Ethanol Maceration Research Articles

From parasitic life to health-promoting applications - A versatile goldmine discovered in nature's secret treasure chest: Orobanche nana

Studies evaluating the phytoconstituents and therapeutic potential of species belonging to Orobanche (Family Orobanchaceae) are rather limited. The present study was designed to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and cytotoxic properties of the aerial parts of Orobanche nana Noë ex Rchb. Extracts were prepared by sequential maceration in dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and ethanol and finally an aqueous extraction by infusion were performed. NMR and LC-DAD-MS analysis allowed the identification of different phytoconstituents including the characteristic compounds of Orobanche like verbascoside, poliumoside, orobanone and orobanchoside. The ethanol extract displayed the highest total phenolic (115.63 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (16.53 mg RE/g) contents, antiradical (DPPH = 623.70 mg TE/g; ATBS = 843.50 mg TE/g) and ions reducing (Cu++ = 725.39; Fe+++ = 617.70) properties while the aqueous extract exerted the best chelating power (19.54 mg EDTAE/g). It was determined that EtOH and Water extracts applied to HepG2 cells decreased the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins p-NFκB, BCL-2 and BCL-XL, while increasing the levels of apoptotic proteins BAX and p-53, thus inhibiting cell survival. In addition, Orobanche nana played an active role in the rearrangement of overexpress MMPs that cause disruption of ECM homeostasis. We employed Network Pharmacology to investigate the mechanisms through which Orobanche nana's compounds impact Kidney and Liver diseases. These findings suggested that O. nana could be a promising source of bioactive molecules with potential therapeutic applications.

Antisickling, hemolytic activities and toxicological evaluation of three plants species from the Nigerien Pharmacopoeia: Annona senegalensis Linné. Boscia senegalensis (Pers) Lam. and Ampelocissus afr

The aim of this study consits to evaluate the antisickling and antihemolytic activities and to determine the subacute toxicity of three plants Annona senegalensis L.; Boscia senegalensis (Pers) Lam.; and Ampelocissus africana (Lour) Merr.. The plant material contains leaves and bark of Annona senegalensis roots, leaves and bark root of Boscia senegalensis and the roots of Ampelocissus africana. A single method (80% ethanol maceration) is used to extract the five samples. The antisickleemic and antihemolytic effects are established with sickle cells disease (SCD) in the presence of sodium metabisulfite. Subacute toxicity is tested on Wistar strain rats. All samples showed an antisickling effect but leaves of Annona senegalensis (LAS) showed the highest percentage of antisickling activity (89.55%) at 50mg/ml. The anti-hemolytic effect was demonstrated in all samples by inhibition of hemolysis in the presence of a hemolysant. The toxicity results showed that the aqueous extracts of Annona senegalensis leaves and Boscia senegalensis root bark have non-toxic effects to wistar strain rats. However, some manifestations including fatigue, stretching and slight dyspenea were observed at doses of 150mg/mL and 300mg/mL. This work can contribute as a starting point towards the development of an improved traditional medicine (ITM) method which can help to treat the sickle cell disease. Keywords: Annona senegalensis L., Boscia senegalensis (pers) Lam and Ampelocissus Africana (Lour) Merr. Antisickness activity, Toxicity.

Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Etanol Daun Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Hepar Mencit BALB/c

Avocado leaf ethanol extract as a traditional medicine has been proven to have various pharmacological activities, but the safety of its use is not yet known. This study aims to determine the range of LD50 values, toxic symptoms, changes in body weight, and SGPT SGOT levels of Balb/c mice. The research was carried out experimentally using a fixed dose toxicity test method with a randomized matched pre and post-test control group design. EEDA is made by 70% ethanol maceration. The acute toxicity test consists of 2 stages: preliminary and main tests. Preliminary tests were carried out with a dose of extract 300 mg/kg BW once administered. After 24 hours of observation, there were no toxic symptoms, the test dose was increased to 2000 mg/kg BW. The main test was carried out using 10 test animals which were divided into 2 groups, each given a dose of extract 2000 mg/kg BW once and CMC Na 1% (negative control). Observation of toxic symptoms and death was carried out for 14 days. The LD50 value is determined from the results of toxic symptoms and death of test animals. Toxic symptoms were analyzed descriptively, and changes in body weight and SGOT SGPT levels were analyzed statistically (95% confidence level). The research results show that avocado leaf ethanol extract has an LD50 value range of >2000 mg/kg BW. The test dose of 2000 mg/kg BW did not cause toxic symptoms and death. SGOT and SGPT levels were still within normal limits, however, changes in SGPT levels were significantly different from controls. Thus, an extract dose of 2000 mg/kg BW has an acute toxic effect on the liver of mice.

