Ethanol Extract Of Stems Research Articles

Ammopiptanthus nanus (M. Pop.) Cheng f. stem ethanolic extract ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway-mediated macrophage infiltration

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAmmopiptanthus nanus (M. Pop.) Cheng f. (A. nanus), a traditional Kirgiz medicinal plant, its stem has shown potential in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China, either through oral medication or by topical application directly to the affected joints, but its underlying mechanism of action remains unexplored. Aim of the studyThe purpose of this study is to elucidate pharmacological mechanism of A. nanus in ameliorating RA using a comprehensive approach that combines network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental evaluations. Materials and methodsFirstly, the major constituents of A. nanus stem ethanolic extract were identified and quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Disease target data from Gene Cards database was then used to define RA-associated targets. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was created via STRING database. The DAVID database powered gene ontology (GO) function and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis to gain functional insights. In vitro, RAW264.7 cells were treated with A. nanus to investigate the roles of target proteins and pathways during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - induced inflammation. Immunofluorescence assays were performed to assess the effects of A. nanus on macrophage infiltration. The key targets and signalling pathways were validated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), molecular docking, immunohistochemical analysis, western blotting and immunofluorescence. Finally, the therapeutic potential of A. nanus in RA was evaluated in a carrageenan-induced rat model. ResultsNetwork analysis identified 31 potential targets of A. nanus associated with RA, including 10 hub targets. KEGG analysis highlighted the involvement of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In vivo experiments demonstrated that A. nanus treatment significantly protected against carrageenan-induced inflammatory paw tissue and attenuated macrophage infiltration. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed that A. nanus significantly downregulated the protein expression of COX-2, iNOS and IL-1β, and inhibited PI3K/AKT/NFκB pathway, which are closely linked to RA. Furthermore, molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assay revealed that licoflavanone showed a strong binding affinity with key targets. ConclusionIn summary, this study provides the first evidence of the potent anti-inflammatory activity of A. nanus in experimental RA. The mechanism of action appears to involve inactivation of the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway-mediated macrophage infiltration. These findings indicate that A. nanus has significant potential as a therapeutic potential agent for RA treatment and offer novel insights for future research and drug development in this field.

Antioxidant, xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory, hypouricemic effect evaluation and GCMS analysis of ethanolic extract of Piper chaba stem: Supported by in vitro, in vivo, and molecular docking experiments

BackgroundPiper chaba has been traditionally using for its potential health benefits. The principal goal of this investigation was to assess the pharmacological characteristics of the EEPCS, focusing on investigating its potential antihyperuricemic effects, ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme, and antioxidant properties. MethodsThe antioxidant capability of the extract was assessed using the DPPH radical assay. The extract was evaluated in vitro aimed at its xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) action and further experimented for its antihyperuricemic effect on the Potassium oxonate (PO) induced hyperuricemia murine model. Besides, molecular docking techniques were employed to interpret the inhibitory mechanism of the compounds identified through GCMS analysis of the EEPCS. ResultsThere was no safety concern at doses up to 3000 mg/kg of the extract as confirmed by mice model studies. The extract displayed potent the antioxidant properties during quantitative antioxidant test (IC50=104.9 ± 0.99 µg/mL). In XOI test, the extract was found to be effective with an IC50 value of 26.14 μg/mL. In addition, the extract was found to decrease the Serum uric acid (SUA) levels by 36.72 and 61.84 % at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight respectively, compared to the hyperurecaemic animals. The GCMS analysis of the extract revealed eighteen distinct compounds, which were docked against human peroxiredoxin 5 and xanthin oxidase proteins. Selina-3,7(11)-diene (CID: 6429221) was the most effective phytochemical for the human peroxiredoxin 5 protein having binding score −6.2 Kcal/mol compared to standard ascorbic acid (5.6 Kcal/mol). Besides, gamma-muurolene (-7.9 Kcal/mol) was the most effective phytochemical for the XO protein compared to standard allopurinol (−6.4 Kcal/mol). ConclusionOur experimental data showed that the EEPCS has potentiality as an antioxidant and hypouricemic agent that could be contributed to treat and manage oxidative stress (OS), gout and hyperuricemia.

