Eternal Themes Research Articles

Modern Arabic Literature. “The Breaker” Edwar Al-Kharrat

The article is devoted to the developing of modernism in Arabic prose and the art of one of the most prominent figures of this trend - Edwar al-Kharrat (1926-2015). The end of the dominance of the classical novel exactly in the first half of the 20th century and the turn of the generation of the 60s to new artistic techniques is directly associated with the historical events of 1967 (Six-Day War). It is noted that one of the consequences of these events for literature was the change of discourse - from revival (an-Nahda) to defeat (an-Naksa). The artistic method of Edwar al-Kharrat is characterized in detail on the examples of his early story “Station” and the novel “Rama and the Dragon”, which was included in the top ten Arabic-language novels of all time by the Union of Arab Writers. The authors distinguish thematic blocks in the works of al-Kharrat: the eternal themes of love, life and suffering, which are passed through Hellenistic and Middle Eastern mythologies and Christian philosophy. Such techniques of al-Kharrat as playing with the chronotope, narration through the subjective perception, attention to sensations, replacing the plot with a description, using dichotomy - the opposition of male and female, Christianity and Islam etc. are highlighted. Also the authors stress the significance of al-Kharrat's theoretical works on literature, where the artistic method, defined by him as a “new sensibility” and opposed by critics to what was called “al-Mahfuzia”, is comprehended. The question is raised about the role of al-Kharrat in the history of the latest literature of the Arab countries, while the authors try to remove the contradiction that is seen in the inimitability of al-Kharrat and his simultaneous fundamental influence on subsequent generations of prose writers.

A Control Approach of the Roof in No-Pillar Roadway Formed by Roof Cutting and Pressure Releasing

Roof control is one of the eternal themes of mine pressure theory, and it is also a key step of roadway formed by roof cutting. Based on the analysis of abutment pressure distribution, the viewpoint of controlling roadway roof by roof cutting distance is put forward according to the failure limit of roadway roof, and the calculation method of roof cutting distance is given. Based on the Qiuji coal mine’s background, the numerical and field test study is conducted to verify the theoretical analysis, and the allowable variation range of roof cutting distance is obtained. The research shows that the roof cutting distance, abutment pressure, and roadway deformation are closely related. By controlling the roof cutting distance, the roadway roof can be placed in the low-stress area, the roadway deformation can be reduced, and the support cost can be saved. This study provides a theoretical basis for explaining the roadway’s abnormal mine pressure and controlling the roadway roof by roof cutting.

Генологічні моделі оповіді в поезіях у прозі Поля Верлена

The aim of the article is to study the specific features of the narration in Paul Verlaine’s prose poems. Historical and genetic origins of prose poems were analyzed. We observed that poems in prose became extremely popular at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries, meeting the demands of modernism regarding the change of the aesthetic canons through the renewal of artistic systems and types of narration. The prose poems sketches are characteristic of subtlety in reproducing the personal experience, in subtle play of the colours and chiaroscuro which create impressions, moods and association. The exterior details, landscapes, nature become the means of conveying ambivalent emotional process. The research describes, analyzes and generalizes the narrative models of the prose poems by Paul Verlaine, on the material of his “Mémoires d’un veuf” (“The Memoirs by a Widower”). Research methodology is based on integrated use of systematic, philosophical aesthetic approaches; cultural-historical, contextual, biographic methods; theoretical studies carried out with narrative typologies and methodological analysis of the main narrative strategies as important components of the artistic storytelling in the text. We define narration as the system of principles of constitution of the text at the deep level of its formation in complete agreement with the nature of the narration featuring the following components: specific traits of the organization of the chain of episodes; way of presentation of the writer’s theme; presentation order of events; focalization as a condition node, that affects the perception and reproduction of events; presentation type of statements and opinions of characters in the text. The basis of the model division of narration types in prose poems is the syncretic nature of the genre, which involves interpenetration of epic and lyrical principles, «superimposement» of some modifications. Depending on the dominance of certain genealogical elements and stylistic dominating idea of the work, the contexture of the narration is prevailed by epic-realistic or lyrical-impressionistic components. It has been found that according to the plot-compositional structure, the works of the epic-realistic block are divided into two categories: the first category has the dominance of the linear principle, the second – of the fragmentary construction principle with the strengthening of aestheticization and intellectualization. The works of the lyrical-impressionistic model contain an internal psychologized plot, attention to feelings and changes in emotional state, stylistic syncretism, an appeal to «eternal themes». The position of the lyrical hero, personal authorial experience, is closely connected with lyrical semantics.

