Ethanol Extract Of Roots Research Articles

Supplementation of Saussurea costus root alleviates sodium nitrite-induced hepatorenal toxicity by modulating metabolic profile, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) is a widely used food ingredient, although excessive concentrations can pose potential health risks. In the present study, we evaluated the deterioration effects of NaNO2 additives on hematology, metabolic profile, liver function, and kidney function of male Wistar rats. We further explored the therapeutic potential of supplementation with S. costus root ethanolic extract (SCREE) to improve NaNO2-induced hepatorenal toxicity. In this regard, 65 adult male rats were divided into eight groups; Group 1: control, Groups 2, 3, and 4 received SCREE in 200, 400, and 600mg/kg body weight, respectively, Group 5: NaNO2 (6.5mg/kg body weight), Groups 6, 7 and 8 received NaNO2 (6.5mg/kg body weight) in combination with SCREE (200, 400, and 600mg/kg body weight), respectively. Our results revealed that the NaNO2-treated group shows a significant change in deterioration in body and organ weights, hematological parameters, lipid profile, and hepatorenal dysfunction, as well as immunohistochemical and histopathological alterations. Furthermore, the NaNO2-treated group demonstrated a considerable increase in the expression of TNF-α cytokine and tumor suppressor gene P53 in the kidney and liver, while a significant reduction was detected in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 and the apoptosis suppressor gene BCL-2, compared to the control group. Interestingly, SCREE administration demonstrated the ability to significantly alleviate the toxic effects of NaNO2 and improve liver function in a dose-dependent manner, including hematological parameters, lipid profile, and modulation of histopathological architecture. Additionally, SCREE exhibited the ability to modulate the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic genes in the liver and kidney. The phytochemical analysis revealed a wide set of primary metabolites in SCREE, including phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins, alkaloids, saponins and tannins, while the untargeted UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS analysis identified 183 metabolites in both positive and negative ionization modes. Together, our findings establish the potential of SCREE in mitigating the toxic effects of NaNO2 by modulating metabolic, inflammatory, and apoptosis. Together, this study underscores the promise of SCREE as a potential natural food detoxifying additive to counteract the harmful impacts of sodium nitrite.

Antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of ethanol extract of Zapotecca portoricensis roots

This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of ethanol extract of Zapotecca portoricensis root. The extract was prepared via cold maceration method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the phytochemical composition of the extract. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) procedures. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the extract were evaluated against clinical isolates of Eschericia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi using agar well diffusion technique. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of seven (7) bioactive compounds. The extract produced concentration dependent increase in the antioxidant values in both the DPPH and FRAP assay protocols. The extract produced concentration-dependent increase in the zone of inhibition against the tested organisms. At 62.5 mg/mL and below concentrations, the zones of inhibition of Z. portoricensis root extract against E. coli and S. aureus were significantly (p < 0.05) lower when compared with the zone of inhibition of Z. portoricensis root extract against S. typhi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Z. portoricensis root extract against E. coil, S. aureus and S. typhi were 31.25, 15.63 and 62.50 mg/mL concentration, respectively. The extract produced concentration-dependent increase in antibiofilm activity. At 7.5 mg/kg, the extract produced 28.87, 34.01 and 66.45% inhibition of biofilm production against S. typhi, E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. The extract possess antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm activities which could be linked to the presence ethyl iso allocholate and hexadecanoic acid

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN TUMBUHAN AKAR KAIK-KAIK (Uncaria cordata (Lour.)Merr) TERHADAP KADAR TRIGLISERIDA SERUM TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus) JANTAN