Ekstraksi dan uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol batang bintangur (calophyllum soulattri)

Background: Cigarette smoke, fried and grilled foods, excessive exposure to sunlight, motor vehicle fumes, certain drugs, toxins and air pollution are some sources of free radical compounds. As a result of homolytic breakdown, a molecule will break down into free radicals that have unpaired electrons. Electrons need a partner to balance their spin value, so that radical molecules become unstable and easily react with other molecules, forming new radicals. Findings: To prevent or reduce chronic diseases due to free radicals, antioxidants are needed. Antioxidants can slow down or inhibit the oxidation of substances that are easily oxidized even in low concentrations. Antioxidants can neutralize free radicals by donating one proton atom, making free radicals stable and non-reactive. Methods: Extraction is carried out by the maceration method, which is to soak the simplicia with ethanol solvent. This maceration process is carried out for 24 hours, then the solution containing the extract is filtered using filter paper. This maceration process is carried out three times. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of bintangur stem has quite high antioxidant activity, this can be proven by the IC50 value obtained of 3.05 ppm, this value is almost close to the IC50 value of vitamin C, which is 2.9 ppm, and by the appearance of spots in the Thin Layer Chromatography test.

Antihyperuricemia Potential of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Ethanolic Stem Extract of Arcangelisia flava

Arcangelisia flava, with its secondary metabolites in flavonoids, has shown promising potential as an alternative treatment for hyperuricemia. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the ethyl acetate fraction from the ethanolic stem extract of Arcangelisia flava in inhibiting xanthine oxidase. This research, conducted at the Medical Basic Chemistry Laboratory Universitas Sriwijaya in September–December 2022, used in vitro study methods. The stem of Arcangelisia flava was extracted by maceration using ethanol. The ethanolic stem extract of Arcangelisia flava was then fractionated using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate fraction and ethanolic extract of Arcangelisia flava were measured to inhibit the xanthine oxidase using UV-vis spectrophotometry with allopurinol as a comparison. The IC50 was calculated by linear regression. The ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction have flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and quinones. The IC50 value of the ethanol extract was 30.04 ppm, the ethyl acetate fraction was 23.99 ppm, and the allopurinol was 17.16 ppm. The ethyl acetate fraction inhibited xanthine oxidase better than the ethanol extract. The study's significant finding is that the ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanolic stem extract of Arcangelisia flava strongly inhibits xanthine oxidase, offering a potential new avenue for treating hyperuricemia.

Evaluation of In Vitro Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Thrombolytic, and Antiarthritic Property of Different Parts of Bari Orchid.

Many different herbal extracts have historically been utilized to treat microbe-induced infections, injuries, cancer, thrombosis, and arthritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial, cytotoxic, in vitro thrombolytic, and in vitro antiarthritic properties of ethanolic extracts of stem and seed of Bari orchid 1 (BO) plant. This orchid plant was developed by the Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI) in Gazipur. Fourteen microbes were employed in the antimicrobial investigation, and samples of orchids were compared to ciprofloxacin as a reference. The BO/seed extract was found to possess more antibacterial activity. The lethality test of brine shrimps was used to assess the LC50 values. The BO/stem extract exhibited a higher cytotoxicity potential, in comparison to the BO/seed extract. Two concentrations (1000 and 100 ppm) and two incubation times (24 hours and 1.5 hours) were used to assess the thrombolytic activity of the extracts. Regarding the thrombolytic effect, the BO/stem extract has demonstrated greater promise. Furthermore, the herbal extract's antiarthritic activity was investigated at four different concentrations, and the results were evaluated in comparison with those of diclofenac sodium. When comparing BO/stem extract to other extracts, the greatest values for protein denaturation were obtained.