Thai traditional medicines reduce CD147 levels in lung cells: Potential therapeutic candidates for cancers, inflammations, and COVID-19

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) is identified as the signaling protein relevant importantly in various cancers, inflammations, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) via interacting with extracellular cyclophilin A (CypA). The reduction of CD147 levels inhibits the progression of CD147-associated diseases. Thai traditional medicines (TTMs): Keaw-hom (KH), Um-ma-ruek-ka-wa-tee (UM), Chan-ta-lee-la (CT), and Ha-rak (HR) have been used as anti-pyretic and anti-respiratory syndromes caused from various conditions including cancers, inflammations, and infections. Thus, these medicines would play a crucial role in the reduction of CD147 levels. Aim of the studyThis article aimed to investigate the effects of KH, UM, CT, and HR for reducing the CD147 levels through in vitro study. Additionally, in silico study was employed to screen the active compounds reflexing the reduction of CD147 levels. Materials and methodsThe immunofluorescent technique was used to evaluate the reduction of CD147 levels in human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) stimulated with CypA for eight extracts of KH, UM, CT, and HR obtained from water decoction (D) and 70% ethanol maceration (M) including, KHD, UMD, CTD, HRD, KHM, UMM, CTM, and HRM. ResultsUM extracts showed the most efficiency for reduction of CD147 levels in the cytoplasm and perinuclear of BEAS-2B cells stimulated with CypA. Phenolic compounds composing polyphenols, polyphenol sugars, and flavonoids were identified as the major chemical components of UMD and UMM. Further, molecular docking calculations identified polyphenol sugars as CypA inhibitors. ConclusionsUMD and UMM are potential for reduction of CD147 levels which provide a useful information for further development of UM as potential therapeutic candidates for CD147-associated diseases such as cancers, inflammations, and COVID-19.

Acheta domesticus: A Natural Source of Anti-Skin-Aging Ingredients for Cosmetic Applications.

Acheta domesticus is an edible insect, rich in nutritional value and considered a sustainable protein source. This study aimed to investigate the potential application of A. domesticus extracts for anti-skin-aging purposes. The extracts were prepared by maceration at ambient temperature with 95% ethanol or hexane and maceration in gentle heat (45 °C) with 95% v/v ethanol or DI water. The extracts were examined for total protein, phenolic, and flavonoid contents. Protein molecular weight distribution was analyzed. The safety of the extracts was investigated in terms of irritation and cytotoxicity. Biological activities relevant to the inhibition of skin aging were evaluated, including increasing transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression and inhibitory activities on collagenase and hyaluronidase. The aqueous extract from maceration in gentle heat had the highest total protein content (63 ± 1% w/w), total phenolic content (0.48 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g extract), TGF-β1 stimulating activities (33 ± 2 pg/mL), and collagenase inhibition (with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 26 ± 1 µg/mL) among various extracts investigated. It caused no irritation to the hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane and showed no cytotoxicity to human dermal fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Therefore, aqueous A. domesticus extract is proposed as an innovative natural anti-skin-aging ingredient.

Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of palm waste extract against Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are species of the Vibrio genus that often cause disease and mass mortality in crustaceans. If not handled quickly and appropriately, these diseases can cause considerable losses to farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to find a solution with safe and environmentally friendly disease prevention technology using natural ingredients, among others from plants, namely oil palm. Some parts of oil palm, namely leaves, fronds, fibres and oil palm pulp, which are palm waste, contain antibacterial compounds. This study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of palm waste extracts, namely pulp, leaves, fronds and fibres using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol and water maceration solvents against pathogenic bacteria V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus, and identify active compounds contained in palm waste. The results of the research are expected to produce innovative and sustainable solutions to control diseases in shrimp farming, contribute to the development of a sustainable fishing industry and open up the potential for utilizing palm waste as a value-added resource in the field of aquatic health. The results of observations on antibacterial activity tests and identifying the content of palm waste extract compounds were analysed descriptively displayed in the form of figures, tables and graphs. The results showed that palm waste extracts (pulp, leaves, fronds and fibres) with ethyl acetate and ethanol maceration solvents had very strong antibacterial potential, namely 20.14 ± 0.31 mm-25.52 ± 1.42 mm on V. harveyi bacteria and 20.41 ± 0.55 mm-25.00 ± 0.51 mm on V. parahaemolyticus bacteria. Palm extracts with n-hexane (>20 mm) and chloroform solvents generally have strong category antibacterial potential (10-20 mm), and palm extracts in water solvents have medium category potential (5-10 mm) against V. harveyi and V. parahemolyticus bacteria. The results of phytochemical tests on palm waste extracts with ethyl acetate and ethanol maceration solvents contain bioactive compounds of flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols and alkaloid tannins, steroids and triterpenoids. Palm extracts with n-hexane and chloroform solvents generally contain saponins, alkaloids, steroids and triterpenoids, while palm waste extracts with water solvents contain saponins.

