Ethanol Extract Of Stem Bark Research Articles

Assessment of Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress Markers of Persea americana Treated Wistar Rats

The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of ethanolic stem bark extract of Persea americana on lipid profile and oxidative stress markers of male Wistar rats. The rats were randomly divided into three groups of five rats each. They were treated with ethanolic extract of Persea americana (except the control group) for a period of 21days. Group1 received distilled water. Group2 received 200mg/kg of the extract and Group3 received 400mg/kg of the extract. The administration was done for 21days. At the end, the rats were sacrificed and blood sample was collected and sent to the laboratory for analysis. The data obtained was statistically analysed using SPSS software version 21. The result showed that, there was no significant difference in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein when test groups were compared to control. There was a significant decrease in serum very low density lipoprotein level in Group3 (400mg/kg) when compared to Group1 (Control). There was no significant alteration in glutathione reductase, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities. There was a significant difference in malondialdehyde level (a decrease). In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of Persea americana stem bark exhibited slight hypolipidemic effect because of the significant reduction in Very Low Density Lipoprotein. Also, the extract showed a significant decrease in Malondialdehyde at low dose, which shows that Persea americana may have an anti-oxidative property.

Bioactive constituents isolated from the Sri Lankan endemic plant Artocarpus nobilis and their potential to use in novel cosmeceuticals

Two novel compounds, dicarbonyl ester (2) and artolankanin A (3) were isolated from the sequential ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of stem bark of A. nobilis along with the known compounds, artonin E (1) and artobiloxanthone (4) by bioassay-guided fractionation using a combination of normal phase and size exclusion column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques, including NMR (1H, 13C, APT, 1H–1H COSY, HSQC, and HMBC), Mass, IR, and UV. The isolated compounds were evaluated for DPPH free radical scavenging activity, tyrosinase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and A5-lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitory activities lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production inhibitory activity in SIM-A9 microglial cells. Artonin E exhibited marked tyrosinase and A5-lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitory activities and NO inhibition activity in LPS-stimulated microglia cells having IC50 values of 60.92 ± 3.45, 56.38 ± 1.05, and 23.94 ± 1.08 µg/mL, respectively. Kinetic studies showed that the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of artonin E is via a noncompetitive inhibition mechanism. Further, artolankanin A and artobiloxanthone exhibited good A5-lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitory activity having IC50 values of 59.48 ± 1.06 and 62.45 ± 2.25 µg/mL, respectively. Insights from molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations align with these experimental observations and propose plausible mechanisms of inhibition. Collectively these results suggest that these compounds have the potential to be used as depigmenting and anti-inflammatory agents.

Computational Study of the Phytochemical Constituents from Uncaria tomentosa Stem Bark against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Spike Protein

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has spread rapidly and is considered the predominant variant in the world, and its main characteristic is related to evade immunity from natural infection or vaccines, due to its multiple mutations in the spike protein. On the other hand, medicinal plants have been used as alternatives therapies to ameliorate some signs and symptoms in COVID-19, and in our previous work, the cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa) stem bark has been studied in vitro and showed antiviral activity on SARS-CoV-2 as well as in silico studies on the 3CLpro protein and as disruptor between the ACE-2 human receptor and the spike protein. The aim in this computational study was to determine the main phytochemical constituents from U. tomentosa stem bark against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein based on molecular modeling. A molecular docking was carried out on the isolated phytochemicals in a previous work against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein-binding domain (PDB ID: 7T9K). Next, a molecular dynamic study was carried out to monitor the stability during the MD simulations. As results proanthocyanidin-C1 (-10.76 kcal/mol), quinovic acid-type 2 (-9.86 kcal/mol), and proanthocyanidin-B2 (-9.82 kcal/mol) were the constituents with the best binding free energy on the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein, and the best compound was stable during the dynamic simulation under physiological conditions. It is concluded that the anthocyanidin-based compounds determined in the stem bark ethanol extract could be responsible for the potential antiviral activity on SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, and the proanthocyanidin-C1 emerged as a powerful candidate to combat new variants.