ОРФИЧЕСКИЙ МИФ В ЛИРИКЕ И. БРОДСКОГО И Б. РЫЖЕГО

The article analyzes the peculiarities of incorporating the Orphic myth in I. Brodsky and B. Ryzhy's poems. Using two I. Brodsky's works as an example, the authors prove that the myth of Orpheus can be incorporated into the poem structure not only directly, but also through the details of the myth without mentioning particular names. It is often not so much the proper names as the cultural context that is important for understanding cultural images. In his works, Brodsky can slightly modify the classical myth, deviate from the canon, and use variations of certain episodes; in Brodsky's poetry, the Orphic myth is sacralized. Certain excerpts from the poem Zophia were the basis for analyzing Brodsky's understanding of Orphism and the peculiarities of interpreting Orpheus' image through the image of Jesus Christ. In turn, the analysis of the poem “Singing without Music” proves the thesis that it is possible to “tell” the Orphic myth without mentioning Orpheus. The Orphic myth was studied in B. Ryzhy's work on the basis of the poems Orpheus, Over the Houses, and Remember the Rain on Titov Street. In B. Ryzhy's lyrics, the myth of Orpheus undergoes no changes, its integrity is intact; the poet uses the story of Orpheus to convey the strongest feelings of love. Whoever the subject of the poetic statement is in Ryzhy's verses, the themes of the works, incorporating the Orphic myth into their structure, remain unchanged. Using mythological imagery in the lyrics of Brodsky and Ryzhy helps to reveals eternal themes significant to either poet. It is necessary, however, to realize that different motifs in the Orpheus story prove to be important to these two authors. For I. Brodsky, closeness between the images of Orpheus and Christ, the divinity of the creative gift is significant; for B. Ryzhy, the love motif of the myth, the eternity and sincere love between two people, comes to the fore.

Hegel as an atheist and intuitivist in the interpretations of Alexandre Kozhève and Nikolay Lossky

The Russian exiled philosophers Alexander Kozhevnikov (Alexandre Kozhève) and Nikolay Lossky, who had to leave Russia in the 1920s, gave paradoxical interpretations of Hegel’s work: Kozhève treated Hegel as an atheist whereas Lossky interpreted him as an intuitivist. Both philosophers have influenced the development of Western European philosophy and contemporary understanding of Hegel’s texts. The history of Russian philosophy would be poorer if we forget that Kozhevnikov acquired recognition as a French philosopher Kozhève only at a mature age. A strong influence on Kozhève’s treatment of Christianity was exerted by Vladimir Soloviev’s philosophy, to which he devoted his first dissertation under the guidance of Karl Jaspers. His attention to the Christian understanding of love as an endless power over the finite manifestations of spirit, which was expounded upon/revealed in his course of lectures on Hegel, enjoyed great popularity in France and influenced the formation of eminent philosophers. Hegel’s atheism in Kozhève’s interpretation is not a denial of religion, since religion and philosophy have common interests applied to eternal themes; they differ only in methods of the cognition of the Absolute. The logic of the anthropological interpretation of Hegel led Kozhève to the rationalization of religion by elevating philosophy over it. Hegel’s atheistic anthropology turned his study into a summary of religious evolution, with theology eventually ousted by anthropology. Nikolay Lossky, who had written a book on intuitivism before the revolution, in his creative work abroad extended his notion of intuitivism by calling Hegel an extreme intuitivist. He based this conclusion on Hegel’s upholding of the principle of the identity of thinking and being, that is following the logic of an object in cognition. The possibility to eliminate the contradiction between knowledge and being, about which Hegel wrote, is interpreted by Lossky as intuitivism and even empiricism.

Axiology of “Russian“ in the prose of Jaroslav Rudiš

The article is devoted to the assessment of the “Russian” aspect in Czech history and culture based on the prose of Jaroslav Rudiš. Jaroslav Rudiš, one of the most prominent contemporary Czech writers, was born in Turnov (1972). Since the publishing of “The Sky under Berlin” (2002), his work has positively attracted the attention of critics and has won a wider community of readers, which is evidenced by several reprints of his books and a considerable interest in the new one. Jaroslav Rudiš distinguishes himself from the other modern Czech authors by the ability to soberly, aptly and relevantly describe the problems of contemporaries. His characters are people who personally experienced the “whiff ” of the history and felt changes in Czech society over the second half of the 20th century. Despite the fact that Rudiš does not write explicitly about Russia, does not talk about the eternal themes of Russian philosophy and culture and does not discuss positive or negative aspects of Russian influence on international politics, he shows the impact of the “Russian” aspect on the course of the newest Czech history quite accurately and ironically, although infrequently. Russia and the “Russian” in the prose of the author are mentioned in connection with the events in the lives of individual heroes who perceive the Russian aspect as given and periodically interacting with their lives depending on the circumstances. The views of his characters are ambiguous: they are not strictly negative with regard to important events, but they are not thoughtlessly positive, when the breathtaking spirit and depriving rational thinking of the wonderful creative ability of the Russian soul are praised. The tonality of Rudiš’s prose is comparable to Dovlatov’s irony of the “Reserve” or to the poetry of the Yerofeyev’s “Moscow − Petushki”. The study of Rudish’s prose was carried out by the method of excerpt from the available Czech texts of the writer. Axiological characteristics (more than 120 citations from 7 works of the author) relevant for representing the image of the “Russian” in Czech literature were analyzed from the point of view of imagological criteria.the religious feeling.