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.

Abstract This research is dedicated to investigating the antioxidant potential and phytochemical composition of three distinct extracts derived from Vitex agnus-castus L. These extracts, prepared through aqueous (EXA), ethanolic (EXE), and methanolic (EXM) maceration, were chosen based on prior assessments of total polyphenol content in extracts obtained from five solvents with differing polarities: water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, and butanol. The study initiated with a comprehensive phytochemical analysis focusing on the determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids. The quantification of total polyphenols was carried out using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, while the AlCl3 method was employed to assess flavonoids. In evaluating the in vitro antioxidant activity, we employed two well-established methods, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The preliminary tests, gauging the efficacy of solvents, demonstrated that the order of optimal solvent selection was as follows: aqueous, methanolic, ethanolic, butanolic, and acetone. Consequently, the first three solvents were chosen for the preparation of the extracts. The phytochemical analysis unveiled that EXA exhibited the highest total polyphenol content, with an impressive value of 126.84 ± 1.24 mg EAG/g extract, whereas EXE exhibited the lowest concentration of total polyphenols, measuring at 117.26 ± 0.18 mg EAG/g extract. In contrast, EXM showcased a notably high flavonoid content, registering at 33.65 ± 1.04 mg EQ/g extract, while EXA displayed a comparatively lower flavonoid content at 14.93 ± 0.14 mg EQ/g extract. When assessing antioxidant properties, EXA emerged as the most potent against both DPPH and FRAP, recording values of 78.94 ± 1.84 and 203.27 ± 0.17 μg/ml, respectively. In contrast, the ethanolic extract exhibited relatively lower antioxidant activity, with values of 204.16 ± 1.87 μg/ml for DPPH and 307.10 ± 1.15 μg/ml for FRAP.

Docking-based computational analysis of guava (Psidium guajava) leaves derived bioactive compounds as a coagulation factor IXa inhibitor.

Thrombotic disorders pose a global health threat, emphasizing the urgent need for effective management strategies. This study explores the potential of bioactive compounds derived from guava leaves in inhibiting coagulation factor IXa (CFIXa) using in silico methods. Using GC-MS, bioactive compounds extracted from guava leaf through ethanol maceration were identified. Pharmacokinetic properties were elucidated using SwissADME. Molecular docking with AutoDock Vina was used to investigate the interactions with CFIXa. CFIXa was modeled with pysimm/LAMMPS and analyzed with CastP for active site identification. The setup with a higher solvent concentration and lower surface area yielded the highest percent yield (78.541 g, 39.27%). Among the 28 identified bioactive compounds, predominantly terpenoids, only seven exhibited suitable pharmacokinetic properties for oral ingestion and drug development. Docking analysis revealed favorable binding of these compounds to CFIXa (-7.6:-5.3). This study shows inhibition of coagulation factor IXa, thus bridging the ambiguity surrounding the effect of guava leaves on hemostasis. These findings also reveal that guava leaf extract harbors bioactive compounds with potential as coagulation pathway inhibitors, promising novel avenues for thrombotic disorder management.

Treatment with Viscum album potencies induces reduction of MCP-1 and ROs levels in murine melanoma cells.

