Ethanol Fraction Research Articles

Efficient isolation of immunostimulatory polysaccharides from Lentinula edodes by autoclaving-ultrasonication extraction and fractional precipitation

A hyphenated process, autoclaving followed by ultrasonication (AU), was evaluated for efficient extraction of polysaccharides (PS) from Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) mushroom. The PS yield (w/w) was 8.44 % from hot-water extraction (HWE), 11.01 % by autoclaving extraction (AE), and 16.3 % by AUE. The AUE water extract was subject to fractional precipitation in four-steps with increasing ethanol concentration of 40 %, 50 %, 70 % and 80 % (v/v), yielding four PS fractions in descending molecular weight (MW), PS40 > PS50 > PS70 > PS80. All the four PS fractions were composed of four monosaccharide residues, mannose (Man), glucose (Glc) and galactose (Gal) but in different mole ratios. The PS40 fraction with the highest average MW (4.98 × 106) was the most abundant fraction, accounting for 64.4 % of the total PS mass and also had the highest glucose molar ratio (~80 %). PS40 also most significantly enhanced the NO, and ROS generation and phagocytic activity in RAW 264.7 cells. The results proved that AUE followed by fractional ethanol precipitation is an efficient strategy with reduced solvent expenditure for isolation of the major immunostimulatory PS from L. edodes mushroom.

Anti-nutritional and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanol root extract and fractions of Sphenocentrum jollyanum

Abstract Objectives The anti-nutritional composition and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanol root extract and fractions of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (SJ) were carried out. Methods The anti-nutritional factors and GC-MS were analysed using standard methods. Key findings The anti-nutritional constituents of the samples were in the order of phenols > terpenoids > flavonoids > tannins > glycosides > alkaloids > hydrogen cyanide > saponins > steroids. The phytochemicals were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in extract than fractions, the terpenoids value obtained as 1904.72 mg/100 g from ethanol extract is significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the values of 935.80 mg/100 g and 968.92 mg/100 g gotten from it ethyl acetate and methanol fractions, respectively. There is no significant difference (P > 0.05) for the ethyl acetate 0.74 mg/100 g and methanol 0.79 mg/100 g fractions of steroids. However, the methanol fraction of tannins, phenols, glycosides, saponins and hydrogen cyanide were significantly higher than its ethyl acetate fractions. Conclusion Chromatogram of GC-MS analysis of the samples of SJ showed 49, 43 and 24 peaks for crude ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the crude ethanol root extract and fractions as shown in Tables 2–4 contain hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid and nonanoic acid methyl ester. The ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of SJ contain 16.9 and 10.1% of 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (8-methylnonyl) ester, respectively.

In vitro antiviral effect of ethanolic extracts from Azadirachta indica and Melia azedarach against goat lentivirus in colostrum and milk

This study aimed to evaluate, in vitro, the use of leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica (A. indica) and Melia azedarach (M. azedarach) as antivirals against caprine lentivirus (CLV) in colostrum and milk of goat nannies. These were collected from eight individuals and infected with the standard strain of CLV. Samples were then subdivided into aliquots and treated with 150 µg/mL of crude extract, and with ethyl acetate and methanol fractions for 30, 60, and 90 min. Next, somatic cells from colostrum and milk were co-cultured with cells from the ovine third eyelid. After this step, viral titers of the supernatants collected from treatments with greater efficacy in co-culture were assessed. The organic ethyl acetate fractions of both plants at 90 min possibly inhibited the viral activity of CLV by up to a thousandfold in colostrum. In milk, this inhibition was up to 800 times for the respective Meliaceae. In conclusion, the ethanolic fraction of ethyl acetate from both plants demonstrated efficacy against CLV in samples from colostrum and milk when subjected to treatment, which was more effective in colostrum.

