the potential as a source of natural antioxidants.

Ultrastructure and X-ray Microanalysis of the Antibacterial Effects of Stem Bark Ethanol Extract of Acacia mearnsii De Wild Against Some Selected Bacteria

Ultrastructure and X-ray Microanalysis of the Antibacterial Effects of Stem Bark Ethanol Extract of Acacia mearnsii De Wild Against Some Selected Bacteria

SCREENING PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTI-METHICILLIN RESISTANT (MRSA) ACTIVITY OF 70 % ETHANOLIC EXTRACT FROM THE STEM BARK OF ALBIZIA LEBBECK(L.) BENTH.(FABACEAE)

The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains and limitations of present antimicrobial drugs have led to continuous search for natural products as curative agents for Anti-methicillin resistantinfections. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibacterial activity of an ethanolic extract from Albizia lebbeckstem bark against Anti-methicillin resistant. Methods and Results : The methods of dissemination swab on muller-hinton agar and double dilution were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of 70 % ethanolic extract of stem bark of Albizia lebbeck.All multi-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and the reference strain (ATCC 25923) were sensitive to 70 % ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Albizia lebbeck. The MBCvary from 0,49 mg/mL to 2mg/mL. Also, the phytochemical screening of this extract revealed the presence of Polyphenols, Gallic tannins, Catechin tanninsand Flavonoids. These findings confirm that an 70 % ethanolic extract from Albizia lebbeck stem bark inhibited growth of Anti-methicillin resistant at low concentration and could be utilised as an alternative Anti-methicillin resistantagent.