Total Cost Estimates Research Articles

Green finance in green building needs under the Paris Agreement

Green building (GB) is a key mitigation and adaptation measure in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of Parties to the Paris Agreement. This paper explores the potential of green finance (GF) to support country efforts to shift from conventional construction to GB and to promote green renovations in existing buildings (GREB) within the context of the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement. Through a meta-synthesis of new or updated country NDCs, we provide, first, a comprehensive qualitative overview of country perspectives on GF-in-GB needs. Second, we examine the role of domestic finance, international financial support, and fiscal policy reforms toward GB and GREB implementation. Finally, the role of financing actors in promoting GF-in-GB-and-GREB is discussed. The analysis of new or updated NDCs revealed that only 20 of the 42 countries reviewed provide clear cost estimates for proposed climate-related buildings and construction activities. Developed countries account for more than 80% of total cost estimates. The majority of developing country adaptation and mitigation efforts are contingent on international climate (green) finance. While certain domestic finance sources are mentioned, the majority of countries emphasize the need for (international or national) fiscal policy reforms to help finance climate action. The findings of the study could serve as a useful reference to Parties when developing future NDCs.

Early oral stepdown antibiotic therapy versus continuing intravenous therapy for uncomplicated Gram-negative bacteraemia (the INVEST trial): study protocol for a multicentre, randomised controlled, open-label, phase III, non-inferiority trial

BackgroundThe incidence of Gram-negative bacteraemia is rising globally and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The majority of patients with Gram-negative bacteraemia initially receive intravenous (IV) antibiotic therapy. However, it remains unclear whether patients can step down to oral antibiotics after appropriate clinical response has been observed without compromising outcomes. Compared with IV therapy, oral therapy eliminates the risk of catheter-associated adverse events, enhances patient quality of life and reduces healthcare costs. As current management of Gram-negative bacteraemia entails a duration of IV therapy with limited evidence to guide oral conversion, we aim to evaluate the clinical efficacy and economic impact of early stepdown to oral antibiotics.MethodsThis is an international, multicentre, randomised controlled, open-label, phase III, non-inferiority trial. To be eligible, adult participants must be clinically stable / non-critically ill inpatients with uncomplicated Gram-negative bacteraemia. Randomisation to the intervention or standard arms will be performed with 1:1 allocation ratio. Participants randomised to the intervention arm (within 72 h from index blood culture collection) will be immediately switched to an oral fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Participants randomised to the standard arm will continue to receive IV therapy for at least 24 h post-randomisation before clinical re-assessment and decision-making by the treating doctor. The recommended treatment duration is 7 days of active antibiotics (including empiric therapy), although treatment regimen may be longer than 7 days if clinically indicated. Primary outcome is 30-day all-cause mortality, and the key secondary outcome is health economic evaluation, including estimation of total healthcare cost as well as assessment of patient quality of life and number of quality-adjusted life years saved. Assuming a 30-day mortality of 8% in the standard and intervention arms, with 6% non-inferiority margin, the target sample size is 720 participants which provides 80% power with a one-sided 0.025 α-level after adjustment for 5% drop-out.DiscussionA finding of non-inferiority in efficacy of oral fluoroquinolones or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus IV standard of care antibiotics may hypothetically translate to wider adoption of a more cost-effective treatment strategy with better quality of life outcomes.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.govNCT05199324. Registered 20 January 2022.

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Costs of Severe Maternal Morbidity.

