Ethanol Extract Of Plant Research Articles

Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Activities, and Phytochemical Characterization of Acacia nilotica and Hibiscus sabdariffa

Antibiotic abuse has caused the emergence of an alarming number of resistant pathogens. Hence, there is an urgent need for novel agents. Most of the Sudanese people in rural areas rely on traditional medicine for the treatment of many infectious diseases. This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial antioxidant activities and phytochemical contents of Hibiscus sabdariffa fruits and Acacia nilotica pods. Antimicrobial assays of the ethanolic extracts of both plants showed that they exhibit diverse inhibitory activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, and three Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella and Escherichia coli, and one fungi Candida albicans, with the zone of inhibition ranging from 16 to 20 mm in length. The antioxidant activity of A. nilotica was about 91 %; it was highly significant compared with the standard (Propyl gallate) which gave (94%). While the extract of H. sabdariffa showed weak antioxidant activity. Phytochemical screening of A. nilotica indicates the presence of phenols, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenes, and saponins, while alkaloids were absent. The extract H. sabdariffa was rich in phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, but no tannins, triterpenes, or saponins were detected. These findings provide scientific evidence to support the traditional medicinal uses of these extracts and indicate the promising potential of these plants for medicinal purposes.

Mitigation of Diabetes Mellitus Using Euphorbia helioscopia Leaf Ethanolic Extract by Modulating GCK, GLUT4, IGF, and G6P Expressions in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder. Synthetic antidiabetics are the commonly used treatment options associated with complications. The objective of this study was to explore the antioxidative and antidiabetic potential of Euphorbia helioscopia whole plant ethanolic extract using in vitro and in vivo models. For that purpose, the antioxidative potential was explored by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl analysis. In vitro antidiabetic potential of the extract was evaluated using amylase inhibitory analysis. In vivo antidiabetic activity of the extract was assessed in diabetic rats using streptozotocin/nicotinamide (60 mg/kg/120 mg/kg) as an inducing agent. Metformin was used as standard. The results indicated the presence of significant quantities of phenolic 82.18 ± 1.28 mgg-1 gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and flavonoid 66.55±1.22 mgg-1 quercetin equivalent (QE) contents in the extract. Quantitation of phytoconstituents exhibited the presence of sinapic acid, myricetin, and quercetin using HPLC analysis. The extract inhibited α-amylase by 84.71%, and an antiglycemic potential of 50.34% was assessed in the OGTT assay. Biochemical analysis demonstrated a reduction in urea, creatinine, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.001) as compared to diabetic control rats at the dose of 500 mg/kg. An upregulation in the expressions of glucokinase, glucose transporter 4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and insulin-like growth factor was observed in treated rats in contrast to G6P expression, which was downregulated upon treatment. In conclusion, this study provided evidence of the antioxidative and antidiabetic potential of E. helioscopia whole plant ethanolic extract through in vitro and in vivo analysis and emphasized its promising role as a natural alternative.

Fungitoxic effect and phytochemical characteristics of Brazilian Cerrado weeds against Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina fungi.