Melanoma is responsible for most skin cancer deaths. It has a high metastatic potential, complex treatment, and a hopeless prognosis. Viscum album extract (Va) is a complementary treatment in cancer, with in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic effects on different tumor types. However, its ultra-diluted homeopathic preparations' effects and mechanisms on cancer cells need further study. Thus, the aim of present work was to investigate cytokine profile and ROs production of melanoma cells after treatment with ultradiluted VA collected from host tree Abies alba (VaAa) and Quercus rubur (VaQr)during Swiss summer. For this, potencies of Va in different homeopathic scales were prepared using mother tincture (MT) from VaAa and VaQr submitted to homeopathic ethanolic maceration and then a subsequent dynamization process. Then, B16F0 melanoma cells cultivated in 24-well plates were treated with MT or 12DH, 200CH or 5LM potencies of VaAa or VaQr for 24, 48 or 72 hours. After these periods, culture supernatants were collected to assess the levels of MCP-1, INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IL-6 cytokines and, ROs production. Results demonstrated significant reduction of MCP-1 and ROs levels in B16F10 melanoma cells treated with Va (VaQr, preferentially) at 12DH or 5LM potencies when compared to untreated or carboplatin-treated cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time, the in vitro effects of Va potencies prepared in different homeopathic scales in relation to cytokines and ROs production in cell melanoma cells.

Rheological, Textural and Sensorial Properties of Quarg-Type Cheese Incorporated with Encapsulated Terminalia Arjuna

This study aimed to investigate the possibility of enhancing the functionality of Quarg-type cheese by adding Arjuna bark powder in encapsulated form. Arjuna tree bark powder was extracted via ethanolic cold maceration. The encapsulated powder was made using Maltodextrin and Sodium alginate wall material solution and had encapsulating efficiency of 42 ± 4.2%. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to conduct optimization, and subsequent trials were thoroughly investigated to assess their Physico-chemical, sensory, textural, and desirable attributes. The recommended levels of variables as suggested by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) encompassed 3% of encapsulated Arjuna herb powder and 4% of honey. The conducted analysis has demonstrated that the inclusion of these variables has resulted in a notable improvement in the functionality of quarg-type cheese. Specifically, these variables have contributed to the enhancement of its antioxidant properties, sensory characteristics, rheological attributes, and textural qualities. The encapsulation of the Arjuna herb effectively concealed its astringent taste in the optimized product. Furthermore, the inclusion of honey not only improved the product's acceptability but also strengthened its antioxidative properties.

Natural deep eutectic solvent extraction of xanthorrhizol and curcuminoids from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb and simultaneous determination by high-performance liquid chromatography

Context: Curcuma xanthorrhiza, a native to Indonesia, has been recognized as a potential medicinal plant. Xanthorrhizol (XTZ), curcumin (Cur), bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), and demethoxycurcumin (DMC) are the main major metabolites with different bioactivities. Thus, the selective extraction of these markers is required. Aims: To characterize and use natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) for the extraction of XTZ and curcuminoids (CURS) from C. xanthorrhiza. Methods: Four NADES, comprising of glucose:lactic acid (Glu:LA, 1:3), choline chloride: malic acid (ChCl:MA, 1:1), choline chloride: glycerol (ChCl:Gly, 1:1), and choline chloride: sucrose (ChCl:Suc, 3:1) were synthesized and subjected to FTIR. The physicochemical properties of NADES were characterized, including polarity, viscosity, and density. Their antioxidant profiles were evaluated. The toxicity of NADES was assessed towards Escherichia coli by real-time growth monitoring. Tested NADES were employed to extract marker compounds from the rhizome of C. xanthorrhiza. A validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was applied to simultaneously quantify XTZ and CURS in NADES extracts. Results: FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of hydrogen bonds between components. Using the DPPH and FRAP methods, all NADES and NADES extracts displayed antioxidative activity, suggesting the contribution of NADES to the activity. Of the tested NADES, Glu:LA (1:3) obtained the highest content of XTZ over Cur, BDMC, and DMC, comparable to that of ethanol maceration. All tested NADES were harmless to E. coli, except for ChCl:MA (1:1). However, NADES extracts of Glu:LA (1:3) and ChCl:MA (1:1) suppressed the growth of the bacterium. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated the destruction of the surface structure of the rhizome powder by NADES-ultrasonication. Conclusions: The study recommended the use of Glu:LA (1:3) to selectively extract XTZ to promote environmentally friendly and sustainable extraction.