VITAL-HISTORICAL AND ETERNAL THEMES IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S NOVELS

In the study of literature the themes of fiction are divided into vital-historical and eternal themes. Vital-historical themes refer to the conditions resulted in character upbringing in the socio-historical situation and they can’t exist outside of this certain time and place. The eternal themes indicate the repeated events in all the periods of all the nations. The combination of several themes in one work is expressed in literary studies with the concept of “thematic”. When faced with such a situation, one or two major themes may be separated, and the rest should be explored as secondary. The objective of this paper is to seek to remedy these problems by analyzing the novels “The Kite Runner” and “A Thousand Splendid Suns” by Afghan-American writer Khaled Hosseini in terms of vital-historical and eternal themes. The data collected from the detailed analysis of the texts of Hosseini’s novels mentioned above by applying biographic method. The research results in proving the fact that the writer’s talent lies on fastening the theme of Afghanistan equally in his all three books pre-in- post Taliban periods and in addition to this he can indicate his own personal perspective towards the issues stated in the events. Hosseini could fulfill his task in describing his desire and Afghan people in each part of the world for the blessed peace that the nation couldn’t witness for a long time. Moreover, the themes of children and childhood, women and womanhood or family traditions can be found regularly in all the novels indicated above to strengthen the core meaning of what is being Afghan and what is living in Afghanistan. This study is an effort to unfold the significance of literary characteristics of the novels those mentioned above. The study concludes that Khaled Hosseini applied the vital-historical and eternal themes in his three novels to illustrate the objective picture of Afghanistan pre-in-post Taliban period.

The Tragic Experience of Insight in the Memorial Literary Texts of Russian Journalism, Poetry, Art and Architecture of the 1940s

The article, brought to the attention of readers, develops the outlined sections of the author’s report “The Theme of Death and Immortality in the Fine Arts of the Modern and Contemporary Times” presented at the conference of the Research Institute of Theory and History of Fine Arts of the Russian Academy of Arts (November 21-22, 2019). The initiators of the conference explained their choice of one of the global and eternal themes of world art related to the very essence of the existence of humankind and each person by the fact that if ethnologists and culturologists have systematically studied certain aspects of thanatology, the existing extensive art material has yet to be brought together. Of the priority areas proposed by the conference program compilers, the author of this article chooses to say: “There is no death!”: the theme of immortality, resurrection, eternal and repetitive life in art”. The theme of memory, which occupied an important place in the art of the Great Patriotic War, is the subject of research of the published article. It is most fully expressed in such a field of creative and scientific thought of the war years as memorial architecture. Widely held contests for the projects of monuments became a noticeable phenomenon of the artistic life of those years, and the graphic works were included in the valuable fund of Russian cultural heritage. Observing the birth of a new monument, the author of the article notes that memory and remembrance concepts underwent significant changes during the war years. The attitude to memory became an essential measurement of the very concept of memoriality, its worldview, semantic and symbolic content. Identifying the ways of interaction of the perceiving, experiencing, and interpreting consciousness, during which the mythologeme of "return" begins to be realized, a kind of regeneration of damaged cultural tissues takes place, is the purpose of this small study. The review of the archetypal concepts of “Life, Death, Immortality”, these main subjects in the works of literature, fine art, and wartime architecture, allows us to see what significant qualitative changes occurred in the spiritual world of an individual and led to profound changes in the artistic and cultural process in general.

Enhanced carbide tool life by the electromagnetic coupling field for sustainable manufacturing

The effective extension of tool life while maintaining machining quality is an important research topic in advanced machining and sustainable manufacturing. Cemented carbide is widely used as the tool material in different manufacturing processes, and it has various forms and work ranges. However, the internal flaw in the tool material can induce a micro-crack which could result in the decrease of tool strength and toughness, and affect the tool life. Improving the tool cutting performance, slowing down the tool wear, and enhancing production efficiency are the eternal themes of cutting tool research. This research focused on a P10 cemented carbide tool. The influences of the electromagnetic coupling field (TEMCP) on the carbide tool life and the maximum of tool force are investigated. The correlation analysis between the TEMCP parameters and the tool life index is conducted using SPSS. The experiment proves that the TEMCP can significantly prolong the cemented carbide tool life, and that the magnetic intensity is a dominant factor. The TEMCP enriches the field technology theory and provides technical support for the sustainable manufacturing and research and development of a high-performance tool with important scientific meaning and research potential.