Hypertriglyceridemia is a condition when there is an increase in triglyceride levels in the blood. Hypertriglyceridemia can cause heart problems. One of the plants that can be used as medicine is the root plant kaik-kaik (Uncaria cordata (lour.) Merr). This study aims to determine the effect of giving ethanol extract of kaik-kaik (Uncaria cordata (lour.) Merr) leaves on serum triglyceride levels of male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The parameters used were serum triglyceride levels of male white rats induced by high fat feed, namely quail egg yolk as much as 10 ml/kgBB. This study used 18 male white rats which were divided into 6 groups with 3 rats per group. The normal group was fed only with rats and Na CMC suspension, the negative group was given high-fat feed induction and Na CMC suspension. The positive group was given high-fat feed induction and 0.9 mg/kgBB of atorvastatin suspension. The treatment group was given high-fat feed and a suspension of ethanol extract of kaik-kaik root leaves at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kgBB as much as 1% of body weight given orally. The method used was colorimetric enzymatic using a Mindray® photometer (BA-88A) at a wavelength of 510 nm. Triglyceride level data on days 0, 15, 22 and 29 were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test and repeated ANOVA. The results showed that the ethanol extract of kaik-kaik root (Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr) leaves at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kgBB had an effect in reducing serum triglyceride levels of male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) indicated by differences. which was significant (p <0.05) with negative control and showed activity to decrease triglyceride levels which was not significantly different (p> 0.05) with atorvastatin.

A Comprehensive Study on Chemical and Biological Investigation of Thymus Brachychilus Jalas: A Rich Source of Ursolic and Oleanolic Acids

The significance of Thymus species in the scientific community is growing steadily due to their extensive utilization in traditional medicine, food industry, and pharmaceutical sector, owing to their abundance in essential oil and phytochemical content, rendering them commercially significant species. The current work focuses on conducting a comprehensive analysis of the ethanol extract and essential oil derived from the root and aerial portions of Thymus brachychilus Jalas, an endemic species that has not been previously investigated. Additionally, a novel GC-MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) technique was developed to quantify the levels of triterpenoids, which are frequently found in many plants, particularly those belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The approach was then used to assess the triterpenoid content of the species. While the phenolic content of the species was determined by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry), the chemical composition of triterpenoid, essential oil and flavor (aroma) of the plant was determined by GC-MS. Eucalyptol was the primary ingredient in both the essential oil and the flavor, accounting for 11.05% and 12.35%, respectively. In the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging techniques, the root ethanol extract exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 26.70 ± 0.23 and 19.16 ± 0.11 µg/mL, respectively. There was a high level of urease (59.54 ± 1.67% at 100 µg/mL) inhibitory activity observed in the root ethanol extract in enzyme inhibition assays, as well as angiotensin (94.80 ± 0.56%), elastase (40.19 ± 0.39%), and collagenase (48.26 ± 0.12%) inhibition in the aerial ethanol extract. Moreover, the MCF-7 cell line for breast cancer had a strong cytotoxic impact when exposed to the essential oil of the species (vitality%: 1.45 ± 0.01 at 200 µg/mL. The LC-MS/MS and GC-MS studies revealed that the roots had a significant concentration of rosmarinic acid (15,801 µg analyte/g extract), but the aerial portions had a substantial quantity of ursolic acid (152,374 µg analyte/g extract). The plant exhibits potential in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors on account of its elevated levels of rosmarinic and ursolic acid, superior antioxidant capacity, and angiotensin and urease inhibitory effect.

The Effects of Seed Infestation by Fusarium proliferatum on Root and Crown Rot, Plant Growth and Phenolic Compounds in Roots of Some Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) Cultivars

This study investigates the reactions of four summer pumpkin cultivars (cvs. Çağlayan, Mert Bey, Sena Hanım, TG38) to root and crown rot caused by Fusarium proliferatum by taking into account criteria such as disease severity, plant growth (number of leaves, height, dry and fresh weight of shoot) and the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the roots. Seeds of each cultivar were inoculated with the pathogen and left to develop for 1 month at 25oC in a controlled climate room. The content of phenolic compounds in ethanolic root extracts was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cv. Sena Hanım had the lowest disease severity (4.40%) among the cultivars, followed by cvs. Çağlayan (10.62%) and Mert Bey (11.07%). Plants developed from inoculated seeds of cvs. Çağlayan and Sena Hanım had no decrease in the number of leaves and in length, fresh and dry weight of shoots in comparison to the control (plants from non-inoculated seeds), while cv. Mert Bey demonstrated a decrease at very low rates in shoot fresh and dry weight (2.24% and 0.77%, respectively). The phenolic compound that exhibited the highest increase in root extracts of cv. Sena Hanım compared to the control among the cultivars was p-coumaric acid (6.57-fold). This study demonstrates that p-coumaric acid can play an important role in the resistance of pumpkin to seed infestation by F. proliferatum.

