Ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus ameliorates hyperglycaemia, hepato-renal damage, deranged electrolytes and acid-base balance in alloxan-induced diabetes in dogs

Abstract

Anti-diabetic effects of ethanolic extract of stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus were investigated in alloxan monohydrate-induced acute type 1 diabetes mellitus (TIDM) extending into chronicity and organic damages in 12 adult Nigerian indigenous dogs assigned 4 groups of 3 each, namely: non-diabetic controls (ND), diabetic untreated (DU), diabetic insulin-treated (DI) and diabetic extract-treated (DE). All parameters were analysed using standard procedures. Hyperglycaemia occurred in the diabetic dogs; blood glucose significantly (P < 0.001) increased in the DU group compared with other groups. The ethanolic extract significantly (P < 0.001) decreased blood glucose levels like insulin (P < 0.002). Haematology revealed macrocytic normochromic anaemia; significantly decreased PCV (P < 0.001), Hb (P < 0.001), RBC (P < 0.001), WBC (P < 0.05). Neutrophils (P < 0.05) and lymphocytes (P < 0.05) in DU. Organic damage biomarkers, ALT, ALP activities (P < 0.05), albumin and urea concentrations significantly increased in DU. Hyponatremia, loss of bicarbonates (P < 0.05), hyperkalemia and hyperchloridaemia occurred in DU. The ethanolic extract corrected these haemato-biochemical abberations and produced positive anion-gap like the non-diabetic controls while those of DU and DI were negative with more bicarbonates retention in DI group. While hyperglycaemia relapsed after insulin withdrawal, normoglycaemia remained without reoccurrence of hyperglycaemia after withdrawal of A. leiocarpus extract. This alloxan-induced TIDM in Nigerian indigenous dogs showed that ethanolic extract of A. leiocarpus reduces blood glucose and may prevent development into T2DM.