Genre and style features of creative heritage by Mark Karminskyi: educational and methodological aspects

Genre and style features of creative heritage by Mark Karminskyi: educational and methodological aspects

ФОЛЬКЛОРНИЙ НАРАТИВ У КОНТЕКСТІ РОМАНУ «ЩОДЕННИК МАВКИ» ДАРИ КОРНІЙ: ДО ПРОБЛЕМИ ТЕКСТУ у ТЕКСТІ

The formulation of the problem says about experimenting with content and form as a creative method of Dara Korniy. Artistic (14 books) and research (2 books) achievements of the Ukrainian writer gives the opportunity to learn about culture, ideology, ancient beliefs of our ancestors. However, the writer successfully combines mythology and modernity, eternal themes and problems of modern society in her novels. This result is achieved through the reception of the game – with characters, with plot, with traditions. Researchers of Dara Korniy’s creativity determine its belonging to the genre of fantasy relevant in the modern literary process. Analysis of publications and researches of the novel «Mavka’s Diary» showed that critics paid attention to the mosaic composition, mythopoetics, allusions and reminiscences, the image making in it. Therefore, among the previously unselected problems is the frequent inclusion of various texts in the context of the novel. Among the expressive intertextuality with echoes in domestic and foreign classics, we especially single out folklore narratives. To analyze this problem, a leading historical-comparative method is used, which helped to compare the content of folklore texts with their meanings and functions in the novel «Mavka’s Diary». It is emphasized that proverbs and sayings are most noticeable in the artistic world of the novel. They describe the characters, their way of life, inner world, mainly. It is observed that some paremias were used by the writer in their original sound and meaning, some were adapted and endowed with new meaning. Also in the context of the novel two lullabies «sound», which help to reveal the mental state of Magdalena-Mavka. Situations and their material content have been analyzed, where family and household lyric is arising and emphasizing the borderline state of the main character. The situation of choice in a woman's life is also complemented by Chumak songs. The philosophical issues in the novel are emphasized by parables. The parable of the woman and the parable of the seeds both emphasize the role of art in Olexiy-Mamay’s life. The protagonist of the novel is artist and parables demonstrate his path to the main vocation. The conclusions state that the novel «Mavka's Diary» continues the literary tradition – a close connection with folklore. Mostly folk narratives help to highlight the temper of the characters and more clearly convey complicated situations. Such texts are partly inserted to the dialogues of the characters, to the inner speech of the protagonists and nominate the chapter of the novel. Prospects of research problems of the text in the context of large prose are seen in the tracking of literary inclusions in the novel «Mavka’s Diary», which will demonstrate the stylistic manner of Dara Korniy.

Rachmaninov. “Six choirs for children’s or women’s voices”: specific of interpretation of the genre

Rachmaninov. “Six choirs for children’s or women’s voices”: specific of interpretation of the genre

Феномен Гузели Яхиной (к восприятию романа „Зулейха открывает глаза”)

В статье анализируются значимые аспекты романа Г. Яхиной Зулейха открывает глаза и его восприятие критикой. В частности, рассматриваются связи художественного мира романа с традициями русской литературы в изображении «естественного человека», особенности звучания вечных тем любви, материнства, веры, становления личности, своеобразие раскрытия темы репрессий 1930-х годов. Осмыслены основные тенденции суждений критиков и рецензентов, сделана попытка объяснить причины успеха романа у читателей.

Rules of anti-infection therapy for sepsis and septic shock.

Objective:Sepsis is a deadly infection that causes injury to tissues and organs. Infection and anti-infective treatment are the eternal themes of sepsis. The successful control of infection is a key factor of resuscitation for sepsis and septic shock. This review examines evidence for the treatment of sepsis. This evidence is combined with clinical experiments to reveal the rules and a standard flowchart of anti-infection therapy for sepsis.Data Sources:We retrieved information from the PubMed database up to October 2018 using various search terms and their combinations, including sepsis, septic shock, infection, antibiotics, and anti-infection.Study Selection:We included data from peer-reviewed journals printed in English on the relationships between infections and antibiotics.Results:By combining the literature review and clinical experience, we propose a 6Rs rule for sepsis and septic shock management: right patients, right time, right target, right antibiotics, right dose, and right source control. This rule encompasses rational decisions regarding the timing of treatment, the identification of the correct pathogen, the selection of appropriate antibiotics, the formulation of a scientifically based antibiotic dosage regimen, and the adequate control of infectious foci.Conclusions:This review highlights how to recognize and treat sepsis and septic shock and provides rules and a standard flowchart for anti-infection therapy for sepsis and septic shock for use in the clinical setting.