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Larvicidal Efficacy of Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas) Leaves, Stem-bark and Root Extracts on Mosquito Larvae

The advance of battle by mosquito species to artificial chemicals has obliged the unrelenting pursuit of nontoxic ones from plants. This study screened the qualitative phytochemicals and evaluated the larvicidal efficacy of extracts of Jatropha curcas leaves, stem-bark and root extracts against third and fourth mosquito instar larvae. The J. curcas obtained were subjected to extraction by maceration. Qualitative phytochemical screening of ethanolic stem-bark, aqueous and ethanolic root extracts plants showed the presence of phenols, saponins, steroids flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates and terpenoids. The aqueous extracts of the leaves and stem-bark showed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids whereas, ethanolic leaves extract had similar phytochemicals with the leaves and stem-bark aqueous extracts but did not have steroids. Twenty-four (24) hours exposure of different concentrations (2.0mg/ml, 4.0mg/ml, 6.0mg/ml, 8.0mg/ml, 10 mg/ml) of various extracts showed that larval mortality increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in extracts concentration. Aqueous stem-bark extract showed highest mortality with 87% against third mosquito instar larvae followed by aqueous, ethanolic root extracts against third and fourth mosquito instar larvae respectively with 85% larval mortality. However, least mortality was observed in ethanolic leaf extract with 5% larval mortality against fourth mosquito instar larvae. Low LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were noticed in ethanolic root and aqueous stem-bark extracts with 2.19mg/ml and 11.51mg/ml respectively. Whereas the highest LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were noticed in both ethanolic leaves extracts with 14.09mg/ml and 26.20mg/ml respectively against fourth mosquito instar larvae. Conclusively, aqueous stem-bark and ethanolic root extracts can be harnessed to control 50% and 90% mosquito instar larval mortality respectively. However, there is a need to ascertain the quantities of bioactive components of J. curcas and its toxicity to non-target organisms.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoherbal of Reed Root Ethanol Extract (Imperata cylindrica L) Using Ionic Gelation Method

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of nanoherbal of reed root ethanol extract (Imperata cylindrica L) and optimal variations of alginate and CaCl2 for the manufacture of nanoherbal of reed root ethanol extract. Nanoherbal are made using the ionic gelation method by mixing ethanol extract of reed root, alginate solution, and CaCl2 solution. There are three variations in the composition of alginate and CaCl2 solutions used, namely the ratio of 1: 6.66, 1: 3.33 and 1: 2.5. The solids in the nanoherbal colloids are separated using centrifuges. The residue is washed with aqueous and freeze dryer for 24 hours. Colloidal nanoherbal were characterized using PSA to determine particle size and potential zeta values. Nanoherbal solids were characterized using SEM to determine their surface morphological shape. The nanoherbal that were successfully made were faded yellow and white solids. The IR spectrum of nanoherbal shows absorption bands at O-H extended vibrations, C-O bending vibrations, and C=C bending vibrations that undergo shifting, as well as the emergence of manuronat fingerprint bond vibrations in the infrared spectrum supporting the formation of nanoherbal. Characterization using PSA showed a size of 186.2 nm at an optimal concentration ratio of alginic acid and CaCl2 of 1:6.66. SEM results show solids particles are not spherical, uneven, and in the form of loose aggregates on the surface.

A Comparative Study of Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Root Extracts of Sida acuta Burm. F. Against Staphylococcus sciuri Isolated From Acne Using Computer-Aided Technique

This study investigated the significant anti-bacteriological efficacy between leaf and root of Sida acuta Burm. F. extracts against acne inducing bacteria. Twelve samples were collected from twelve persons with facial acne. Nutrient agar was used for the isolation of the bacteria and 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique was used for molecular identification. Bioinformatics analysis was carried out using Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST) for similarity, Cluster W software for multiple sequence alignment and MEGA 7 software for the phylogenetic analysis. Antibacterial susceptibility test of the bacterial isolates was carried out using the agar well diffusion method. A total number of six bacterial species were identified as Staphylococcus sciuri. The study revealed that control antibiotic- Ciprofloxacin (CFX) inhibited the growth of all the bacterial isolates. Staphylococcus sciuri was susceptible to leaf ethanol extract of Sida acuta at 75 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml and was susceptible to the aqueous root extract at 25 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml while it was susceptible to the ethanol root extract at 2.5 μg/ml. From this study, it was shown that the aqueous root extracts had more zones of inhibition with the maximum inhibition of 45mm at 100 μg/ml. Hence, Sida acuta Burm. F. is a powerful antimicrobial agent.