Recovery of flavor compounds from vanilla bagasse by hydrolysis and their identification through UPLC-MSE

Vanilla is a globally treasured commodity, and the consequences of its unstable value affect social, environmental, economic, and academic ambits. The extensive range of aroma molecules found in cured vanilla beans is crucial to the complexity of this natural condiment and knowledge about their recovery is of the essence. Many strategies aim on reproducing the chemical intricacies of vanilla flavor, such as biotransformation and de novo biosynthesis. Few studies, however, aim at the exhaustion of the cured pods, of which the bagasse, after the traditional ethanolic extraction, might still bear a highly valued flavor composition. An untargeted liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MSE) approach was applied to elucidate if sequential alkaline–acidic hydrolysis was effective in extracting flavor related molecules and chemical classes from the hydro–ethanolic fraction. Important vanilla flavor related compounds present in the hydro-ethanolic fraction were further extracted from the residue through alkaline hydrolysis, such as vanillin, vanillic acid, 3-methoxybenzaldehyde, 4-vinylphenol, heptanoic acid, and protocatechuic acid. Acid hydrolysis was effective on further extracting features from classes such as phenols, prenol lipids, and organooxygen compounds, though representative molecules remain unknown. Finally, sequential alkaline–acidic hydrolysis rendered natural vanilla’s ethanolic extraction residues as an interesting supplier of its own products, which could be used as a food additive, and many other applications.

Lignin decolorization in organic solvents and their application in natural sunscreen

In order to improve the utilization of industrial lignin as an effective component for ultraviolet (UV) shielding, organic solvent (methanol, ethanol, and acetone) fractionation was applied to improve its UV absorption performance and reduce its apparent color. Physicochemical properties of lignin and lignin-based sunscreens, such as molar mass fraction, functional group content, color change and UV shielding properties, were characterized in detail by GPC, UV spectroscopy, 31P NMR and HSQC-NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that the color and UV-shielding properties of the soluble fraction were significantly superior to those of the original and insoluble fractions. Different lignin fractions were acted as the only active substance in the pure cream and its UV-shielding properties were compared. Among them, the composite sunscreen by adding 5 wt% acetone fractionated lignin had highest sun protection factor (SPF) value of 6.6, approximately 4.5 times higher than those sunscreens mixed with pristine lignin. Overall, this work offers the potential of industrial lignin in value-added applications such as UV protection and cosmetics.

Equilibrium solubility, computational modeling and thermodynamic behavior of relugolix (form I) in the mixtures of (ethanol + acetonitrile/methanol/ethyl acetate/isopropanol) at various temperatures

The solubility of relugolix (form I) in the four binary solvent mixtures of (ethanol + acetonitrile/methanol/ethyl acetate/isopropanol) was investigated at the temperature range from T = (298.15 to 323.15) K under 0.1 MPa. At the same mass fraction of ethanol and temperature, the maximum and minimum solubility appeared in (ethanol + acetonitrile) and (ethanol + isopropanol) mixtures, respectively. The solubility of relugolix (form I) in the four binary solvent mixtures was correlated by equations of van’t Hoff, modified Apelblat, Jouyban-Acree and Jouyban-Acree-van’t Hoff. In addition, the apparent thermodynamic parameters (ΔsolH0, ΔsolG0, ΔsolS0) of the dissolution process of relugolix (form I) were calculated. The plot of ΔsolH0 vs. ΔsolG0 was non-linear with a variant positive slope implied the main driving of the dissolution of relugolix (form I) solids into four solvent mixtures was the enthalpy.

Cellulose filter paper immobilized α-glucosidase as a target enzyme-oriented fishing tool for screening inhibitors from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves

Cyclocarya paliurus leaves have exhibited a good hypoglycemic activity, however, the active compounds and inhibitory mechanisms against α-glucosidase remained unclear. In this study, a target enzyme-oriented fishing strategy based on cellulose filter paper (CFP) immobilized α-glucosidase combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) and molecular docking was developed to screen and identify potential α-glucosidase inhibitors from C. paliurus leaves. Cellulose filter paper (CFP) as the carrier was modified by polydopamine/polyethyleneimine (PDA/PEI) co-deposition to form a uniform positive charge coating on the surface, and then α-glucosidase was immobilized on the modified CFP by electrostatic adsorption. By virtue of its instantaneous separation characteristic, the CPF-immobilized α-glucosidase was used as a target enzyme-oriented fishing tool to rapidly capture active compounds bound to α-glucosidase from the complex plant system. 36 active compounds were fished out from 70% ethanol fraction of C. paliurus leaves (IC50, 17.81 µg/mL), and further characterized by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Furthermore, molecular docking was employed to predict inhibitory mechanisms, and the result showed that cyclocarioside A, cypaliuruside K, cypaliuruside J, cyclocarioside C, cyclocarioside I and pterocaryoside A could effectively interact with α-glucosidase by forming hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bindings and Van der Waals force, and affinity energies ranged from −9.4 to −8.0 kJ/mol. Such a target enzyme-oriented fishing strategy would open a pathway for discovering targeted active compounds from medicinal plants.