Antibacterial Potential of West Kalimantan Local Bajakah (Spatholobus suberectus) Ethanol Extract Against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

The primary factor contributing to bacterial resistance is the overutilization of antibiotics caused by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains possess a significant challenge in both clinical and community environments. Consequently, there is a need to investigate alternative antibacterial sources derived from natural ingredients and local traditional medicines. One such potential source is bajakah Jie Xue Teng (Spatholobus suberectus). The available data on the active component composition and antibacterial efficacy of the ethanol extract derived from bajakah (S. suberectus) in the West Kalimantan region is currently insufficient. The objective of this study is to evaluate the phytochemical composition and antibacterial properties of the ethanol extract derived from bajakah (S. suberectus), a plant species indigenous to West Kalimantan. The antimicrobial activity of the extract will be tested against two bacterial strains, namely S. aureus and MRSA, using in vitro methods. This study employs experimental techniques and is comprised of two distinct phases. The first phase involves conducting a phytochemical test on the ethanol extract of bajakah stem, utilizing the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. The second phase involves evaluating the antibacterial properties of the ethanol extract of bajakah stem against S. aureus and MRSA, employing the paper disc diffusion method. The research findings indicate that the bajakah ethanol extract derived from S. suberectus, a plant indigenous of West Kalimantan, possesses alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. The optimal antibacterial efficacy is observed at a concentration of 1,000,000 ppm, resulting in an inhibition zone diameter of 9 mm against S. aureus and 10 mm against MRSA.

Quantification of chlorogenic acid in Pluchea indica L. stem ethanolic extracts and its antioxidant activity

Abstract Chlorogenic acid (CA) is an important phenolic acid antioxidant. It is found in Pluchea indica L. (Asteraceae). However, it has only been extensively studied in the leaves, while studies on the stems have not been reported. This study aimed to identify and measure the levels of CA in the stem extract of P. indica. The extract was also determined for its antioxidant activities. In the course of the work, P. indica stems powder was extracted using the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) technique employing 50%-ethanol as solvent directly and sequentially. The extract was then measured for total phenolic content (TPC) and CA content using RP-HPLC. Meanwhile, antioxidant activities were determined by the DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power (RP) methods. TPC in the sequential and the direct of P. indica stems ethanol extracts were 1.4694±0.0228 and 1.9314±0.0318 mgGAE/g DW, respectively. We found that the CA content of 50%-ethanol extract of P. indica stems from sequential extraction (0.2045±0.0128%, w/w) was higher than 50%-ethanol extract from direct extraction (0.1984±0.0113%, w/w). The two extracts demonstrated good antioxidant capacity, while the ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts did not. Identifying of other antioxidants phenolics using other extracting methods still needs further study.

Effect of Ethanolic Stem Extract of Nelsonia Canescens on Selected Biochemical Parameters in Male Wistar Rats Induced with Sodium Arsenite

Medicinal plants are those that have curative qualities or have positive pharmacological effects on the human body. The effect of ethanolic stem extracts from Nelsonia canescens was studied in relation to Sodium arsenite-induced toxicity in wistar rats. Fresh stem extract of Nelsonia canescens were obtained behind rice mill area, Wukari, Taraba state and was shade dried at room temperature and was homogenized into powder and measured at 300g into 100ml of absolute ethanol for 72 hours. 15 healthy male rats of 70g to 90g weight were obtained from animal house Makurdi, Benue state. Animals from Group 1 were used as control. 5mg/kg body weight of Sodium arsenite was administered to Group 2 animals while animals in Groups 3, 4 and 5 were administered with Nelsonia canescens ethanolic stem extracts 50 mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg as well. At the end of 3 weeks the animals were sacrificed and serum sample were collected and analysed using standard methods. The results indicate that, when compared to those who received Sodium arsenite, those who received ethanol stem extracts of Nelsonia canescens showed a comparatively considerable liver protection against Sodium arsenite -induced damage. The levels of biochemical parameters: Albumin, Total protein, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Total bilirubin, Urea, Creatinine of rats administered with Sodium arsenite only was also observed. The Nelsonia canescens extract’s activity at 200mg/kg bw (higher dose) give a reasonable decrease in the amount of these liver enzymes. Deducing from study results, it indicates that Nelsonia canescens leaf extracts could be an effective agent in Sodium arsenite mediated liver toxicity in adult wistar rats and drug development.