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Physalis angulata Roots on Some Liver Marker Enzymes in Male Wistar Albino Rats

While medicinal plants have garnered significant attention for their potential therapeutic applications in human diseases, the growing reliance on these plants in traditional medicine has raised concerns regarding their safety. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of the ethanol extract of Physalis angulata root on liver marker enzymes as a means of assessing its implications for liver health. Additionally, we present findings on the phytochemical composition and acute toxicity profile of the extract. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugars, and carbohydrates in the extract. The median lethal dose (LD50) was determined to be 316.23 mg/kg of body weight. Our data revealed statistically significant increases (p≤0.05) in the levels of aspartate amino transferase (AST) and total bilirubin in comparison to the untreated control group. Notably, a significant reduction (p≤0.05) in alanine amino transferase (ALT) levels was observed at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight of the extract, while higher doses yielded an increase relative to the untreated control. There was also a significant increase (p≤0.05) in the level of total protein in groups treated with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of the extract, and no significant difference (p≤0.05) in the group treated with 200 mg/kg of the extract relative to the untreated control group. There was no significant difference (p≤0.05) observed in the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and albumin. In summary, our results indicate that the ethanol extract of Physalis angulata root exhibits dose-dependent toxicity, underscoring the importance of regulating the use of this plant in traditional medicine practices.

Detailed Phytochemical Evaluation of a Locally Endemic Species (Campanula baskilensis) by LC-MS/MS and Its In-Depth Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities.

The importance of bioactive plant species in the scientific world is increasing day by day. The relationship between health and traditional-modern life, promotes the creation of new value-added natural products. This is the first research to conduct a bioactivity and chemical composition analysis of Campanula baskilensis species, which belongs to the medicinally important genus Campanula L (Campanulaceae). The aim of the current study is to quantitatively investigate the phytochemical contents of aerial and root parts of different C. baskilensis extracts (ethanol, methanol, and water) by LC-MS/MS and to evaluate their total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Remarkably, LC-MS/MS results revealed that, high amounts of quinic acid (53.6 mg/g aerial-MeOH extract), fumaric acid (6.3 mg/g aerial-H2 O extract, 2.5 mg/g root-H2 O extract), protocatechuic acid (11.4 mg/g aerial-H2 O extract), vanillic acid (1.4 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (2.3 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), hesperetin 7-rutinoside (hesperidin) (2.0 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin) (5.5 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract) were detected in the extracts of the species. Considering the bioactivity tests performed on C. baskilensis extracts, aerial-H2 O extract showed significant activity in all antioxidant assays. However, ethanol extracts of root and aerial parts exhibited the highest activities in all enzyme inhibitory tests.

Compound Characterization and Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Ethanol Extract Spatholobus littoralis Hassk in Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

The bajakah tampala plant (Spahtolobus littoralis Hassk) has been traditionally believed by the public to cure cancer, tumors, heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. However, empirically the public does not yet know the chemical compound content and there have been no studies on biological activity tests, especially the antioxidants of bajakah tampala from Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi. The aim of this research is a qualitative analysis of the chemical compounds of the ethanol extract of bajakah tampala roots and testing of antioxidant activity. Analysis of the chemical compounds of the ethanol extract of bajakah tampala roots using an FT-IR spectrophotometer and LC-MS/MS. The antioxidant activity of the bajakah tampala root ethanol extract was tested using the DPPH immersion method and the absorption was measured using a UV-Viss spectrophotometer and using the positive control quercetin. The results of the research showed that the ethanol extract of bajakah tampala roots had 8 chemical components that were detected, namely compound 1 apocynoside I, compound 2 quercetin, compound 3 hexosylphingosine, compound 4 3-hydroxy-7-methoxybaicalein, compound 5 momor-cerebroside I, compound 6 ambronal, compound 7 stigmastan-3,6-dione, and compound 8 trilaurin. The ethanol extract of bajakah tampala roots has an antioxidant activity of 21.75 µg/mL which is lower, compared to the antioxidant activity of quercetin of 2.91 µg/mL as a positive control, however the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of bajakah tampala roots is still included in the very strong category.