The objectives of this study were to include readmissions and physician costs in the estimates of total costs of severe maternal morbidity (SMM), to consider the effect of SMM on maternal length of stay (LOS), and to examine these for the more restricted definition of SMM that excludes transfusion-only cases. California linked birth certificate-patient discharge data for 2009 through 2011 (n=1,262,862) with complete costs and LOS were used in a secondary data analysis. Cost-to-charge ratios were used to estimate costs from charges, adjusting for inflation. Physician payments were estimated from the mean payments for specific diagnosis-related groups. Generalized linear models estimated the association between SMM and costs and LOS. Excluding readmissions and physician costs, SMM was associated with a 60% increase in hospital costs (marginal effect [ME] $3,550) and a 33% increase in LOS (ME 0.9days). These increased to 70% (ME $5,806) and 46% (ME 1.3days) when physician costs and readmissions were included. The effects of SMM were roughly one-half as large for patients who only required a blood transfusion (49% [ME $4,056] and 31% [ME 0.9days]) as for patients who had another indicator for SMM (93% [ME $7,664] and 62% [ME 1.7days]). Postpartum hospital readmissions and physician costs are important and previously unreported contributors to the costs of SMM. Excess costs and LOS associated with SMM vary considerably by indication. Cost effects were larger than the LOS effects, indicating that SMM increases treatment intensity beyond increasing LOS, and decreasing SMM may have broader health and cost benefits than previously understood.

The Return on Investment value of integrating the WHO Patient Safety Curriculum in Nursing Diploma: Forecasting case study

ObjectivesTo forecast the monetary impact by using Return on Investment (ROI) when integrating the World Health Organization (WHO) patient safety curriculum within the two years of an active diploma duration for 2019 and 2021 classes based on reported Hospital-Acquired Pressure Ulcers (HAPU) events. MethodsDuring this cross-sectional study, we compared the financial impact of integrating the WHO Patient Safety Curriculum in one 2-year diploma program in Saudi Hospital for class 2019 and 2021. All 51 qualified students were identified and included in this study. Demographic and patient safety perceptions for all students in both categories were analyzed and supported by historical data and students' feedback. ResultsThe whole revenue estimation for unaffiliated students' fees during one program was found higher than the total estimated benefits from forecasting. The total monetary cost estimation was higher than the integrated Diploma's cost during the program that was paid once. The ROI is (−7.73%). The HAPU percentage was lower than the MOH benchmark. The highest mean was for the personal attitude to patient safety, and the lowest was for knowledge of error and patient safety (4.05 ± 0.66 and 3.33 ± 0.74, respectively). ConclusionsThe study indicated a negative value from business perspectives; however, the projected multiple intangible benefits on education and training of the health sector are significant.

Optimal placement of remote-controlled switches in distribution networks considering load forecasting

The application of long-term load forecasting (LTLF) in solving the problem of optimal placement of remote-controlled switches (RCSs) in distribution networks is considered in this paper. The mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation for the RCSs placement problem is modified to include LTLF results obtained using the proposed reference historical load data model. Different methods are selected and validated in terms of forecasting accuracy. The modified MILP model for RCSs placement problem has been tested on distribution network RBTS-bus4 which has been used extensively for optimal switch placement studies. It is shown that LTLF results could significantly improve the accuracy of total cost estimation when compared to approximated constant annual load increase rates regularly used in previous research papers. Load profiling data have been included in LTLF analysis. The forecasting of annual U.S. dollar values has been performed to additionally improve the optimal solution accuracy. It is highly recommended for distribution companies to consider LTLF before making the final decision on RCSs investment.

Ecological optimization and LCA of TiO2-SiC/ water hybrid nanofluid in a shell and tube heat exchanger by ANN

The current study estimates the environmental impact and cost model for the early-stage design of a shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE). Additionally, the lifecycle analysis (LCA) compares the effects of use of nanofluid in the chemical processing industry to increase the effectiveness of the heat transfer to the typical STHE system. Nanofluids increase heat transfer, as evidenced by the results of the experiments. The Nusselt number and pressure drop were both increased by roughly 65% and 8%, respectively, using 0.5 vol% of TiO2-SiC/water hybrid nanofluid compared to water as coolant. The ecological impact of STHE was estimated as s attribute of Ecological (EF) and total cost estimation function using artificial neural networks (ANN). Finally, the IdematLightLCA (2.8.6 version) software was used to calculate energy content, Carbon footprint, and cost over the lifespan of the baseline. The results show that nanofluid-based STHE has an average payback period considerably longer than typical coolant systems but saves superior economic value at the end of its lifetime. According to the findings, the suggested novel method is both cost-effective and environmentally feasible.