Aktivitas Fraksi Air Kulit Batang Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King.) Dan Studi In Silico Senyawa Kimia Penghambat Enzim α-Glukosidase

Inhibition of the α-glucosidase can be used as antidiabetic therapy because it can reduce postprandial blood sugar levels. The stem bark of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.) have properties as inhibitors of enzyme α-glucosidase. The purpose of this study was to determine the active compound of mahogany stem bark againstα-glucosidase enzyme in vitro and in silico. 96% ethanol extract of mahogany stem bark was partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water. Testing of inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme work done with substrate p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside. The water fraction was separated on silica gel column chromatography (SiO2 : dichloromethane-methanol = 10 : 1 ~ 1 : 1 and methanol).Molecular docking using AutoDock 4.2.6 was performed to predict the binding modes of α-glucosidase enzyme with chemical compound from water subfraction of stem bark mahogany. The results showed that water fraction of stem bark mahogany have antidiabetic activity with IC50 value of 1.51 µg/mL. Fraction Fr-1 gave an inhibition of 83.61 ± 1.11 %. Fr-1 contains chemical compound catechin, evodionol and swietenitin K. In silico study showed that catechin and evodionol free energy value (ΔG) -6.98 and -6.25 Kcal/mol and inhibition constanta (Ki) 7.61 and 26.18 µM.

Acute and Sub-Acute Evaluations of Parsonsia straminea Stem Bark Ethanol Extract Impact on Some Behavioral Parameters in Mice

Objectives: The plant Parsonsia straminea (P.S) have little or no ethnopharmacological records but local claims; as such its behavioral impact determination leads this study. The study team is poised at assessing the changes in behaviors such as: Motor coordination, anxiety, and depression in single dose and repetitive dose(s) exposure.
 Methodology: Ethical consideration. The study proposal was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria and approval was given. Plant collection and crude drug extraction. The plant was sourced from the Wilberforce rain forest of Nigeria and herbarium identification number, NDUP/21/001 was given in the Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, Niger Delta University, Nigeria. The collected plant was processed for ethanol extraction according to the method described by Trease and Evans. Design. The study was designed into single (acute) and repetitive (sub-acute) treatments/exposures in all study methods. The acute were administered via oral and intraperitoneal route to ascertain safety and possible onset difference. The acute treatment groups: group, 1(VEH), 2 (100 mg/kg), 3 (200 mg/kg), 4 (400 mg/kg), 5 (800 mg/kg), 6 (1000 mg/kg) doses and sub-acute treatment groups include group: 1 (VEH), 2 (50 mg/kg), 3 (100 mg/kg), 4 (200 mg/kg), 5 (400 mg/kg) and 6 (800 mg/kg) treatment for 15 days (n=5), motor coordination (open field test, cataleptic test), depression (light & dark box test), memory function test (B-maze) and sleeping time test was applied to both acute and sub-acute.
 Results: Data from the P.S stem bark extract showed significant motor coordination, prevents sleep onset, and no depression potential in both acute and sub-acute treatments.
 Conclusion: The P.S stem bark extract proves stable impact on the CNS as it is indicated in behaviors evaluated in the animal model. However, beside all that are stated above, the extract of P. Straminea stem bark suggests usefulness in control of narcolepsy, cataplexy and sleep paralysis symptoms.

Screening of Manilkara zapota (L) P. Royen stem bark ethanolic extract for in vitro \u03b1-glucosidase inhibition, preliminary antidiabetic effects, and improvement of diabetes and its complications in alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar rats

BackgroundA perusal of the literature suggested that Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen stem bark (MZSB) is enriched with several bioactive phytoconstituents but had not been yet screened for its in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic potentials. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of 70% ethanolic extract of Manilkara zapota (L) P. Royen stem bark (EMZSB) in DPPH- and H2O2-scavenging assay, in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assay, ameliorating diabetes and its complications in alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar rats.ResultsWith a maximum extractive yield of 9.16% w/w, EMZSB has shown the presence of various phytochemicals like flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, anthraquinone glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. EMZSB has elucidated a considerable in vitro free radical scavenging potential by DPPH and H2O2 assays when compared with absolute ethanolic extract of Manilkara zapota (L) P. Royen stem bark (AEMZSB), while ascorbic acid was taken as the standard. Further, EMZSB demonstrated high in vitro α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition potential (IC50 = 119.79 ± 1.52 µg/mL) than AEMZSB (IC50 = 129.92 ± 2.29 µg/mL) with a significant difference (p < 0.01), when acarbose was taken as reference inhibitor (IC50 = 86.43 ± 1.26 µg/mL). During acute toxicity studies EMZSB was safe up to 2000 mg kg−1 doses while, found causing moribund status followed by mortality in mice at 3000 mg kg−1 and above doses. A preliminary antidiabetic study with EMZSB-250 mg kg−1 in normal rats showed no sign of hypoglycemia; however, a dose-dependent antihyperglycemic effects were observed in oral glucose tolerance test in glucose-loaded rats. In vivo assessment with EMZSB-250 mg kg−1 in alloxan-induced rats demonstrated significant blood glucose-lowering effects with perfection in serum lipid profile, body weight enhancement, cardiovascular risk indices, nephroprotective effects, augmentation in liver glycogen content, and histopathological evidence of normal architecture of kidneys with no marks for nephritis.ConclusionsEMZSB-250 showed significant antidiabetic effects and ameliorated diabetic complications by improving glycemic control and accompanying biochemical alteration.