BIBLE MOTIVES AND IMAGES IN THE CREATIVITY OF T. Shavchenko and B. Lepkiy

BIBLE MOTIVES AND IMAGES IN THE CREATIVITY OF T. Shavchenko and B. Lepkiy

Тема Memento mori в творчестве В.Ф. Одоевского

V.F. Odoyevsky sensitively sensed the binary oppositions of the material and transcendent worlds, continued in his work the philosophical comprehension of the themes of Memento mori and Vanitas. This article presents an analysis of thanatological discourse in the first Russian philosophical novel "Russian Nights", which includes fantastic stories, thoughts on eternal themes, and stories based on real events from Russian life.

Рецепция А. П. Чехова в русской «женской прозе» конца XX — начала XXI веков

The problem of literary traditions continuity, namely the influence of the literary heritage of A. P. Chekhov on contemporary Russian women’s prose is examined. The women’s prose in this article is considered as a literary and social phenomenon, which has some peculiarities in the artistic depiction of reality. In particular, women’s prose is characterized by accentuation on spiritual qualities of character, his / her inner world, feelings, inner struggle. It is noted that in the constant treatment of women writers to A. P. Chekhov’s works the author of the article sees gender base: contemporary writers are close to the topic of the origin of the feelings against the background of everyday hustle and bustle in his works, misunderstanding of the characters and, as a consequence, their loneliness. In addition, women writers often turn to books with memorable female characters, having typical features. Material for the study were the works by the famous contemporary Russian women writers: L. Ulitskaya, L. Petrushevskaya, T. Tolstaya, V. Tokareva, D. Rubina. The author concludes that the obvious intertextual links with the Chekhov’s pretext can be traced in their works, shows the influence of Chekhov’s ideas on the works of representatives of Russian women’s prose of the present time, and at the same time notes that women writers originally interpret the eternal themes of love and loneliness.

Universal Situation as a Literary-Semantic Phenomenon: On the Example of Works by N.S. Leskov

The starting point of the research was the understanding of the fact that a literary work is created and exists in a particular social and cultural area and that a writer is guided by existential universals, eternal themes, motives, images, typological genre components and poetical means. The individual style of an author is revealed by the presentation of universal situations and his perception of them. In the works by N.S. Leskov the key universal situations are transfiguration of a person and the world by a righteous man, leaving home and a comeback, deception. The realization of a universal situation of transfiguration of the world and a man are impossible without some righteous activity performed by characters. Righteous characters are able to increase their spiritual grace and with the help of it to transfigure space and time, the world and mankind. The situation of leaving and coming back home is connected with Leskov’s idea that a home is a place which is full of peace, coziness. It correlates with the concept of a home in Russian culture and is the basis of the author’s world vision peculiarities. Referring to such situation the writer illustrates the degradation of a person who has lost his home as well as his renunciation of roots and loss of moral landmarks. The universal situation of deception in Leskov’s Christmas tales has an effect of a distorting mirror, a change in value landmarks (from material and spiritual), moral lesson that highlights the axiological perception of the writer. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s7p91

A Study of Coupling Relationship between Financial Supervision and Innovation: Based on the Data of China’s Commercial Bank Listed in the Form of A Shares

Financial supervision and financial innovation of commercial banks are the two eternal themes of modern financial development, the research of relationship between financial supervision and innovation has become the focus of financial sector research. Based on the study of financial supervision and innovation index of commercial banks, this paper establishes a coupling model for financial supervision and innovation of commercial banks and conducts an empirical research based on data contained annual reports of commercial banks listed in the form of A Shares, with results showing that financial supervision and innovation of domestic listed commercial banks are at the stage of moderate coupling, upon which relevant suggestions are concluded.

Financial Engineering and the Risk Management of Commercial Banks

Risk management is one of the eternal themes of the commercial banks. Face unprecedented and increasingly complex financial risks, bankers are increasingly aware that the tools based data which analyze number of traditional risk management is not comprehensive and flexible. To effectively prevent and resolve commercial bank operating risks, enhance the core competitiveness of commercial banks and achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to develop financial engineering as an opportunity for the traditional risk management tools to conduct a holistic deep integration.