Larvicidal effect of an N-isobutyl-(2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z)-dodecatetraenamides-rich extract of Salmea scandens on fall armyworm

Aim of study: To determine if secondary metabolites present in an ethanolic extract of Salmea scandens could be considered as a viable alternative for the control of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda larvae), as this is the most important maize pest in terms of economic losses to agriculture worldwide. Area of study: S. scandens shrubs were collected in San Rafael Toltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. The laboratory assays were conducted at CIIDIR Oaxaca, and preliminary field assay was carried out in Zaachila Oaxaca. Material and methods: N-isobutyl-(2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z)-dodecatetraenamides-rich extract of S. scandens, corroborated by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), was obtained from S. scandens by 10-day maceration in ethanol. The effect of the extract on the mortality of S. frugiperda larvae was investigated in the laboratory (in vitro) by topical application, and in the field (in situ), testing both topical and spraying applications. Main results: The 1H NMR, 13C NMR and FTIR spectra evidenced the obtention of the alkylamides-rich ethanol extract of S. scandens. Mortality of S. frugiperda in vitro increased with dose and monitoring time, reaching up to 80%. Under field conditions 63% of mortality was recorded at a dose of 0.30 mg µL-1 per larva by topical application, and 49% by spray application at a dose of 0.15 mg µL-1 per larva. Research highlights: The ethanolic extract of S. scandens can be considered a viable alternative for controlling fall armyworm S. frugiperda.

Antioxidant and phytometabolite profiles of ethanolic extract from the cascara pulp of Coffea arabica collected from Gayo Highland: A study for potential anti-photoaging agent.

Background: As the most abundant coffee by-product, cascara pulp has been considered a good source of antioxidants which could be used to prevent photoaging. The aim of this study was to determine the phytometabolite profiles, antioxidant and photoaging properties of the ethanolic extract of Coffea arabica cascara pulp. Methods: Ethanolic maceration was performed on the fine powder of C. arabica cascara pulp collected from Gayo Highland, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The filtrate obtained was evaluated for its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC). The phytometabolite profiling was conducted qualitatively using reagents and quantitatively using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The potential of the cascara pulp phytometabolites in inhibiting activator protein-1 (AP-1) was evaluated through molecular docking. Results: The extract had TPC and TFC of 2.04 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 91.81 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) for the DPPH inhibition reached as low as 9.59 mg/L. Qualitative phytocompound screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, quinones, polyphenols, and triterpenoids. GC-MS revealed the extract containing 5-hydroxy-methylfurfural (22.31%); 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (0.74%); and caffeine (21.07%), which could form interaction with AP-1 with binding energies of -172.8, -150.8, and -63.188 kJ/mol, respectively. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract from C. arabica cascara pulp potentially have anti-photoaging properties which is worthy for further investigations in the future.

The Ethnobotanical Investigation, Phytochemistry and Antioxidant Activity of a Medicinal Plant Recipe Directed against Candida albicans and Enterobacteria Stains Producing ESBL CTX-M-15 Type in Burkina Faso

Aims: The objectives are to carry out an ethnobotanical survey among traditional healers in order to choose the most recipe used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis in cities of Burkina Faso followed by phytochemical quantification, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial of the best recipe.
 Methodology: Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in Bobo-Dioulasso and Dédougou by semi-structured interview amount traditional healers. The extracts were obtained by ethanolic and hydroethanolic maceration. Characterization of the secondary metabolites was revealed by the tests in tubes. Polyphenolic compounds contents quantification was done by spectrophotometry using Follin-Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum trichloride and vanilic acid. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by two methods: DPPH• and FRAP. The Minimal inhibitory concentration on Enterobacteria strains was determined by the dilution method and the minimal bactericidal concentration was determined by inoculation on agar. The susceptibility test of Candida albicans strains was carried out using the disc diffusion assay.
 Results: In total, 52 traditional healers were surveyed with a predominance of men (75%) in the both cities. 38 recipes of medicinal plants have been obtained. Decoction is the most frequent method of preparation in Bobo-Dioulasso (87.5%) and in Dédougou (27.27%). The leaves (44%) and the bark of the trunk (31.82%) are respectively the most parts used of the plants. Colorimetric tests revealed the presence of compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponosides. The best results of quantification tests of total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, were obtained with the hydroethanolic extract (80.27±20.27(mgEAG/10 mg); 0.27±0.01(mgEQ/10 mg) and 73.31±4.65 (mgEC/10 mg)). With antioxidant activity, the highest value was obtained with the DPPH radical inhibition method (85.59±0.001%). Minimal inhibitory concentration revelead that the highest value was 0.781 mg/ml and the best minimal bactericidal concentration was 3.123 mg/ml.
 Conclusion: Phytochemical and biological analysis realized could be partially justified by the recipes used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF EXTRACTS AND FRACTIONS OF BROSIMUM GAUDICHAUDII TRÉCUL AGAINST BACTERIA OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Medicinal plants constitute an arsenal of products with different potentials to be explored. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to assess the antimicrobial potential of the ethanolic extract from Brosimum gaudichaudii leaves and fractions against clinically important bacteria. The crude extracts and fractions from the leaves and stem bark were used against Escherichia coli, Klesbsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains. The crude extracts and the fractions were obtained by means of maceration in ethanol and chemically characterized. In the results of the phytochemical screening, the presence of a variety of secondary metabolites was verified, such as flavonoids, steroids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and coumarins. The extracts and their fractions showed inhibitory activity for all three bacteria tested. The inhibition halo varied from 8±0.00 to 14±0.00 mm fir K. pneumoniae, from 8±0.00 to 10±0.00 mm for P. aeruginosa and from 8±0.00 to 9±0.00 mm for S. aureus. Among the fractions tested, the ethyl acetate fraction from both the stem and the leaves presented the best inhibition potential. This indicates that the Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul vegetable extracts present antimicrobial potential. Such being the case, it is suggested to isolate the metabolites present in this fraction to delimit the main compounds responsible for the antimicrobial action.