Antioxidant Activity of Partially Purified Fractions of Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch and Dalziellii Stem Bark Ethanolic Extract

Antioxidant Activity of Partially Purified Fractions of Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch and Dalziellii Stem Bark Ethanolic Extract

Ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus ameliorates hyperglycaemia, hepato-renal damage, deranged electrolytes and acid-base balance in alloxan-induced diabetes in dogs

Anti-diabetic effects of ethanolic extract of stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus were investigated in alloxan monohydrate-induced acute type 1 diabetes mellitus (TIDM) extending into chronicity and organic damages in 12 adult Nigerian indigenous dogs assigned 4 groups of 3 each, namely: non-diabetic controls (ND), diabetic untreated (DU), diabetic insulin-treated (DI) and diabetic extract-treated (DE). All parameters were analysed using standard procedures. Hyperglycaemia occurred in the diabetic dogs; blood glucose significantly (P < 0.001) increased in the DU group compared with other groups. The ethanolic extract significantly (P < 0.001) decreased blood glucose levels like insulin (P < 0.002). Haematology revealed macrocytic normochromic anaemia; significantly decreased PCV (P < 0.001), Hb (P < 0.001), RBC (P < 0.001), WBC (P < 0.05). Neutrophils (P < 0.05) and lymphocytes (P < 0.05) in DU. Organic damage biomarkers, ALT, ALP activities (P < 0.05), albumin and urea concentrations significantly increased in DU. Hyponatremia, loss of bicarbonates (P < 0.05), hyperkalemia and hyperchloridaemia occurred in DU. The ethanolic extract corrected these haemato-biochemical abberations and produced positive anion-gap like the non-diabetic controls while those of DU and DI were negative with more bicarbonates retention in DI group. While hyperglycaemia relapsed after insulin withdrawal, normoglycaemia remained without reoccurrence of hyperglycaemia after withdrawal of A. leiocarpus extract. This alloxan-induced TIDM in Nigerian indigenous dogs showed that ethanolic extract of A. leiocarpus reduces blood glucose and may prevent development into T2DM.

Antiulcer Activity and Isolation of Chemical Constituents from Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Ficus Bengalensis

Aims: The screen the antiulcer activity and to isolate the phytoconstituents of stem bark extract of Ficus bengalgensis.&#x0D; Methodology: The cleaned, dried and powdered stem barks of Ficus bengalgensis were subjected to extraction. The extracts were then packed into column chromatography for the isolation of phytoconstituents and they were characterized by IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectroscopy. Invivo antiulcer activity were performed by 4-H pylorus ligation and ethanol induced ulcer methods.&#x0D; Results: Preliminary phytochemical studies showed the presence of steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates. Isolation of extracts led to give compounds like triterpenoid, a steroid and a flavonoid. The extract was found to be safe up to 2000mg/kg body weight. Antiulcer activity was found significant at level P=05 when compared with control models in experimental animals.&#x0D; Conclusion: From petroleum ether extract isolated alpha-amyrin acetate, stigmasterol and quercetin from chloroform extract. The presence of triterpenoids, steroids and flavonoid might be responsible for the antiulcer activity of the stem bark extract of Ficus bengalgensis.