The use of natural products obtained from plants, for example, invasive plants, offers a variety of allelochemicals with fungicidal potential. With this in perspective, the objective was to evaluate the fungicidal potential of ethanolic extracts of Cerrado plants on Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. The ethanolic hydroalcoholic extract of the 12 plants identified as invaders in the Brazilian Cerrado was prepared (Anacardium humile Saint Hill; Baccharis dracunculifolia DC.; Cenchrus echinatus L; Commelina erecta L.; Erigeron bonariensis L.; Digitaria horizontalis Willd.; Digitaria insularis L.; Porophyllum ruderale Jacq. Cass; Richardia brasiliensis Gomes; Sida rhombifolia L.; Turnera ulmifolia L.; Smilax fluminensis Steud)) and phytochemical screening and determination of total phenols and flavonoids were performed. To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity, the hydroalcoholic solutions at concentrations of 800, 1200, 1600, 2000, and 2400 µL 100 mL-1 were separately incorporated into BDA agar and poured into Petri dishes, followed by the mycelium disk of the fungus. As a control, two solutions were prepared, one ethanolic solution added to the BDA medium (2400 µg 100 mL-1) and the other with BDA medium only. They were poured into Petri dishes, followed by a 0.5 cm diameter disk of mycelium of the fungus, incubated (23±2 ºC), with a 24-hour photoperiod. Among the constituents found in the plants, 75% are phenolic compounds, 58.3% are cardiotonic heterosides, 50% are steroids, 33.3% are flavonoids, 16.7% are anthraquinones, and 8.3% are alkaloids, saponins, and reducing sugars. Out of the 12 species, only the extracts of C. erecta and R. brasiliensis were active for M. phaseolina and R. solani. Thus, it is concluded that the ethanolic extract of C. erecta has the fungicidal potential to control diseases caused by fungi that are soil inhabitants. Of the other species, A. humille, B. dracuncufolia, D. insulares, C. erecta, D. insulares, P. ruderale, and R. brasiliensis have natural fungitoxic potential because they stand out in the content of polyphenols efficient in reducing the mycelial growth of M. phaseolina and R. solani.

VIROSCOPE®, an ethanolic extract of medicinal plants produced in Lomé, Togo, demonstrated excellent anti-inflammatory and immune cell proliferation activities

VIROSCOPE®, an ethanolic extract of medicinal plants produced in Lomé, Togo, demonstrated excellent anti-inflammatory and immune cell proliferation activities

In vivo acute and subacute toxicity assessments of Viroscope®, a polyherbal ethanolic formulation produced in Lomé, Togo

Background: Phyto-medicines have been used to treat various diseases since ancient times. However, several studies have reported the toxicity of some medicinal plant preparations. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo acute and subacute toxicity of an ethanolic extract of medicinal plants, “VIROSCOPE®”, produced by Viroscope SARL-U in Lomé, Togo. Materials and Methods: Acute toxicity assessment was conducted according to the “OECD guideline 423 for the assessment of the acute toxicity of chemicals.” This study focused on the ready-to-use VIROSCOPE® and on the concentrated extract obtained after evaporation. Subacute toxicity was assessed according to the “OECD guideline 407 for the study of subacute toxicity of chemicals.” Control rats; VIROSCOPE®; solvents; 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of the dry extract of VIROSCOPE® dissolved in drinking water were tested.The mortality rate, toxicity symptoms, food and water consumption, and changes in body weight were monitored. Biochemical and haematological parameters were also measured. Furthermore, histopathological analysis of hepatic and renal cells was conducted. Results : The median lethal dose (LD50) was &gt; 5000 mg/kg. Repeated doses of the trial drug over a long period of 28 days had no major risk. In addition, it did not induce any pathological variations in biochemical and haematological parameters. According to histopathological results, there was no significant harmful effect to liver and kidney cells. Conclusion: VIROSCOPE® can be considered safe and must be administered strictly according to the indicated dosages on its bottle.

Antioxidant Effect of Ethanol Extract of C. sativus on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Liver

The present study investigated the antioxidant effect of ethanol extract of Cucumis sativus on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat liver. Adult male Wistar albino rats (n = 25, mean weight = 215 ± 15 g) were randomly assigned to five groups of 5 rats each: normal control, diabetic control, metformin, 200 mg/kg body weight (bwt) extract and 300 mg/kg bwt extract groups. Diabetes mellitus was induced in the rats via intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg bwt STZ. The diabetic rats were then treated for 21 days with either metformin (50 mg/kg bwt) or the extract at doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg bwt, respectively. Activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as antioxidant molecules like retinoic acid, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol were evaluated in liver homogenate. The results showed that induction of diabetes mellitus with STZ significantly increased the fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentrations of the rats (p &lt; 0.05). However, treatment of the diabetic rats with the extract markedly reduced the FBG concentration and body weights of rats (p &lt; 0.05). Treatment of diabetic Wistar rats with ethanol extract of C. sativus significantly increased activities of the antioxidant enzymes and molecules as well as concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), but it markedly reduced the concentrations of hepatic total protein (TP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (p &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that ethanol extract of the medicinal plant can enhance antioxidant defense in the liver of STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Phytochemical characterisation, antioxidant and anti-microbial efficacy of allspice Pimenta dioica

Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr (also known as Pimenta Officinalis) belongs to the family Myrtaceae is globally as valuable spices. This is commonly known as allspice, Jamaica pepper and Pimento. This spice possesses the characteristic flavor and aroma of clove, nutmeg, cinnamon and black pepper, all combined in this one spice, hence named allspice. Allspice is used for treating indigestion which might be due to the abundance of the common polyphenol Eugenol , known to stimulate digestive enzymes. The present study was aimed in analysing the bioactive compounds present in P.diocia. Additionally, the antibacterial efficacy of P.diocia was determined. GC-MS Pattern of the ethanolic extract confirms the presence of eugenol a potent bioactive compound and qualitative analysis revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents. The ethanolic extract of plant proved to have anti-microbial effect on disease causing microbes such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Bacillus anthracis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae with MIC of 5mg of the ethanolic extract which may be due to the different phytocontituents in the plant extract and partly due to eugenol a potent anti-microbial compound. The results of the present study indicate that Pimenta dioica is a good source of bioactive compounds and possess antibacterial activity which might be due to presence of eugenol.

Phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activity of leaves of the genus Sorbus species and natural hybrids

The identification of new sources of biologically active substances is an actual direction of research in recent years, in particular, the demand for antimicrobial compounds and natural preservatives of plant origin is growing. Plants of the genus Sorbus L. are known in folk medicine, but for the rational use of plant material, there is a lack of systematic study of the features of the secondary metabolites’ accumulation and the spectrum of biological activity of plants during vegetation in different environmental conditions. In the present work, the seasonal dynamics of the total content of polyphenols, flavonoids and free phenolic acids in the leaves of rowan plants natural to the flora of Ukraine and introduced in the steppe region were investigated. The highest accumulation of phenolic compounds was found in the leaves of S. domestica, S. latifolia, S. hybrida, S. torminalis and S. aucuparia in the first half of June, and in S. aria and S. intermedia in May, which will serve as a criterion for selecting the best plant material to obtain biologically active compounds. The seasonal dynamics of the content of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the leaves of plants had significant species differences, which require more in-depth studies of the phytocompounds component composition. Antimicrobial activity of leaf ethanol extracts of rowan plant was found to be high against gram-negative bacterial strain Klebsiella pneumoniae B920 (especially the activity of S. aria, S. intermedia and S. aucuparia extracts) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa B907 (especially the activity S. torminalis and S. domestica), clinical gram-positive strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis (the highest activity of S. aria, S. domestica and S. intermedia extracts), as well as against clinical strains of fluconazole-resistant fungus Candida albicans (especially the activity of extracts of S. latifolia S. torminalis and S. intermedia). A conclusion was made about the prospects of using leaf extracts of the genus Sorbus plants as an economical and affordable natural source of biologically active polyphenols with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Further research may be aimed at elucidating the component composition of rowan leaf extracts and establishing the relationship between individual phytocompounds and the antimicrobial effects of plant extracts.

Antidiabetic Power of Belalai gajah Plant (Clinacanthus nutans)

This study aims to determine the decrease in rat blood glucose levels, MDA levels, and the histopathological description of pancreas after giving ethanol extract of belalai gajah plant. This study used 25 rats, grouped into 5, namely normal control, negative control (CMC-Na 0.5% dose 2 mL/200 g b.w), positive control (glibenclamide dose 0.09 mg /200 g b.w), belalai gajah plant ethanol extract (dose 30 mg/200 g b.w., and 60 mg/200 g b.w). Prior to treatment, the rats were induced into diabetes with streptozotocin-nicotinamide. The content of belalai gajah plant was tested phytochemically and antidiabetic. Potential of belalai gajah plant was tested by induction for 14 days. The results showed that ethanol extract of belalai gajah plant contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and phenolics. The decrease in blood glucose and MDA levels in the group given the ethanol extract of belalai gajah plant at dose of 60 mg/200 g b.w. was the same as the dose of glibenclamide 0.09 mg/200 g b.w. The results of histopathological of pancreas showed that the ethanol extract of belalai gajah plant at dose of 60 mg/200 g b.w. could improve the structure of Langerhans islets in the pancreas of diabetic rats