Exploring the Mineral Composition of Grapevine Canes for Wood Chip Applications in Alcoholic Beverage Production to Enhance Viticulture Sustainability

This study aimed to assess the metal content of tannic extracts obtained from grapevine canes, to evaluate their suitability as wood shavings for direct infusion during the aging process of alcoholic beverages or vinegars. Traditional barrel aging is a slow and costly process that can be enhanced through direct infusion of wood chips. Our investigation focused on the pruning materials of two widely cultivated Lambrusco cultivars in the Modena (Italy) area, Ancellotta and Salamino. The grapevine chips underwent preliminary heat treatments at temperatures ranging from 120 °C to 260 °C. Tannic extracts were obtained by ethanol maceration at 80 °C for 2 h. The metal composition was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Generally, the metal content increased with the roasting temperature of the chips. Two exceptions were noted in the Salamino extracts, where the concentrations of Bi and Ni decreased as the roasting temperature increased. The levels of heavy metal, such as Pb and Cd, were low, posing no toxicity concerns for using infused grapevine chips during the beverage aging process. The Ni concentration slightly exceeded the limits imposed by certain regulations. Its content is likely derived from the type of soil in which the plant has grown.

Antibacterial Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants and Therapeutic Potential of Bridelia micrantha on Excision Wound Infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Rat

Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill (Euphorbiaceae) and Smilax krausiana Meisn. (Smilaceae) are traditionally used in tropical Africa to treat various diseases including infectious diseases, stomach pains, skin diseases and wounds. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill (Euphorbiaceae) and Smilax krausiana Meisn. (Smilaceae) extracts and the healing potential of the most active extract in a rat excision wound model infected by Pseudomanas aeruginosa. The crude extracts were prepared by maceration in ethanol. Phytochemical analysis was performed using standard methods. Antibacterial activities of extracts alone and the combinations of extracts with amoxicillin as well as the effect of osmotic stress on their activities were determined by the broth microdilution method against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The therapeutic effect of the B. micrantha extract ointment was evaluated in a rat excision wound model infected by P. aeruginosa. Skin and eye toxicity tests were performed using the Draize method. The ethanol extract of B. micrantha (MIC = 512 - 1024 µg/ml) displayed the largest antibacterial activity compared with that of S. krausiana (MIC = 512 - 2048 µg/ml). The antibacterial activities of plant extracts and amoxicillin increased under osmotic stress conditions ((2.5% and 5% NaCl). B. micrantha extract showed indifference and antagonism effects with amoxicillin against the tested bacteria. The B. micrantha extract ointment yielded the shortest epithelization times, highest wound contraction rates and lowest numbers of colony forming units of P. aeruginosa at the infection site as compared with the standard drug (Baneocin) and blank (palm kernel oil). The antibacterial and wound healing effects observed may be attributed to the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, alkaloids, triterpenes, saponines and tannins found in the test plants. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the antibacterial activity of B. micrantha and S. krausiana as well as the wound healing potential of B. micrantha.