Scheduling and Network Analysis on Cooling Water Pipe Fabrication Project

Optimizing costs and time and manpower planning are very important in project management. The case study raised in this research is a cooling water pipe fabrication project with a processing time duration of 231 days and a project cost allocation of Rp. 306,545,488,000. The method used to control project delays is earned value analysis, and to optimize the project is done by shortening the project duration and minimizing project cost losses using the crash program method. The results of the earned value analysis stated that the project experienced delays, exceeded budget costs and was subject to project delays penalties, which was 340 days of completion time more than 111 days from the planned time and with a total final project cost of Rp.331,813,410,524.46 more than Rp. 25,267,922,524.44 of the costs that have been prepared. Then an effort was made to accelerate the duration of the project with three scenario options. From the results of the crash cost calculation, it is found that the final total cost estimate for scenario 1 with 3 hours overtime is Rp.289,043,553,541. Scenario 2, the estimated total final cost with 4 hours overtime is Rp.289,051,063,021 and scenario 3 the estimated total final cost with the addition of workers is Rp. 289,310.359,861. So, the scenario that can be used by PT. X in order to minimize losses is to impose 3 hours overtime with an estimated total final cost of Rp.289,043,553,541.

Healthcare Utilization and Costs for Musculoskeletal Disorders in Ontario, Canada

To examine the magnitude and costs of ambulatory primary care, specialist physician care, and hospital service use for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in Canada's largest province, Ontario. Administrative health databases were analyzed for fiscal year 2013-2014 for adults aged ≥ 18 years, including data on physician services, emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalizations. International Classification of Diseases diagnostic codes were used to identify MSD services. A validated algorithm was used to estimate direct medical costs. Person-visit rates and numbers of persons and visits were tabulated by care setting, age, sex, and physician specialty. Data were examined for all MSDs combined, as well as for specific diagnostic groupings. Overall, 3.1 million adult Ontarians (28.5%) made over 8 million outpatient physician visits associated with MSDs. These included 5.6 million primary care visits. MSDs accounted for 560,000 (12.3%) of all adult ED visits. Total costs for MSD-related care were $1.6 billion, with 12.6% of costs attributed to primary care, 9.2% to specialist care, 8.6% to ED care, 8.5% to day surgery, and 61.2% associated with inpatient hospitalizations. Costs due to arthritis accounted for 40% of total MSD care costs ($639 million). MSD-related imaging costs were $169 million, yielding a total cost estimate of $1.8 billion for MSDs overall. MSDs place a significant and costly burden on the healthcare system. Health system planning needs to consider the large and escalating demand for care to reduce both the individual and population burden.

Economic Values of Potential Regulation Changes for the Southern Flounder Fishery in Louisiana

AbstractPopulation declines of Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma have reached levels that present management concerns in Louisiana waters. As the need for regulatory change in this fishery approaches, we conducted a survey to better characterize the Southern Flounder fishery in Louisiana, with two primary goals: (1) determining a value for the economic welfare provided by the fishery and (2) evaluating how this value might change in response to hypothetical regulation scenarios. Based on total travel cost estimates, the aggregate economic value of the Southern Flounder fishery among coastal Louisiana anglers reached an estimated US$119.7 million; however, this value primarily stems from anglers targeting multiple species during their coastal angling trips, as the value of the Southern Flounder fishery while only accounting for anglers that solely targeted this species amounted to an estimated $8.4 million. Respondents revealed strong levels of supportiveness for all regulation scenarios that increased limitations on allowable harvest for Southern Flounder. None of the hypothetical regulation scenarios led to significant behavioral responses in the expected number of coastal angling trips taken, leaving the economic value of coastal Louisiana fisheries unchanged. The results of our study illustrate the relatively inconsequential nature of Southern Flounder regulations upon the behavior of coastal Louisiana anglers. The information gathered by this survey can be used to guide the decision‐making process in developing a sustainable management strategy that is supported by stakeholders and that keeps the strong economic values of coastal Louisiana fisheries intact.