Screening of Phytochemicals from the Ethanolic Extracts of Gnetum gnemon, Gnetum latifolium and Cynometra malaccensis of Kuala Keniam, Pahang

Abstract The diversity of plants has led to various findings in the medicinal world. The abundance of bioactive compounds existing in the plant is the main factor contributing to its application in pharmaceutical industries. Gnetum gnemon, Gnetum latifolium and Cynometra malaccensis were collected from the forest area, Stesen Penyelidikan UiTM-Perhilitan, Kuala Keniam, Taman Negara, Pahang. This project focussed on profiling the bioactive constituent through phytochemical screening via Shinoda, Mayer, saponin, tannin, and terpenoid tests from the ethanolic extract of stem bark, stem, leaves and twigs of the three species. The results displayed that all plant parts showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenes and tannins. These compounds might contribute to the good properties of the plants.

Hypoglycaemic activity of Oleanonic acid, a 3-oxotriterpenoid isolated from Aidia Genipiflora (DC.) Dandy, involves inhibition of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes and promotion of glucose uptake

The present study evaluated the antidiabetic activities of the 70% ethanol stem bark extract of Aidia genipiflora (AGB) and one of its constituents, oleanonic acid in streptozotocin (40 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rats. In vitro assays of glucose uptake and inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes were then used to investigate their mechanism(s) of hypoglycaemic action. In silico evaluation of the pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties of the compound was also carried out. Administration of AGB (100–400 mg/kg) and oleanonic acid (15 – 60 mg/kg) resulted in significant reductions (p < 0.001) in the blood glucose and considerable decrease (p < 0.05) in the elevated lipid parameters of the diabetic animals. AGB activity at 200 and 400 mg/kg; and oleanonic acid at 60 mg/kg were comparable to glibenclamide (5 mg/kg). The extract and its isolate strongly inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activity with IC50 values of (10.48 ± 1.39 µg/mL and 14.51 ± 1.26 µg/mL) and (36.52 ± 1.95 µM and 105.84 ± 1.08 µM) respectively. The glucose uptake assays showed that AGB and oleanonic acid exerted both insulin-dependent and independent promotional effect of glucose transport into the periphery by upregulating the expression of PI3K and PPARγ transcripts with a concomitant increase in GLUT-4 transcripts. Although oleanonic acid was predicted to be teratogenic, it was found to be generally non-lethal with favourable pharmacokinetics properties making it suitable for further studies. The study has shown that the stem bark of A. genipiflora is a source of new hypoglycaemic agents and that oleanonic acid possesses hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperlipidaemic activities.

Histomorphology, Hormonal Changes and Redox Imbalance in Aluminum-Induced Testicular Toxicity: The Mitigating Influence of Ethanolic StembarkExtract of Prosopis africana

Histomorphology, Hormonal Changes and Redox Imbalance in Aluminum-Induced Testicular Toxicity: The Mitigating Influence of Ethanolic StembarkExtract of Prosopis africana

Antibacterial, Antifungal and Phytochemical Screening of Bitter Stem Bark (Sacoglottis gabonensis)

The antimicrobial effects of bitter stem bark (Sacoglottis gabonensis) was evaluated using both ethanol and aqueous extracts against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Penicillium spp. Agar-well diffusion method was employed in determining the antimicrobial activity and broth dilution method for determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. All the isolates investigated were susceptible to both the ethanol, aqueous and the combined aqueous and ethanol (synergy) extracts of the bitter stem bark.&#x0D; The zone of inhibition ranged from 7.0 +0.00b mm to 13.0 +0.01a mm with Escherichia coli being the most susceptible at 13.0 +0.01a mm to the ethanol and at 12.0 +0.02a mm to the aqueous extracts at 200mg/ml concentration while P. aeruginosa and Penicillin spp. were the least susceptible at 11.0 +0.02a mm to the ethanol and at 10.0 +0.02a mm to the aqueous extract at 200mg/ml concentration. The control/ standard antimicrobial agent (Gentamicin and Ketoconazole) showed higher inhibitory activity than the plant extracts. The least inhibitory (MIC) value of 6.25 mg/ml was produced against P. aeruginosa by the ethanolic extract and against C. albicans by the combined (aqueous and ethanol) extract of the plant. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the stem bark of Sacoglottis gabonensis reveals the presence of flavonoid, tannin, saponin and alkaloid. The most abundant percentage composition observed was falconoid (7.61 %) while tannin had the least component (1.26 %). The findings from this study show that the stem bark extract possesses appreciable antimicrobial activity against commonly encountered microorganisms in the environment. This therefore implies that it can be used as a chemotherapeutic agent which will contribute to the development of antibiotic drugs against the test organisms.

Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Boswellia dalzielli H Promotes the Healing of Acetic Acid Induced Chronic Gastric Ulcer by Down-Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) -Αlpha in Wistar Albino Rats

The present study determines the effects of the ethanolic stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii H on gastric homogenate and serum levels of TNF-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), during the healing of chronic gastric ulcer induced by acetic acid in Wistar albino rats. Round and deep chronic gastric ulcers were induced by a high concentration of acetic acid in Wistar albino rats. 75 rats with gastric ulcers were randomly assigned to five treatment groups (2-5). Rats in group 1 had no gastric ulcer and were administered with vehicle 5ml/kg. Rats in group 2, negative control had gastric ulcers and were treated with vehicle 5ml/kg. Rats in group 3 were treated with ranitidine (50mg/kg) while rats in groups 4, 5, and 6 were treated daily with 100, 200, and 400mg/kg of ethanolic stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielli H respectively. Treatment in all the groups was by intragastric administration. Five rats from groups (2-6) were euthanized on days 3, 7, and 9 along with the control group (1). Blood was collected, serum prepared, and assayed for TNFα and VEGF using ELISA. The stomach of each animal was evaluated for gastric ulcer, assessed for histopathologic changes, and preparation of gastric tissue homogenates. Intragastric administration of graded doses of ethanolic stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielli H and ranitidine (50mg/kg) respectively, down-regulated serum and gastric tissue levels of TNF–α significantly (p&lt;0.05), up-regulated VEGF significantly (p&lt;0.05), and increased gastric ulcer healing rate in a significant manner (p&lt;0.05). The increase was time and Dose and time dependent manner when compared to control. Attenuation of TNFα and up-regulation of VEGF by graded intragastric administration of the ethanolic stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielli promotes the healing of chronic gastric ulcer induced by acetic acid in Wister albino rats.

A Study on Anti-inflammatory Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Holoptelea integrifolia

Background: Holoptelea integrifolia has been used for a long time in traditional medicine to cure inflammatory pain. The goal of the current research was to consider the anti-inflammatory activity and phytochemicals study of both the extracts of the stem bark of Holoptelea integrifolia. Methods: Anti-inflammatory potential was figure out in Carrageenan and Histamine models at 200 mg/kg doses. Apart from this, we have evaluated parameters like paw edema body weight, locomotor activity, hematological, biochemical assessment, etc. Results: Qualitative chemical test investigation of both the extracts of H. integrifolia stem bark acknowledge the presence of proteins, amino acids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and flavenoids. The 200 mg/kg, p.o dose of the extract showed remarked (P &lt; 0.05) dose-dependent inhibition of edema formation. Both the ethanolic extract (200 mg/ kg, b. w) and aqueous extract (200 mg/ kg, b. w) of H. integrifolia stem bark showed remarked anti-inflammatory properties in comparison to reference drug Ibuprofen. In the Carrageenan model, the ethanolic extract has good anti-inflammatory activity than the aqueous extract. So, the ethanolic extract of stem bark of H. integrifolia is used to combat inflammation alone or with other conventional anti-inflammatory agents to treat different inflammatory disorders. Conclusion: Taken together, these results support the traditional use of Holoptelea integrifolia as a potent anti-inflammatory agent that may be proposed for the treatment of inflammatory pain.

Immunomodulatory activity of Pepolo (Bischofia javanica Blume) stem bark ethanolic extract in Staphylococcus aureus-stimulated macrophages and anticancer activity against MCF-7 cancer cells

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Withania somnifera Dunal: A ReviewQamar Uddin, L. Samiulla, V. K. Singh, S. S. Jamil

Phytochemical composition, Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic and aqueous stem bark extracts of Pavetta owariensis P. Beauv

In Africa, Pavetta owariensis P. Beauv. (Rubiaceae) is found in Ivory Coast, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Cameroon and Ghana. The roots, leaves, stem bark and twigs are used by traditional healers to treat various diseases. For example, the stem bark is used in children&#39;s baths to protect them from skin and scalp infections. First, it was a question of determining chemical constituents present in stem bark of the medicinal plant. The phytochemical study revealed the presence of sterols and polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, catechic tannins, gallic tannins, alkaloids, free quinones, saponins, anthraquinones terpenoids and anthocyanins in aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of Pavetta owariensis. On the one hand, studies carried out on the stem bark of Pavetta owariensis have shown that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts are analgesics which suppress sensitivity to pain in the same way as paracetamol (Doliprane®). On the other hand, the extracts have also shown anti-inflammatory potential like meloxicam (Mobic®) but in high doses.