Influential versatile potential of Entada rheedii and Myristica beddomei – an ethnobotanical approach

Aim of the study is to determine the anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic (α-amylase activity) and radical scavenging potentials of both leaf and stem ethanolic extracts of Entada rheedii and Myristica beddomei. DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide activity relate to inhibition ratio with different concentrations of extracts (μg/mL). Antidiabetic (α-amylase activity) and anti-inflammatory activities were also analyzed which showed high radical scavenging activity in a dose depending manner. Comparatively, leaves and stems of Entada rheedii showed higher radical scavenging activities compared to Myristica beddomei. Furthermore, both leaves and stem of Entada rheedii showed appreciable α-amylase inhibitory effects when compared with acarbose (standard drug) and also possess a strong anti-inflammatory effect (Diclofenac sodium, standard drug), compared to Myristica beddomei extracts. Overall, our results established the key evidence for Entada rheedii and Myristica beddomei extracts to be considered as a natural therapeutic aliment as the substitution for oxidative stress.

Phytoconstituents, antioxidant, and cholinesterase inhibitory activities of the leaves and stem extracts of Artocarpus sericicarpus

The study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities of the leaves and stems of Artocarpus sericicarpus and to analyse the phenolic compounds in the extracts. The modified Ellman’s method was used to determine the cholinesterase inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS methods. The total phenolic content (TPC) was measured by spectrometric assay, and compound identification was carried out by LC-MS/MS analysis. The results showed that the leaf and stem extracts of A. sericicarpus exerted significant inhibitory effects against AChE and BChE, as well as antioxidant activities. The stem ethanolic extract exhibited the highest potency against AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 5.81 and 11.46 µg/mL, respectively. The leaf and stem ethanolic extracts gave higher antioxidant activities and TPC compared to the water-based extracts. The LC-MS/MS analysis indicated the presence of phenolic compounds, such as flavones, flavonols, flavanones, prenylated chalcones, and xanthones in the extracts.

Clerodendrum chinense Stem Extract and Nanoparticles: Effects on Proliferation, Colony Formation, Apoptosis Induction, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Breast Cancer Cells.

Breast cancer stands out as the most widespread form of cancer globally. In this study, the anticancer activities of Clerodendrum chinense (C. chinense) stem ethanolic extract were investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified verbascoside and isoverbascoside as the major bioactive compounds in the C. chinense stem extract. Successfully developed nanoparticles exhibited favorable hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index, and surface charge, thus ensuring stability after four months of storage. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid contents in the nanoparticles were reported as 88.62% and 95.26%, respectively. The C. chinense stem extract demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on MCF-7, HeLa, A549, and SKOV-3 cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 109.2, 155.6, 206.9, and 423 µg/mL, respectively. C. chinense extract and NPs exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity and the highest selectivity index values against MCF-7 cells. A dose-dependent reduction in the colony formation of MCF-7 cells was observed following treatment with the extract and nanoparticles. The extract induced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells through apoptosis and necrosis. C. chinense stem extract and nanoparticles decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induced G0/G1 phase arrest in MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, use of C. chinense stem extract and nanoparticles may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for breast cancer, thus warranting further exploration.

Efeito antibacteriano de extratos brutos aquosos e etanólicos de Asphodelus fistulosus sobre bactérias gram-positivas e gram-negativas