MEMORY ENHANCING ACTIVITY OF MADHUCA LONGIFOLIA ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT (FLAVONOID FRACTION) AND ITS HPTLC

Objective: The present study aimed at investigating the protective role of Madhuca longifolia ethanolic leaf extract flavonoid fraction against colchicine induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative damage in swiss albino mice and to estimate the biochemical alterations in mice brain. HPTLC, total flavonoid and total phenols were also estimated in the study.
 Methods: The analysis was conducted on a colchicine-induced model for 28 d. Morris water maze and passive avoidance paradigm were used for conducting behavioral experiments, while biochemical parameters such as nitric oxide and glutathione were also estimated. Swiss albino mice (48) were apportioned into eight sets, each consisting of six mice. ANOVA (one-way) was utilized and then followed by the Dunnett’s test and finally outcomes were analyzed.
 Results: The total flavonoids content in Madhuca longifolia leaves was found to be (14.17±0.56 QE and 21.24±0.94 RE mg/g of dry material) and total phenolic compounds were 299.32±2.73 mg/g of dry material. Madhuca longifolia leaf extract indicated a substantial reduction in escape latency of mice in morris water maze. The transfer latency of mice in passive avoidance model showed a substantial increase.
 Conclusion: The Madhuca longifolia leaf extract presented a substantial increase (P<0.001) in GSH intensities and a major decline (P<0.001) in total protein, NO and AChE. Madhuca longifolia has neuroprotective effect against memory damage caused by colchicine.

Preparation and characterization of tea tree oil-β-cyclodextrin microcapsules with super-high encapsulation efficiency

This study aimed to prepare tea tree oil-β-cyclodextrin microcapsules using an optimized co-precipitated method. The impact of the volume fraction of ethanol in the solvent system for microencapsulation on encapsulation efficiency was investigated and analyzed sophisticatedly. Super-high encapsulation efficiency was achieved when a 40% volume fraction of ethanol was used for the microencapsulation procedure, where the recovery yield of microcapsules and the embedding fraction of tea tree oil in microcapsules were as high as 88.3% and 94.3%, respectively. Additionally, considering the operation cost, including time and energy consumption, an economical preparation was validated so that it would be viable for large-scale production. Based on the results of morphological and X-ray diffraction analysis, the crystal structure appeared to differ before and after microencapsulation. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of microcapsules. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the fabricated microcapsules was assessed by a simple growth inhibition test using Bacillus subtilis as the study object, and the hydrophilic property was proved by a water contact angle measurement.

Anti-Zika Virus Activity and Isolation of Flavonoids from Ethanol Extracts of Curatella americana L. Leaves.

The ethnomedicinal plant Curatella americana L. (Dilleniaceae) is a common shrub in the Brazilian Cerrado, whose ethanolic extract showed significant in vitro anti-Zika virus activity by the MTT colorimetric method. Currently, there is no drug in clinical use specifically for the treatment of this virus; therefore, in this work, the antiviral and cytotoxic properties of the ethanolic extract, fractions, and compounds were evaluated. The ethanolic extract of the leaves showed no cytotoxicity for the human MRC-5 cell and was moderately cytotoxic for the Vero cell (CC50 161.5 ± 2.01 µg/mL). This extract inhibited the Zika virus multiplication cycle with an EC50 of 85.2 ± 1.65 µg/mL. This extract was fractionated using the liquid-liquid partition technique, and the ethyl acetate fraction showed significant activity against the Zika virus with an EC50 of 40.7 ± 2.33 µg/mL. From the ethyl acetate fraction, the flavonoids quercetin-3-O-hexosylgallate (1), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (2), and quercetin (5) were isolated, and in addition to these compounds, a mixture of quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (3) and quercetin-3-O-arabinoside (4) was also obtained. The isolated compounds quercetin and quercetin-3-O-hexosylgallate inhibited the viral cytopathic effect at an EC50 of 18.6 ± 2.8 and 152.8 ± 2.0, respectively. Additionally, analyses by liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer allowed the identification of another 24 minor phenolic constituents present in the ethanolic extract and in the ethyl acetate fraction of this species.