Ethnobotanical and comparative study of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of three organs of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, a plant used in the traditional treatment of sickle-cell disease in Bamako

The literature reports that the sickle cell patients frequently use plants to manage their recurrent attacks. The aim of the present study was to contribute to a better understanding of the medicinal plants used in the management of that disease. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in and around Bamako. The most frequently cited species was selected: Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Lam. Zepernick. & Timler, and the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of their leaf, fruit and root extracts were assessed. A total of 39 people were surveyed, including 21 herbalists, 6 traditional health practitioners and 12 sickle-cell patients. Analysis of the survey forms revealed 19 plant species belonging to 16 families, including Z. zanthoxyloides, which had the highest frequency of citation (20.51%). The phytochemical screening of this species revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds (flavonoids, tannins, coumarins), saponins and terpenes. The hydroethanolic extracts of Z. zanthoxyloides fruits showed the best DPPH free radical scavenging activity with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 20.80±0.11 µg/mL followed by hydroethanolic extracts of bark with IC50=22.9±0.14 µg/mL. In the phosphomolybdate test, the aqueous fruit extracts with a value of 537.70±0.05 mg AAE/100g exhibited the highest antioxidant potential. At a concentration of 1 mg/mL extracts, the aqueous fruit extracts demonstrated the most effective protein denaturation rates (92.66±0.66%) followed by the ethanolic root extracts (92.95±1.10%). This study showed that the fruits exhibit the highest promising anti-free radical and anti-inflammatory potential.

HPTLC Analysis of Tephorisa pulicherrima (Baker) Gamble Ethanol Extract of Root

Tephrosia pulcherrima commonly known as “Kalakkozhuppa,” is well known for its therapeutic properties in the Indian traditional medicinal system. The presence of important bioactive compounds in plants makes them pharmacologically valuable. Therefore, in this study, the High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of Tephrosia pulcherrima (root) ethanol extract was performed for its phytochemical profiling. The HPTLC densitometric analysis of the ethanol extract of Tephrosia pulcherrima was carried out using CAMAG HPTLC system, and the results were obtained in the form of chromatograms (scanned at the wavelength of 254 nm and 366 nm) representing several peaks. The phytochemical profile of the plant was determined and presented in the tables showing the total number of peaks, peak heights, peak area, percent area, and Rf values. The study concluded that T. pulcherrima ethanol extract of the root contains a rich variety of phytochemicals which might be accountable for its therapeutic value and thus justifies its traditional use in India.

Root Extract of Trichosanthes kirilowii Suppresses Metastatic Activity of EGFR TKI-Resistant Human Lung Cancer Cells by Inhibiting Src-Mediated EMT

The roots of Trichosanthes kirilowii (TK) have been used in traditional oriental medicine for the treatment of respiratory diseases. In this study, we investigated whether an ethanolic root extract of TK (ETK) can regulate the metastatic potency of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-resistant human lung cancer cells. The relative migration and invasion abilities of erlotinib-resistant PC9 (PC9/ER) and gefitinib-resistant PC9 (PC9/GR) cells were higher than those of parental PC9 cells. Mesenchymal markers were overexpressed, whereas epithelial markers were downregulated in resistant cells, suggesting that resistant cells acquired the EMT phenotype. ETK reduced migration and invasion of resistant cells. The expression levels of N-cadherin and Twist were downregulated, whereas Claudin-1 was upregulated by ETK, demonstrating that ETK suppresses EMT. As a molecular mechanism, Src was dephosphorylated by ETK. The anti-metastatic effect of ETK was reduced by transfecting PC9/ER cells with a constitutively active form of c-Src. Dasatinib downregulated N-cadherin, Twist, and vimentin, suggesting that Src regulates EMT in resistant cells. Notably, CuB played a key role in mediating the anti-metastatic activity of ETK. Collectively, our results demonstrate that ETK can attenuate the metastatic ability of EGFR-TKI-resistant lung cancer cells by inhibiting Src-mediated EMT.