Asphodelus fistulosus (A. fistulosus) is a wild plant grows in Jordan. Traditionally, it is used to treat different medical conditions and diseases such as respiratory ailments, against burns and dermatomucosal infections.This study aims to find out the effects of A. fistulosus aqueous and ethanolic crude extracts on Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) as gram positive bacteria and Escherichia coli (E. coli) as gram negative bacteria and to investigate which one will be affected either by aqueous and/or ethanolic crude extracts of A. fistulosus shooting parts that were collected from Jerash in the north of Jordan. Agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the crude extracts. In addition, MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) as well as MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) were determined against both types of bacteria. The results showed that flower aqueous extract of A. fistulosus was very effective against E. coli (20.0 ± 0.50) mm and caused a (14.0 ± 0.50) mm inhibition to S. aureus. The ethanolic extract of stem was very effective cauesed a (19.0 ± 0.50) mm inhibition in both bacterial species. Respectively, both S. aureus and E. coli were inhibited by ethanolic and aqueous extracts (mixture1 and mixture2) (15.0 ± 0.00 mm and 10.5 ± 0.50 mm). The highest antimbacterial activity was observed for the leaves aqueous extract against E.coli (0.06120 mg/mL). The obtained MIC values from A. fistulosus parts extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity ranged between 7.606 and 0.06120 mg/mL. The highest antimicrobial activity was recorded in the leaves aqueous extract against E. coli.The MBC value of stem aqueous extract was 5.00 mg/mL against both S. aureus and E. coli. On the other hand, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves gave MBC values 5.00 mg/mL, and 0.156 mg/mL, respectively, against E. coli.Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that there is good inhibitory effect of aqueous and ethanolic of A. fistulosus shooting parts extracts on growth of E. coli and S. aureus. Adding to that, stem ethanolic extract has the most effective against S. aureus while aqueous extract of flower has the most effective against E. coli.So, it is recommended to have further future studies on the A. fistulosus shooting parts crude extract bioactive components and the mechanism of how these constituents affect these types of bacteria.

Antibacterial Activity of Terminalia mantaly Stem Ethanol Extract as Hand Sanitizer Gel

Background: Hand sanitizers generally contain alcohol. However, it can cause dry and irritated skin. Therefore, it is necessary to find antibacterial alternatives that are safe for the skin. One of the plants that has antibacterial activity is Terminalia mantaly (T. mantaly). This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and hand sanitizer gel of T. mantaly.Methods: The antibacterial activity test against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae) was carried out using the liquid micro dilution method. The phytochemical tests were also performed. This study was conducted at the Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sains and Informatics, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani in April-June 2022.Results: The ethanol extract of T. mantaly stem contained secondary metabolites of alkaloids, tannins, quinones, saponins, steroids, and flavonoids. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of T. mantaly stem ethanol extract against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes were 0.63%, 0.63%, 0.16%, and 0.16%, whereas the hand sanitizer gel gave MIC values of 0.63%; 0.31%; 0.16%; and 0.16% respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of T. mantaly stem ethanol extract and hand sanitizer gel had the same results, namely 2.50%, 0.16%, 1.25%, and 1.25%. The physical stability of the hand sanitizer gel from the ethanol extract of T. mantaly stem met the physical stability standards of the gel. Conclusions: The ethanol extract of the T. mantaly stems has stronger antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria than against gram- negative bacteria.

Exploring the Antioxidant Potential of Cissus woodrowii (Stapf Ex Cooke) Santapau: A Study on Leaves and Stem

Cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative illness, inflammatory disease, and many other pathologies have a common denominator: oxidative stress. The situation arises from the overproduction or ineffective quenching of free oxygen and nitrogen species within the cell. Antioxidant activity, nutritional value and traditionally roots were made into a powder and applied to cut wounds where pus had formed, ethnobotanical/traditional use is as an antitumor in Maharashtra. Owing to its ethnomedicinal importance, proper identification with pharmacognostic and phytochemical details and evaluation is vital for drug development and to prevent adulteration highlights and their role in laying down standardization. The present paper discusses phytochemical and antioxidant study of Cissus woodrowii (Stapf ex Cooke) Santapau. The both extract showed occurrence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids also tannin and aqueous and ethanol extract of stem and leaves showed good antioxidant properties by DPPH assay.

CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETANOL EXTRACT OF BAJAKAH TAMPALA (UNCARIA LANOSA VAR. FERREA (BLUME) RIDSDALE) STEM ON BREAST CANCER CELL LINES MCF-7

Objective: This study aimed to determine the content of phytochemical screening and cytotoxic activity indicated by the IC50 value of the ethanol extract of bajakah tampala stem.
 Methods: Phytochemical screening for extract consists of saponins with distilled water, steroids and terpenoids were determined with the reagent glacial acetic acid and sulphuric acid, tannin using reagent 10%, FeCl3, alkaloids determined with reagents Mayer, flavonoids using reagent HCl, Mg powder, and phenolic with using 2%. FeCl3. The WST-8 procedures were used to investigate the cytotoxic activity of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell type.
 Results: Based on the results showed that the ethanol extract of bajakah tampala stem has secondary metabolite content, namely the presence of saponins, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolics. The results of the cytotoxic test of ethanol extract of bajakah tampala stem have cytotoxic activity with IC50 of 193.2 mg/ml, which is included in the moderately active category.
 Conclusion: In this study, the ethanol extract of bajakah tampala stem has secondary metabolite content and cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the leaf and stem extracts of Carissa bispinosa used for dental health care

BackgroundCarissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan is one of the plants used traditionally to treat oral infections. However, there is limited data validating its therapeutic properties and photochemistry. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective efficacy of the leaf and stem extracts of C. bispinosa against oral infections.MethodsThe phenolic and tannin contents were measured using Folin-Ciocalteau method after extracting with different solvents. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts were assessed using the microdilution method against fungal (Candida albicans and Candida glabrata) and bacterial (Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) strains. The 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing power (FRP) models were utilised to assess the antioxidant potential of the extracts. Cytotoxicity of the leaf acetone extract was evaluated using the methylthiazol tetrazolium assay.ResultsThe methanol leaf extract had the highest phenolic content (113.20 mg TAE/g), whereas hexane extract displayed the highest tannin composition of 22.98 mg GAE/g. The acetone stem extract had the highest phenolic content (338 mg TAE/g) and the stem extract yielded the highest total tannin content (49.87 mg GAE/g). The methanol leaf extract demonstrated the lowest MIC value (0.31 mg/mL), whereas the stem ethanol extract had the least MIC value of 0.31 mg/mL. The stem methanol extract had the best DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50, 72 µg/mL) whereas the stem ethanol extract displayed maximum FRP with absorbance of 1.916. The leaf acetone extract had minimum cytotoxicity with the lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.63 mg/mL.ConclusionsThe results obtained in this study validated the protective effect of C. bispinosa against oral infections.

A Study on Pharmacological Evaluation of Diuretic Activity of Tinospora cordifolia Stem Ethanolic Extract

This study aimed to assess the diuretic effects of Tinospora cordifolia stem ethanolic extract in Swiss Albino Rats. The administration of the higher dose (200 mg/kg) of the ethanolic extract derived from the stem part of Tinospora cordifolia resulted in a significant increase in diuresis during the 6th hour, with a measured output of 1.93 + 1.21ml, compared to the control group (0.38+ 0.12 ml). This effect was also compared to the reference standard, furosemide, which produced an output of 2.45 + 1.12ml (p < 0.05). Similarly, the higher dose (400 mg/kg) of Tinospora cordifolia stem extract demonstrated significant diuretic activity (2.70 + 1.15 ml) compared to the control group (1.14 + 0.09 ml) (p < 0.05). The increase in urine output was statistically significant (p < 0.01). The study also analysed the impact of furosemide (10 mg/kg) and Tinospora cordifolia extracts at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg on the excretion of electrolytes (Na+ and K+) in the 6-hour urine samples. The pH of the urine samples following treatment with Tinospora cordifolia stem extract at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg was measured to be 5.48 and 6.79, respectively. The results obtained in this study provide a quantitative basis for explaining the diuretic activity of Tinospora cordifolia. The extract displayed notable diuretic activity, thus supporting its traditional use as a diuretic in ethno-pharmacology. Further investigations, including phytochemical and pharmacodynamic studies, are necessary to identify the active constituents responsible for this activity and to understand the exact mechanism of the diuretic effect exhibited by the aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia.