Comparing cadmium uptake kinetics, xylem translocation, chemical forms, and subcellular distribution of two tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivars

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a potential phytoremediator that can reduce soil cadmium (Cd) contamination. Pot and hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the difference in absorption kinetics, translocation patterns, accumulation capacity, and extraction amounts between two leading tobacco cultivars in China. We studied the chemical forms and subcellular distribution of Cd in the plants to understand the diversity of the detoxification mechanism of the cultivars. The concentration-dependent kinetics of Cd accumulation in leaves, stems, roots, and xylem sap for cultivars Zhongyan 100 (ZY100) and K326, fitted well with the Michaelis-Menten equation. K326 exhibited high biomass, Cd tolerance, Cd translocation, and phytoextraction abilities. The acetic acid, sodium chloride, and water-extractable fractions accounted for > 90% of Cd in all ZY100 tissues but only in K326 roots and stems. Moreover, the acetic acid and NaCl fractions were the predominant storage forms, while the water fraction was the transport form. The ethanol fraction also contributed significantly to Cd storage in K326 leaves. As the Cd treatment increased, more NaCl and water fractions were found in K326 leaves, while only NaCl fractions increased in ZY100 leaves. For subcellular distribution, > 93% Cd proportions were primarily stored in both cultivars' soluble or cell wall fraction. The proportion of Cd in the cell wall fraction of ZY100 roots was less than that of K326, while that proportion in the soluble fraction in ZY100 leaves was higher than in K326 leaves. These findings demonstrate that Cd accumulation patterns, detoxification, and storage strategies differ between the cultivars, providing a deeper understanding of Cd tolerance and accumulation mechanism in tobacco plants. It also guides the screening of germplasm resources or gene modification to improve the Cd phytoextraction efficiency of tobacco.

Chemical profiling and evaluation of toxicological, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of Portulacaria afra using in-vitro, in-vivo and in-silico studies

Portulacaria afra Jacq (Portulacaceae) is a medicinal plant used traditionally in the treatment of pain and inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition, toxicity, antinociceptive, and enzyme inhibition potential of P. afra. The methanol extract (PAME) was prepared through maceration and fractionated with ethanol to ethanol fraction of P. afra (ETPA). Both PAME and ETPA were found to be rich in total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC). Similarly, PAME showed the highest antioxidant potential through ABTS 93.16 ± 0.05 mg TE /g of dry extract (D.E.) while ETPA showed maximum results (462 ± 1.44 mg TE/g) in the CUPRAC method. The RP-UHPLC-MS analysis of PAME showed tentative identification of 101 compounds in the positive mode and 14 compounds in the negative mode of ionization while GC–MS profiling gave a total of 15 compounds. The acute oral toxicity study of PAME revealed the safety and biocompatibility of the extract up to a dose of 5000 mg/kg orally in rats. In-vitro data revealed that varying concentrations of P. afra significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited heat-induced BSA denaturation compared to indomethacin in a concentration-dependent manner. PAME suppressed carrageenan-induced paw edema at the 4th hr with maximum inhibition. The analgesic efficacy of PAME was determined by the hotplate, writhing method, and tail-flicking rat models. In the hot plate method, PAME treated groups showed a significant effect (p < 0.0001). While in the writhing model, the PAME treated groups showed a significant (p < 0.0001) anti-nociceptive effect at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg compared to the control group. Similarly, PAME treated groups in the tail flicking model showed a significant (p < 0.001) anti-nociceptive effect at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. A dose-dependent increase in latency time (8.78 ± 0.090 at (30 min), 11.39 ± 0.005 at (60 min), 12.14 ± 0.01 at (90 min) 15.19 ± 0.03 at (120 min), p < 0.0001 was observed, compared to the control group. Similarly, the extract and fraction showed significant inhibitory potential against tyrosinase in in vitro and in-silico studies. Conclusively the current study unveiled P. afra as a novel non-toxic source with good total antioxidant-mediated anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential.