Antibacterial and Wound Healing Properties of Selected Cameroonian Medicinal Plants

Emilia coccinea (Sims.) G. Don. (Asteraceae), Erigeron floribundus (Kunth) Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae) and Hibiscus asper Hook.f. (Malvaceae) are used ethnomedicinally in tropical region of Africa to treat various diseases including infectious diseases, abscesses, skin diseases and wounds. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of E. coccinea, H. asper and E. floribundus extracts and the healing efficiency of the most active extract in a rat excision wound model infected by Staphylococcus aureus. The plant extracts were prepared by maceration in ethanol. Secondary metabolites were detected in the extracts by using standard methods. Antibacterial activities of extracts alone and the combinations of extracts with amoxicillin as well as the effect of osmotic stress on their activities were determined against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by using broth micro dilution method. The therapeutic effect of the E. coccinea extract was evaluated in a rat excision wound model infected by S. aureus. E. coccinea extract (MIC = 256 - 512 µg/ml) displayed the largest antibacterial activities followed in decreasing order by the extracts of E. floribundus flowers and leaves (MIC = 256 - 1024 µg/ml), E. floribundus roots (MIC = 512 - 1024 µg/ml) and H. asper (MIC = 1024 µg/ml). The antibacterial activities of plant extracts and amoxicillin increased under osmotic stress conditions. E. coccinea extract showed additive effect with amoxicillin against pathogenic bacteria among which multidrug resistant strains. E. coccinea extract ointment yielded the shortest epithelization times, highest wound contraction rates and lowest numbers of colony forming units of S. aureus at the infection site as compared with the standard drug (Baneocin). Interestingly, this extract ointment is non-irritating to the skin and eyes. The observed biological activities may be attributed to the presence of groups of phytochemical compounds found in the test plants. The results of the present study demonstrate the antibacterial activity of the test plants as well as the healing efficiency of the E. coccinea extract ointment. E. coccinea can be used for the development of phytomedicines to treat wounds and infectious diseases particularly those caused by the tested bacteria. So, further studies are warranted.

In Vitro Antioxidants Activities of Extract of Tri-Kasorn-Mas remedy and its plant ingredients

Tri-Kasorn-Mas remedy is one of the Thai traditional medicines notified in the list of Herbal Medicinal Products A.D. 2021 of Thailand for the treatment of fatigue and maintaining body balance of patients. However, there have been no scientific reports on the antioxidant activities and antioxidant capacity. This study aimed to investigate antioxidant activities, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the three extracts of the Tri-Kasorn-Mas remedy and their mixture. The remedy plants and each ingredient were extracted by 95% ethanol maceration. These studies determined antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical cation decolorization assay, Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAB) and chemical contents by total phenolic and flavonoid content methods. The yield of Tri-Kasorn-Mas remedy was 26.68%. The results found that the Tri-Kasorn-Mas remedy showed strong antioxidant activity with an EC50 value of 9.37 ± 0.82 × 10–3 mg mL–1 by DPPH radical scavenging assay and 7.91 ± 0.01 × 10–3 mg mL–1 by ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. These extracts also were stronger activity than the positive control. In addition, J. multifida was the highest antioxidant activity than other ingredients. The results of this study can be preliminarily concluded that the Tri-Kasorn-Mas remedy has antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds that are in high values.

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of the Anti-Salmonella Activity of Leaf Extracts of Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F. (Cucurbitaceae) on Salmonella typhii Cell Culture

Typhoid fever, a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi whose treatment is by use of antibiotics. And the use of these antibiotics associated with drug resistance, high cost of medication and less accessibility to rural populations remains an issue of concern. The aim of this research was to indentify bioactive metabolites of the leaf of T. occidentalis and determine the anti-salmonella typhi activity. The antibacterial activity of the leaf extracts (aqueous maceration, decoction, infusion and ethanol maceration) of Telfairia occidentalis (Fluted pumpkin or gourd) on Salmonella typhi, was determined using the agar well diffusion technique to investigate its potential use as anti-bacterial agent. The phyto-chemical constituents, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the leaf was analyzed. The phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics and coumarin with the absence of phlobatanins and oxalates. The decoction of the leaves demonstrated the highest activity against S. typhi (15+/-2.7mm) at 1000mg/ml. MIC for aqueous maceration, infusion, and decoction was recorded at 62.5mg/ml and that of the ethanol maceration was at 15.625mg/ml. Due to the extraordinarily high concentration of extract needed to produce anti-salmonella activity, the study's findings imply that the leaf extract has negligible activity against Salmonella.