Spectrophotometric Analysis and Determination of Anti-inflammatory Effect of Punica granatum and Woodfordia fruticosa in Subjects With Chronic Periodontitis - A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Long-term use of chemical plaque control methods has led to adverse effects. In the current scenario, herbal mouthwashes have adequately remediated periodontal disease. Moreover, in the salivary interactome, biomarkers such as salivary amylase, a key protein secreted in the saliva, have been immensely useful in detecting the progression of periodontal disease. Therefore, we aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic crude extracts ofWoodordiafruticosaleaf andPunicagranatumpeel and to estimate salivary amylase levels in subjects diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Ethanolic extracts of both plants were prepared using the soxhlet extraction method, and the obtained metabolites were confirmed by thin-layer chromatography. After a mouthwash was prepared, 100 subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Group I receivedPunicapeel (Pgp) mouthwash, and Group II receivedWoodfordialeaf (Wfl). Clinical parameters such as probing depth and clinical attachment loss were recorded to determine the grades of periodontitis. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected, and amylase levels were analyzed at three-time intervals using spectrophotometric assay. For both groups, the mean reduction in salivary amylase levels was calculated at baseline after 1 hour and 1 week of using the mouthwash. A statistically highly significant reduction was seen with (p=0.000*) at the 1-hr interval in Group I. The anti-inflammatory effect was more effective with Pgp mouthwash when compared to Wfl mouthwash.

Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Activity of Asphodelus Tenuifolius in Normal and Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

Asphodelus tenuifolius is traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). The current study aims to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Asphodelus tenuifolius in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of whole Asphodelus tenuifolius plant were prepared by using the maceration process. DM was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (140 mg/kg b.w) in rats. Glibenclamide was used as the reference drug. In an acute study, ethanolic extract of Asphodelus tenuifolius (ATEE) and aqueous extract of Asphodelus tenuifolius (ATAqE) were administered in 200 and 400 mg/kg doses to normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Both extracts (ATEE and ATAqE) significantly lowered the blood glucose level of both normal and diabetic treated rats in a concentration dependent fashion. However, ATEE produced prominent results at the dose of 400 mg/kg. In a fourteen-day study, ATEE considerably decreased the blood glucose level of alloxanized rats. The results were similar to the reference drug, that is, glibenclamide. In the prolonged study, the effects of ATEE on liver enzymes and hematological parameters of diabetic rats were also studied. Hb level and platelet count was increased in ATEE-treated diabetic rats as compared to diabetic control. However, it did not affect other hematological parameters. ATEE significantly decreased the ALP level as compared to diabetic control. Although, the test extract did not significantly alter the SGOT and SGPT levels. Further, the phytochemical testing of ATEE revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. It was concluded that Asphodeleus tenifolius possesses antidiabetic activity. More comprehensive studies are needed in the future to explicate the mechanism of action and to characterize the phyto-components of this plant.

A novel route to fabricate ZnO nanoparticles using Xanthium indicum ethanolic leaf extract: Green nanosynthesis perspective towards photocatalytic and biological applications

Fabrication of nanoparticles using green synthetic route is always preferred over conventional chemical route owing to reduced toxicity issue required in biomedical application. In fact, it will also develop ecofriendly and cost-effective materials. Generally, a suitable plant leaf extract is applied for this purpose to act as reducing and stabilization agents during green nanoparticle synthesis which offers ease of biomolecule conjugation. Here, we attempted to synthesize Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using ethanolic leaf extract of Xanthium indicum plant for the first time. The plant is available only in North-East India and has been utilized in different traditional biological practices. So, it might have a great probable pharmaceutical prospect that is yet to explore. The developed ZnO nanoparticles were characterized with different techniques like DLS, TEM, FTIR, UV–Vis and XRD. Furthermore, they were employed to explore the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, cytotoxicity, and photocatalytic activities. The green synthesized ZnO (GZnO) nanoparticles were compared with conventional chemically synthesized ZnO nanoparticles in all the activities and the effectiveness could be seen for the green synthesized nanoparticles. As a result, the work reveals the use of unexplored X. indicum plant leaf extract for the fabrication of nanoparticles and sets up the avenue for further study based on our findings.