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Studies and Biological Activity of Curculigo latifolia Plant Organs for Natural Skin-Whitening Compound Candidate.

Curculigo latifolia (family Amaryllidaceae) is used empirically for medicinal purposes. It is distributed throughout Asian countries, especially Indonesia. This study aimed at standardizing the C. latifolia plant, analyzing its phytochemical profile, and evaluating its pharmacological effects. The powder from each organ (root, stem, and leaves) was standardized organoleptically and microscopically. Samples were extracted by graded maceration using hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The extracts were determined for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Antioxidant (radical scavenging and metal ion reduction) and antityrosinase activities were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Extracts were analysed for phytochemical profiles by LC-ESI-MS. The highest TPC and TFC were found in the ethanolic extract of the root organ (68.63 ± 2.97 mg GAE/g) and the ethyl acetate extract of the stem (14.33 ± 0.71 mg QE/g extract). High antioxidant activities were found in the ethanolic root extract (20.42 ± 0.33 µg/mL) and ethanolic stem extract (45.65 ± 0.77 µg/mL) by DPPH• and NO• assays, respectively. The ion reduction activity (by CUPRAC assay) was most significant in the ethyl acetate stem extract (390.42 ± 14.49 µmol GAEAC/g extract). Ethanolic root extract was the most active in inhibiting tyrosinase (IC50 value of 108.5 µg/mL). The correlation matrix between TPC and antioxidant activities showed a moderate to robust correlation, whereas the TPC and antityrosinase activity showed a robust correlation. The TFC and antioxidant or antityrosinase activities showed a weak to moderate correlation. The LC-ESI-MS data identified major phenols in the active extracts, including methyl 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzoate, quercetin, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid-1, and curculigoside. Overall, this study suggests that extracts from the C. latifolia plant offer potent antioxidant and antityrosinase activities, allowing them to be used as natural antioxidants and candidates for skin-lightening compounds.

Investigation on ethanolic stem extract of Ipomea sagittifolia to explore the presence of Saponins by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography

Background: Saponins are a diverse group of naturally occurring plant compounds that play important roles in various aspects of plant physiology and ecology. An extract composed of several phytoconstituents may be easily analysed and interpreted using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint analysis from a qualitative standpoint. Ipomea sagittifolia (Burn. f.) has a long history of use in traditional medical systems. Method: It was decided to interpret the phytoconstituents, namely the steroids in Ipomea sagittifolia (Burn. f.), in line with Current Good Manufacturing Practises, which highlight the significance of quality in relation to phytoconstituents, because HPTLC is a very trustworthy method of analysis. In this work, an HPTLC finger print profile for the saponins was made using an ethanolic extract of the stem of Ipomea sagittifolia (Burn. f.). This system includes the Scanner 4, TLC Visualizer, and Linomat 5 Applicator. Results: When phytoconstituents were evaluated using HPTLC densitometric screening at wavelengths of 366 nm and 540 nm, several peaks could be seen in the chromatogram. By analysing the peak regions, peak heights, and Rf values that were given in the proper tables, the phytochemicals are appraised. Conclusion: The study revealed the presence of saponins. This information is highly useful in studying chemical profiling and discovering bioactive components when the Rf values of these chemicals are compared with standards as a reference.

Antifungal Properties of Extracts of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Subsp. fistulosa Against some Vegetable Pathogenic Fungi

Ipomoea carnea Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) extracts were tested using the well in agar method against Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer to find out their antifungal activity. Chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of leaf, stem, and root bark were used in the in vitro studies. All organs of selected plant with different extracts showed variable antifungal activity. Maximum activity was seen with the Leaves alcoholic extract, however minimal activity was found in the root extract (aqueous) with the test fungus. All test organisms showed radial growth inhibition in response to the extracts being added to the culture medium. The test organisms responded differently to the various extracts, but in overall, growth inhibition shows stronger with each extract's concentration. In plant and organisms, the antifungal activity was discovered to be in ascending from root bark then stem bark and highest in leaves.