The Analysis of Cost Estimation using Cost Significant Model on Bridge Construction in South Sulawesi

One of the fundamental problems faced by the province of South Sulawesi is the factor of accessibility, so the role of bridges is quite important. For this reason, the budget planning for standard bridge construction projects also needs to be efficient in terms of preparation and accurate in terms of budget. The Cost Significant Model is one of the total construction cost estimation models that relies more on the prices that have the most influence on the total project cost as the basis for estimation. In general, this study uses data from steel frame bridge construction projects in South Sulawesi Province to formulate a mathematical model with linear regression analysis so that it can be used in the process of estimating similar projects going forward. The Estimation Model which is formed from the regression analysis and the Cost Significant Model in this study, namely; Y = 3.884 (X7) + 0.989 (X8) - 65515.372. With; Y = Estimated Total Cost (Rp/m); X7 = Reinforcement Work Cost (Rp/m); X8 = Steel Frame Structure Work Cost (Rp/m). Where this model can explain 99.7% of the total project cost with a cost model factor of 1.038. The level of accuracy (percentage error estimate) of the estimation results of the Cost Significant Model in this study ranges from - 1.46% to +2.45%.

Techno-Economic Assessment of Fuel Cycle Facility of System Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor (SMART)

The economic assessment of advanced nuclear power reactors is very important, specifically during the early stages of concept design. Therefore, a study was performed to calculate the total cost estimation of fuel cycle supply for a system modular advanced reactor (SMART) by using the Generation-IV economic program called G4-ECONS (Generation 4 Excel-based Calculation of Nuclear Systems). In this study, the detailed description of each model and methodology are presented including facility, operations, construction matrix, post-production model, and fuel cycle cost estimation model. Based on these models, six Generation-III+ and Generation-IV nuclear reactors were simulated, namely System 80+ with benchmark data, System 80+ with uranium oxide (UOx) and mixed oxide (MOx) fuel assemblies, fast reactor, PBMR (Pebble Bed Modular Reactor), and PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor), with partially closed and benchmarked cases. The total levelized costs of these reactors were obtained, and it was observed that PBMR showed the lowest cost. The research was extended to work on the SMART reactor to calculate the total levelized fuel cycle cost, capital cost, capital component cost, fraction of capital spent, and sine curve spent pattern. To date, no work is being reported to calculate these parameters for the SMART reactor. It was observed that SMART is the most cost-effective reactor system among other proven and advanced pressurized water-based reactor systems. The main objective of the research is to verify and validate the G4-ECONS model to be used for other innovative nuclear reactors.

Programmatic Costs of the Telehealth Ostomy Self-Management Training: An Application of Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing

ObjectivesProgrammatic cost assessment of novel clinical interventions can inform their widespread dissemination and implementation. This study aimed to determine the programmatic costs of a telehealth Ostomy Self-Management Training (OSMT) intervention for cancer survivors using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) methodology. MethodsWe demonstrated a step-by-step application of TDABC based on a process map with core OSMT intervention activities and associated procedures and determined resource use and costs, per unit procedure. We also assessed per-patient costs from a payer perspective and provided estimates of total hours and costs by personnel, activity, and procedure. ResultsThe per-patient cost of the OSMT was $1758. Personnel time accounted for 91% of the total cost. Site supervisor and information technology technician time were the most expensive personnel resources. Telehealth technical and communication equipment accounted for 8% of the total cost. Intervention coordination and monitoring efforts represented most of the total time cost (62%), followed by the intervention delivery (35%). The procedures with the highest cost were communication via phone or virtual meetings (24%), email exchanges (18%), and telehealth session delivery (18%). ConclusionsFuture efforts to replicate, disseminate, and implement the OSMT intervention should anticipate funding for nonclinical components of the intervention, including coordination and monitoring, and consider how these activities can be performed most efficiently. For institutions without established telemedicine programs, selection of videoconferencing platforms and adequate staffing for participant technical support should be considered. Our step-by-step application of TDABC serves as a case study demonstrating how interventionists can gather data on resource use and costs of intervention activities concurrently with their collection of trial data.