Identification of the Constituents of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Smilax china L. and Determination of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Properties

The aim of this work was to investigate the xanthine oxidase (XO)-inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts from Smilax china L. and to identify the active compounds in the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction. Extraction of ethanol extracts from Smilax china L. and then ethanol extracts were concentrated, and the polyphenolic compounds were extracted with petroleum ether (PE), chloroform, EtOAc, n-butanol (n-BuOH), and residual ethanol fractions. Their effects on XO activity were then compared separately. The polyphenolic components of the EtOAc fraction were identified by HPLC and HPLC-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that all these extracts showed XO-inhibitory properties, and among them the EtOAc fraction had the strongest inhibitory effect (IC50 = 101.04 μg/mL). The inhibitory constant (Ki) of the EtOAc fraction on XO activity was 65.20 μg/mL, showing excellent inhibition on XO in the competitive mode. Sixteen compounds were identified from the EtOAc fraction. The study demonstrates that the EtOAc fraction of Smilax china L. may be a potential functional food to inhibit XO activity.

Experiments and Numerical Simulation of N-decane/Ethanol Bi-Component Droplet Evaporation

The evaporation characteristics of n-decane-based bi-component or multi-component droplets have been veiled for application in advanced combustion. This paper proposes to experimentally investigate the evaporation of n-decane/ethanol bi-component droplets settled in the convective hot air, and numerically simulate the key parameters affecting the evaporation charactersitics. It was found that the evaporation behavior was interactively affected by the mass fraction of ethanol and the ambient temperature. For mono-component n-decane droplets, the evaporation process included the transient heating (non-isothermal) and steady evaporation (isothermal) stages. In the isothermal stage, the evaporation rate followed d2-law. The evaporation rate constant linearly increased as the ambient temperature enhanced (573~873 K). For n-decane/ethanol bi-component droplets, at low mass fractions (≤0.2), the isothermal evaporation processes were steady due to the good miscibility between n-decane and ethanol, like mono-component n-decane, whereas at high mass fractions (≥0.4), the evaporation process experienced ultrashort heating and fluctuating evaporation stages. During the fluctuating evaporation, the bubbles formed inside the bi-component droplets and expanded, resulting in the occurrence of the microspray (secondary atomization) and the microexplosion. The evaporation rate constant of bi-component droplets increased as the ambient temperature enhanced, and showed a "V-shaped" trend with the increase of the mass fraction, and the evaporation rate constant was the smallest at 0.4. The evaporation rate constants based on the numerical simulation by using the multiphase flow model and Lee model showed reasonable agreement with the experimental ones, suggesting a potential of application in practical engineering.

Anticancer activity of ethanol extract, n-hexane, and the ethyl acetate fraction of tin leaves (Ficus carica l.) on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines

Background: Breast cancer is ranked as the second-highest cause of death in Indonesia. Many of the available cancer treatments result in severe adverse effects for patients. Tin (Ficus carica L.) leaves contain ingredients that can function as anticancer agents. Objective: The study aims to identify phytochemical secondary metabolites in tin leaves and the cytotoxic activity of the extract and tin leaf fraction on MCF-7 cells. Method: Tin leaf powder was macerated with 70% ethanol for 7 days. The extracts were fractionated using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. An identification test with ethanol extract was then carried out using spray reagents. The cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extract, n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction of tin leaf was determined using the MTT method. Result: The results of the identification with TLC found that the ethanol extract of tin leaves contains flavonoids and steroids. The ethyl acetate fraction of tin leaf was thought to have weak cytotoxic properties with an IC50 value of 274.5877 ug/mL while the ethanol extract and n-heksan fraction of tin leaf do not have cytotoxic properties because they have an IC50 value of 562.827 and 576.3552 ug/mL. Conclusion: Based on the results, tin leaves have the potency to be developed as a chemopreventive agent for MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Keywords: Breast Cancer, MCF-7 cells, tin leaf (Ficus carica), cytotoxic activity