Self-microemulsifying system of an ethanolic extract of Heliopsis longipes root for enhanced solubility and release of affinin

Self-microemulsifying or self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS/SNEDDS) are well known to improve the dissolution and increase the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs, including herbal extracts. Organic extracts of Heliopsis longipes root and affinin, its main component, induce a vasodilator effect; however, they are poorly water soluble and therefore are difficult to administer and dose by the oral route. This research aimed to develop, through pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, a self-microemulsifying system prepared from an ethanolic extract of H. longipes root (HL-SMDS). In addition, the optimized lipid-based formulation was characterized and its in vitro gastrointestinal simulated dissolution was determined. The formulation composed of Transcutol, 55% (solubilizer); Tween80/PG, 10% (surfactant/co-solvent); Labrasol, 35% (surfactant); and the herbal extract was selected as optimal and identified as a SMEDDS, since when coming into contact with water, it forms a micro-emulsion with droplet sizes less than 100 nm. The stability tests showed that HL-SMDS remained stable over time under extreme conditions. Furthermore, the amount of affinin released from HL-SMDS at pH 1 and 6.8 was higher than that of the ethanolic extract from H. longipes root. These results indicate that HL-SMDS is a novel alternative to improve the aqueous solubility and therefore the oral bioavailability of the ethanolic extract of H. longipes root.

Network pharmacology-based anti-colorectal cancer activity of piperlonguminine in the ethanolic root extract of Piper longum L

Network pharmacology-based anti-colorectal cancer activity of piperlonguminine in the ethanolic root extract of Piper longum L

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Studies and Biological Activity of Curculigo latifolia Plant Organs for Natural Skin-Whitening Compound Candidate.

Curculigo latifolia (family Amaryllidaceae) is used empirically for medicinal purposes. It is distributed throughout Asian countries, especially Indonesia. This study aimed at standardizing the C. latifolia plant, analyzing its phytochemical profile, and evaluating its pharmacological effects. The powder from each organ (root, stem, and leaves) was standardized organoleptically and microscopically. Samples were extracted by graded maceration using hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The extracts were determined for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Antioxidant (radical scavenging and metal ion reduction) and antityrosinase activities were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Extracts were analysed for phytochemical profiles by LC-ESI-MS. The highest TPC and TFC were found in the ethanolic extract of the root organ (68.63 ± 2.97 mg GAE/g) and the ethyl acetate extract of the stem (14.33 ± 0.71 mg QE/g extract). High antioxidant activities were found in the ethanolic root extract (20.42 ± 0.33 µg/mL) and ethanolic stem extract (45.65 ± 0.77 µg/mL) by DPPH• and NO• assays, respectively. The ion reduction activity (by CUPRAC assay) was most significant in the ethyl acetate stem extract (390.42 ± 14.49 µmol GAEAC/g extract). Ethanolic root extract was the most active in inhibiting tyrosinase (IC50 value of 108.5 µg/mL). The correlation matrix between TPC and antioxidant activities showed a moderate to robust correlation, whereas the TPC and antityrosinase activity showed a robust correlation. The TFC and antioxidant or antityrosinase activities showed a weak to moderate correlation. The LC-ESI-MS data identified major phenols in the active extracts, including methyl 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzoate, quercetin, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid-1, and curculigoside. Overall, this study suggests that extracts from the C. latifolia plant offer potent antioxidant and antityrosinase activities, allowing them to be used as natural antioxidants and candidates for skin-lightening compounds.

Effect of cogon grass root ethanol extract on fatty acid binding protein 4 and oxidative stress markers in a sepsis mouse model.