Assessment of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Aqueous Ethanol Extract and Fractions of Azadirachta indica Stem Bark

In this study, the aqueous ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark was obtained by Soxhlet extraction and partitioned into different solvents. The extract and fractions were then assessed for their phytochemical contents, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The results showed that saponins, flavonoids, phenol, and tannins were present in all the samples. Also, the ethanol extract had the highest flavonoid (281.15 mgQE/g), phenolic (714.82 mgGAE/g), and tannin (156.54 mgTAE/g) contents, as well as the highest DPPH scavenging activity (95.71%) and total reducing power (1.27). However, among the fractions, butanol fraction showed the highest contents of flavonoids (235.20 mgQE/g), phenolics (413.42 mgGAE/g) and the highest DPPH scavenging activity (93.87 %) while the highest tannin content (86.90 mgTAE/g) and total reducing power (1.06) was observed in the ethyl acetate fraction. The lowest concentration of flavonoid (34.60 mgQE/g) and lowest antioxidant activity was obtained for the hexane fraction while lowest contents of phenolics (102.32 mgGAE/g) and tannins (41.21 mgTAE/g) were both observed in the water-soluble fraction. The most active fraction against both Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae was ethyl acetate. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract, hexane fraction, and water-soluble fractions showed the highest activity against Candida albicans, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli, respectively. This research reveals that the stem bark of Azadirachta indica contains notable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, making it a promising source for developing potent therapeutic drugs and functional foods.

UJIAKTIVITAS ANTIDIAREEKSTRAKETANOL KULIT BATANGSENGKUANG Dracontomelon dao(Blanco) Merr&amp;RolfeTERHADAP MENCITPUTIH (Mus musculus) JANTAN DENGANMETODEPROTEKSI DIARE

SengkuangorDracontomelon dao(Blanco) Merr &amp; Rolfe.is a plant that has secondary metabolites tannins and flavonoids which are thought to have anti-diarrheal activity. The purpose of this studyisto determine the ethanol extract of the stem bark of Dracontomelon dao(Blanco) Merr &amp; Rolfe hasanantidiarrheal effect and to determine the ethanol extract dose of the stem bark of Dracontomelon dao(Blanco) Merr &amp; Rolfe which has antidiarrheal effect on male white mice (Mus musculus)induced by oleum ricini. The antidiarrheal activity test was carried out using the diarrhea protection method, where micewere induced by0.75 mL of oleum ricini orally, 1 hour later the test solutionwas given i.e. 0.5% Na CMC suspension (negative control), loperamid 0.26 mg/kg bw(positive control), dose of sengkuang stem bark ethanol extract 100 mg/kgbw, 200 mg/ kg bwand 300 mg/kgbw. Then observed the onset of diarrhea, frequency of diarrhea, consistency of diarrhea, duration of diarrhea and weight of diarrhea every 30 minutes for 4 hours. The results of this study arethe ethanol extract of the stem bark Dracontomelon dao(Blanco) Merr &amp; Rolfe at a dose of 100 mg/kgbw, 200 mg/kgbw and 300 mg/kgbw has antidiarrheal activity as indicated by a significant difference in the test group (control positive and all extracts) against the negative control group (p &lt;0.05).

In vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of Rhizophora racemosa G.F.W. Mey. stem bark extracts

Rhizophora racemosa is used traditionally in Nigeria to treat human microbial infections. In this study, the dichloromethane (DCM), ethylacetate (EAC) and ethanol (ETH) stem bark extracts of Rhizophora racemosa were evaluated for their antioxidant and antifungal activities. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring their DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, H2O2 scavenging activity, reducing power and metal chelating activity. The antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophyte, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum was evaluated by the agar well diffusion and microdilution assays. In the antioxidant assay, ETH extract exhibited a higher radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS), H2O2 scavenging activity and reducing power than EAC extract, while the EAC extract demonstrated a greater metal chelating ability than the other extracts. In the antifungal test, EAC and ETH extracts demonstrated inhibitory effects (MIC = 250–440 µg/mL and 180–300 µg/mL, respectively) with the ETH extract being the most effective against the test etiological agents. Rhizophora racemosa stem bark may serve as potential sources of new antioxidant and antifungal compounds.