Physicochemical Constituent, Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity in Ethanolic Extract of Cyanotis Axillaris

Cyanotis axillaris belong to family Commellianaceae. The present investigation deal with the physicochemical constituent, phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity in ethanolic extract of whole plant of Cynotis axillaris. The plant part decoction used in Ayurveda to cure many diseases [2]. The evaluation of physicochemical constituents was carried out by ash value, extractive value and phytochemical constituent in plant. The antibacterial activity was tested by cup plate agar diffusion method. The antibacterial activity carried out against E. coli, Staphylococcus Aureus, Bacilis subtilis and Proteus species

Determining the Efficacy of Ethanolic, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform Extracts of Thymus Vulgaris and Nepeta Binaloudensis Medicinal Plants on the Inhibition and Removal of Standard Bacteria from Aquatic Environments

Determining the Efficacy of Ethanolic, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform Extracts of Thymus Vulgaris and Nepeta Binaloudensis Medicinal Plants on the Inhibition and Removal of Standard Bacteria from Aquatic Environments

Comparative screening of anti-dengue activity in aqueous and ethanol extracts of mangrove plants from Sabah

Comparative screening of anti-dengue activity in aqueous and ethanol extracts of mangrove plants from Sabah

Evaluation of Phyto components in the Ethanolic Extract from Launaea Nudicaulis

Launaea nudicaulis is a significant medicinal plant with anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antidiabetic and antibacterial properties. In the present study, we have studied the phytochemical analysis of Launaea nudicaulis leaf extract by using NMR and GC-MS technique. According to the preliminary phytochemical analysis, identify the various active ingredients. For the purposes GC-MS study was suggested to look into the organic compounds of the unique drug Launaea nudicaulis. From the results, Launaea nudicaulis' ethanolic whole plant extract was found 11 different phytochemical compounds. The GC-MS analysis confirmed their presence various Phenyl methyl esters of 6, 9, and 12-octadecatrienoic acid (368) and Phytol (296) Molecular weight compounds. Squalene, an important chemical, was identified in the fraction using a GC-MS analysis, with an 80% match rate. By analyzing the extract using spectroscopy, 1HNMR 13C NMR and GC-MS techniques, the compound squalene could be identified.

Penentuan Kadar Fenolik Total Ekstrak Etanol Tanaman Betadin (Jatropha multifida L.) Secara Spektrofotometri

The Betadine plant (Jatropha multifida L.) is one of the Indonesian medicinal plants which is empirically widely used to treat various types of infections. The Betadine plant (Jatropha multifida L.) is known to contain phenolic compounds which have antioxidant activity and have bactericidal, antiseptic and anthelmintic properties. In this study, the total phenolic content of the ethanol extract of the Betadin plant (Jatropha multifida L.) was determined spectrophotometrically using the Folin Ciocalteu method. Gallic acid was used as a standard comparison solution in this study. From the absorbance measurement results, a linear regression equation Ŷ = 0.624 + 0.001x was obtained with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.996. The total phenolic content in Betadin plants is 0.80115% w/w which is calculated as gallic acid

Identification of antidiabetic inhibitors from Allophylus villosus and Mycetia sinensis by targeting α-glucosidase and PPAR-γ: In-vitro, in-vivo, and computational evidence