Background: Sepsis causes several immunological and metabolic alterations that induce oxidative stress. The modulation of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) has been shown to worsen this condition. Extract of cogon grass root (ECGR) contains flavonoids and isoeugenol compounds that exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to assess the effects of ECGR on FABP4 and oxidative stress-related factors in a sepsis mouse model. Methods: Twenty-nine male mice ( Mus musculus) of the Deutsche Denken Yoken strain were divided into four groups: group 1, control; group 2, mice treated with 10 μL/kg body weight (BW) lipopolysaccharide (LPS); and groups 3 and 4, mice pre-treated with 90 and 115 mg/kg BW, respectively, and then treated with 10 μL/kg BW LPS for 14 d. Blood, liver, lymph, and cardiac tissue samples were collected and subjected to histological and complete blood examinations. Antioxidant (Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) and superoxide dismutase), FABP4 levels, and immune system-associated biomarker levels (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) were measured. Results: Significant increases in platelet levels (p = 0.03), cardiomyocyte counts (p =0.004), and hepatocyte counts (p = 0.0004) were observed in group 4 compared with those in group 2. Conversely, compared with those in group 2, there were significant decreases in TNF-α expression in group 3 (p = 0.004), white pulp length and width in group 4 (p = 0.001), FABP4 levels in groups 3 and 4 (p = 0.015 and p = 0.012, respectively), lymphocyte counts in group 4 (p = 0.009), and monocyte counts (p = 0.000) and polymorphonuclear cell counts in the livers (p = 0.000) and hearts (p = 0.000) of groups 3 and 4. Gpx3 activity was significantly higher in group 3 than in group 1 (p = 0.04). Conclusions: ECGR reduces FABP4 level and modulating oxidative stress markers in sepsis mouse model.

Safety evaluation of continuous administration of a high dose of Valeriana fauriei root extract in mice and in humans through an open‐label study

AbstractAimThis study aimed to clarify the safety of Valeriana fauriei root (VF) ethanol extract through in vivo and clinical trials.MethodsMice were divided into VF and control groups. They were given VF (4 g VF/kg/day) or the vehicle mixed in the powdered food for four weeks. Food consumption and body weight changes were evaluated, and blood biochemistry and organ weights were assessed on the last day. In addition, an open‐label study was conducted on healthy subjects who took VF capsules (10 g VF/body/day) for four weeks and were asked to report any changes in their physical condition. Physical, hematologic, blood biochemical examination and urinalysis were performed before, two weeks, and four weeks into the study.ResultsFood consumption and weight gain in mice did not differ between the VF and control groups, except for experimental error, and there were no particular differences in the weights of the brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, and kidney. In mice, VF administration resulted in small but significant decreases in albumin in males and females, and total cholesterol and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in females only. These levels were unchanged, but daytime sleepiness was observed in humans.ConclusionSince there was little change in the experimental values at continuous high doses of VF at 10 g/day, it can be concluded that approximately one‐fifth of this dose (2 g VF/day) is less harmful. However, daytime sleepiness should be considered.

Nutriphytochemical Profiling and Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Index in Malarial Infected Mice Treated with Ethanol Root Extract of Phyllanthus Amarus

Purpose: The use of medicinal plants in malarial treatment has become popular in Nigeria, an endemic country, due to failing chemotherapy and high cost of antimalarial drugs. One of such commonly used herbs is Phyllanthus amarus. The antimalarial activity of P. amarus has been consistently reported, giving credence to its traditional use. Nevertheless, effects of such treatment on reducing cardiovascular risk indices is yet to be fully documented. This is imperative since certain metabolic complications like increased plasma lipids have been associated with considerable risks of fatty liver and cardiovascular diseaes in severe cases of malaria in humans. Methods: In this present study, therefore, the antiplasmodial action of the ethanol root extract of P. amarus and its ED50 dose were determined and associated cardiovascular risk indices were evaluated in BALB/c malarial infected mice, having ascertained the nutritive quality and phytochemicals of plant root. Results: Results showed that P. amarus root is abundant in alkaloid phytochemical and the roots extracts demonstrated significant antiplasmodial activity in a dose-dependent trend with optimal ED50 and maximal potency in reducing cardiovascular risk indices (Atherogenic index of plasma, AIP and heart disease risk, HDR) and fatty liver, which compared well with the values obtained from the uninfected control mice. Conclusion: The roots of P. amarus possess a wide array of nutrients and phytochemicals, with significant antimalarial activity. The roots also reduced the risks of cardiovascular diseases associated with severe malaria, in experimental mice.