Prediction of ignition time delay in a diesel engine when using composite fuel

BACKGROUND: Analytical determination of ignition time delay (ITD) which would give a prediction of ignition in diesel engines of various types using composite fuel (CF) of various kinds and compositions depending on loading and speed operation modes is a relevant issue.&#x0D; AIMS: Determination of the ITD values for a diesel engine at all loading and speed operation modes with using various kinds and compositions of CF.&#x0D; METHODS: In order to determine ITD, theoretical and experimental studies of the D-245.582 tractor diesel engine of 4ChN 11.0/12.5 size with using compositions of CF including diesel oil (DO) and rapeseed oil (RO) or ethanol (E) were carried out. As a result of the studies, the diesel engine ITD predictive indicators determination method considering dependence on loading and speed operation modes and CF kind and composition has been developed.&#x0D; RESULTS: Calculated values of the ITD numerical relationships revealed that the load (pe) increase from 0.2 to 1.0 MPa, the engine speed (n) decrease from 1800 to 1400 min-1 and decrease of mass fraction of rapeseed oil (RO) and ethanol (E) in CF from 40 to 20% lead to diesel engine ITD decrease from 7.69 to 4.82 degrees of crankshaft rotation and from 11.70 to 7.92 degrees of crankshaft rotation respectively. It was experimentally found that the load (pe) increase from 0.2 to 1.0 MPa, the engine speed (n) decrease from 1800 to 1400 min-1 and decrease of mass fraction of rapeseed oil (RO) and ethanol (E) in CF from 40 to 20% lead to diesel engine ITD decrease from 7.59 to 4.22 degrees of crankshaft rotation and from 11.20 to 7.72 degrees of crankshaft rotation respectively. The degree of convergence of the experimental data with the calculated values, assessed with a statistical processing method and experimental error calculation, is 94.04%.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: Practical value of the study lies in prediction of diesel engine ITD with using composite fuels of various kinds and compositions at all loading and speed operation modes.

19 Molecular Docking Analysis of Volatile Compounds from Fraction of Eichhornia crassipes Herbs Ethanol Extract As α-Glucosidase Inhibitor

Diabetes mellitus is a degenerative disease characterized by an increase in blood sugar (hyperglycemia).Inhibiting it will prevent the uptake of glucose in the plasma. One of the plants that can be usedas antidiabetic is E. crassipes herbs. This research aims to know the interaction between volatilechemical compounds from ethyl acetate fraction and ethanol fraction of ethanol extract of E. crassipesherbs with the α-glucosidase enzyme. This study used ethanol extract of E. crassipes herbs with avariation of ethyl acetate fraction and ethanol fraction then analyzed the fraction using GC-MS (GasChromatography-Mass Spectroscopy). The ethyl acetate fraction contained 2-pyridine-propanoicacid, alpha.-methyl-.beta.-oxo-,Ethyl ester;1-propanol-1-di; carbamic acid, methyl ester; acetic acid,aminooxy-, hydrazide; (2R) - [2-2H2] glycine methyl ester hydrochloride. The ethanol fractioncontained semicarbazide hydrochloride; carbonic dihydrazide; hydroxy-acetaldehyde; 1-propanol-1-di; acetic acid, and hydroxyl. The result of docking with the α-glucosidase enzyme is 2-pyridinepropanoicacid, alpha.-methyl-.beta.-oxo-, the Ethyl ester of the ethyl acetate fraction having ΔG is-4.14 Kcal/mol. Semicarbazide hydrochloride from the ethanol fraction has ΔG of -3.17 Kcal/mol.Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, docking molecular, (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Herbs, ethylacetate fraction, α-glucosidase enzyme.