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder arising from insulin deficiency and defectiveness of the insulin receptor functioning on transcription factor where the body loses control to regulate glucose metabolism in β-cells, pancreatic and liver tissues to homeostat glucose level. Mainstream medicines used for DM are incapable of restoring normal glucose homeostasis and have side effects where medicinal plant-derived medicine administrations have been claimed to cure diabetes or at least alleviate the significant symptoms and progression of the disease by the traditional practitioners. This study focused on screening phytocompounds and their pharmacological effects on anti-hyperglycemia on Swiss Albino mice of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extract of both plants Mycetia sinensis and Allophylus villosus as well as the in-silico investigations. Qualitative screening of phytochemicals and total phenolic and flavonoid content estimation were performed significantly in vitro analysis. FTIR and GC–MS analysis précised the functional groups and phytochemical investigations where FTIR scanned 14, 23 & 17 peaks in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of Mycetia sinensis whereas the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of Allophylus villosus scanned 11 peaks, 18 peaks, and 29 peaks, respectively. In GC–MS, 24 chemicals were identified in Mycetia sinensis extracts, whereas 19 were identified in Allophylus villosus extracts. Moreover, both plants' ethyl acetate and ethanol fractioned extracts were reported significantly (p < 0.05) with concentrations of 250 mg and 500 mg on mice for oral glucose tolerance test, serum creatinine test and serum alkaline phosphatase test. In In silico study, a molecular docking study was done on these 43 phytocompounds identified from Mycetia sinensis and Allophylus villosus to identify their binding affinity to the target Alpha Glucosidase (AG) and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma protein (PPARG). Therefore, ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) analysis, quantum mechanics-based DFT (density-functional theory), and molecular dynamics simulation were done to assess the effectiveness of the selected phytocompounds. According to the results, phytocompounds such as 2,4-Dit-butyl phenyl 5-hydroxypentanoate and Diazo acetic acid (1S,2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl obtained from Mycetia sinensis and Allophylus villosus extract possess excellent antidiabetic activities.

Antimalarial Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Azadirachta indica and Ocimum gratissimum, and Their Histologic Effects on Some Organs (Liver, Kidney and Heart) of Plasmodium berghei Infected Albino Mice

Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Ociumum gratissimum (clove Basil) have long been employed locally for the management of malaria. The present study compared antimalaria activities of the ethanolic leaf extracts of the individual plants, and assessed their combined effects on some organs of malaria-infected mice, at the Parasitology and Histopathology units, Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Owerri, from January to March, 2021. The leaves of the different plants were extracted with absolute ethanol (BDL 95%) for the test. Clean albino mice were experimentally infected intraperitoneally with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK65 strain. Parasitaemia level was determined before parasite inoculation and at 24 hours post treatment period. Histopathological study on the liver, kidney, and heart was carried out using the Paraffin Setions method. Extracts of the leaves were administered orally, while chloroquine administration was intramuscular. The efficacy of the leaf extracts was tested on the P. berghei infected albino mice using the 4-day curative test. The lethal median dose (LD50) recorded for neem and clove basil leaf extracts were 31.62 and 1246.9 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Significant activity against the parasite was produced by infected mice treated with extracts of A. indica and O. gratissimum, and their combinations throughout the treatment period (P&lt;.05). Highest reduction of parasitaemia was observed on day 4. Maximum parasitaemia reduction (78.65%) was attained with 30mg/kg of the combined extracts on the 7th day. Mild pathological lesions were observed in mice treated with A. indica leaf extract. These observations indicate better anti-malaria activity of the combination therapy as compared with the individual extracts of A. indica and O. grassimum, and indicate good antimalarial and protective roles of the plant extracts on the parasitized mice at large, as it slows down development of resistance.

Diverse terpenoid glycosides with in vitro cytotoxicity from Glechoma longituba

Terpenoids are the largest class of all known natural products, possessing structural diversity and numerous biological activities. Ten previously undescribed terpenoid glycosides, glechlongsides A-J (1–10), were isolated from the ethanol extract of the whole plant of Glechoma longituba, including diterpenoid glycoside and pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin. The structures of these compounds were characterized by extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR as well as HRESIMS spectra. In addition, glechlongsides F–I (6–9) exhibited weak cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines BGC-823, Be1, HCT-8, A2780, and A549 with IC50 values ranging from 3.77 to 30.95 μM, respectively.