New Insights into the Phytochemical Profile and Biological Properties of Lycium intricatum Bois. (Solanaceae)

This work aimed to boost the valorisation of Lycium intricatum Boiss. L. as a source of high added value bioproducts. For that purpose, leaves and root ethanol extracts and fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water) were prepared and evaluated for radical scavenging activity (RSA) on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and metal chelating potential against copper and iron ions. Extracts were also appraised for in vitro inhibition of enzymes implicated on the onset of neurological diseases (acetylcholinesterase: AChE and butyrylcholinesterase: BuChE), type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, α-glucosidase), obesity/acne (lipase), and skin hyperpigmentation/food oxidation (tyrosinase). The total content of phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and hydrolysable tannins (THTC) was evaluated by colorimetric methods, while the phenolic profile was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled to a diode-array ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV-DAD). Extracts had significant RSA and FRAP, and moderate copper chelation, but no iron chelating capacity. Samples had a higher activity towards α-glucosidase and tyrosinase, especially those from roots, a low capacity to inhibit AChE, and no activity towards BuChE and lipase. The ethyl acetate fraction of roots had the highest TPC and THTC, whereas the ethyl acetate fraction of leaves had the highest flavonoid levels. Gallic, gentisic, ferulic, and trans-cinnamic acids were identified in both organs. The results suggest that L. intricatum is a promising source of bioactive compounds with food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications.

Modeling of microalgal biodiesel production integrated to a sugarcane ethanol plant: Energy and exergy efficiencies and environmental impacts due to trade-offs in the usage of bagasse in the Brazilian context

The Brazilian sugarcane mills already provide significant amounts of renewable products (ethanol and bioelectricity) through self-sufficient bagasse cogeneration. Gaseous outputs of the sector can provide streams rich in biogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), suitable for the autotrophic cultivation of microalgae and aim, hereinafter, their conversion into biodiesel. This work modeled the integration of an ethanol plant with a cogeneration system, covering the enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse and the production of microalgae biodiesel. A standard ethanol plant yielding 96 L ethanol/t cane may produce an additional 7.5–30 L microalgae biodiesel/t cane but at the expense of its energy self-sufficiency; the biorefinery must recur to fossil resources unless other biomass (besides bagasse) and coproducts by the plant's neighborhood can be exploited. The process simulation is conducted in nine cases derived from a central composite design with two factors – the fraction of bagasse destined for the hydrolysis system (x1) and the fraction of ethanol sent to produce anhydrous ethanol (x2) – and three levels for each factor (0, 50, 100%). Energy ratios between representative outputs and inputs – Net energy ratio (NER) and Fossil energy ratio (FER) –, direct CO2 emission, and exergy efficiencies were calculated as representative responses to evaluate the plant's technical and environmental efficiencies. Statistical tools (t-Student test, ANOVA, and R2) showed that the constructed models were robust and that the responses varied significantly with x1, while x2 produced mild or negligible effects. The highest achievable NER and FER were 0.83 and 2.09, respectively. The whole system resulted in a FER equal to 1 when bagasse usage is split in half between the hydrolysis and cogeneration systems. This result guarantees that the energy related to the useful products is higher than the requirements of fossil energy inputs, within an acceptable range. The optimum CO2 emission and exergy efficiency were found when 6–8% of the bagasse is hydrolyzed, which is also a range covering attractive energy ratios. The proposed integration benefits the sector, but resorting to renewable sources to supply energy deficits, developing the technological exploitation over wasted coproducts, and studying heat and mass integration of processes are highly recommended to enhance the global-system performance.

Extraction optimization and identification of four advanced glycation-end products inhibitors from lotus leaves and interaction mechanism analysis

Previous research indicated lotus leaves extract could effectively inhibit advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation, but the optimal extraction condition, bio-active compounds and interaction mechanism remain unclear. The current study was designed to optimize the extraction parameters of AGEs inhibitors from lotus leaves by bio-activity-guided approach. The bio-active compounds were enriched and identified, the interaction mechanisms of inhibitors with ovalbumin (OVA) were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking. The optimum extraction parameters were solid–liquid ratio of 1:30, ethanol concentration of 70 %, ultrasonic time of 40 min, temperature of 50 °C, and power of 400 W. Isoquercitrin, hyperoside, astragalin, and trifolin were identified from the 80 % ethanol fraction of lotus leaves (80HY). Hyperoside and isoquercitrin were dominant AGEs inhibitors and accounted for 55.97 % of 80HY. Isoquercitrin, hyperoside, trifolin interacted with OVA via the same mechanism, hyperoside exhibited the strongest affinity, trifolin caused the most conformational changes.