The value of car ownership and use in the United States

It is widely accepted that consumers underestimate the full cost of car ownership and that correcting this bias could meaningfully accelerate the adoption of shared mobility. Yet this argument fails to consider how much benefit consumers enjoy from owning their own vehicle. Here we estimate the value of private car ownership and use in four US metro areas—Chicago, Illinois; Dallas, Texas; Seattle, Washington; and Washington DC—using online discrete choice experiments. We find that, on average, people would need to be paid $11,197 to give up access to their privately owned vehicle for one year, which is at least as much as estimates of the average total private cost of vehicle ownership (~$9,000). Critically, we find that more than half of this value is non-use value—such as the option to travel whenever or wherever needed at a moment’s notice and the status that comes from owning one’s own vehicle—beyond the use value of getting from A to B. Further, this non-use value was found to be much higher during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings reframe the conversation around the transition away from private vehicle dependence, emphasizing the need to provide value and convenience if alternative mobility solutions are to be widely adopted. A choice experiment shows that perceived benefits of vehicle ownership, including non-use values such as schedule flexibility and status in addition to the transport value, are on average larger than their private costs.

The social costs of health- and climate-related on-road vehicle emissions in the continental United States from 2008 to 2017

Local and state policymakers have become increasingly interested in developing policies that both reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improve local air quality, along with public health. Interest in developing transportation-related policies has grown as transportation became the largest contributing sector to GHG emissions in the United States in 2017. Information on current emissions and health impacts, along with trends over time, is helpful to policymakers who are developing strategies to reduce emissions and improve public health, especially in areas with high levels of transportation-related emissions. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the public health and climate social costs of on-road emissions by linking emissions data generated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to reduced complexity models that provide impacts per ton emitted for pollutants which contribute to ambient fine particulate matter, and the social costs of GHG emissions from on-road transportation. For 2017, social costs totaled $184 billion (min: $78 billion; max: $280 billion) for all on-road emissions from the eight health and climate pollutants that we assessed in the continental U.S. (in $2017 USD). Within this total social cost estimate, health pollutants constituted $93 billion of the social costs (min: $52 billion; max: $146 billion), and climate pollutants constituted $91 billion (min: $26 billion; max: $134 billion). The majority of these social costs came from CO2 followed by NO x emissions from privately owned individual vehicles in urban counties (CO2 contributed $51 billion and NO x contributed $16 billion in social costs from individual vehicles in urban counties). However, it is important to note that not all the attention should be placed solely on individual vehicles. Although the climate social costs of individual vehicle emissions are higher than those from commercial vehicles in urban counties (by two to eight times depending on the climate pollutant), the health social costs of individual vehicle emissions are roughly equal to those from commercial vehicles in urban counties. Regardless of each pollutant’s contributions to the social costs, the highest social benefits from reducing 1 ton of CO2 and its co-pollutants would occur in urban counties, given their high population density.

Convergence Analysis and Cost Estimate of an MLMC-HDG Method for Elliptic PDEs with Random Coefficients

We considered an hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method for discrete elliptic PDEs with random coefficients. By an approach of projection, we obtained the error analysis under the assumption that a(ω,x) is uniformly bounded. Together with the HDG method, we applied a multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) method (MLMC-HDG method) to simulate the random elliptic PDEs. We derived the overall convergence rate and total computation cost estimate. Finally, some numerical experiments are presented to confirm the theoretical results.

Optimization of Fuzzy Model for Signed Distance Method

The research involves the estimation of minimum total cost of an inventory under both stable and imprecise environment. Demand related to unit cost is assumed here. Cost parameters and decision variables are uncertain in nature that are defuzzified by signed distance method. The KKT conditions are applied to optimize the objective function.. Numerical example is contributed to describe the comparison between crisp and fuzzy solutions.

Cost-Effectiveness of Baricitinib for Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis After Methotrexate Failed in China.

IntroductionA phase 3 (RA-BEAM study) clinical trial reported that baricitinib (BCT) + methotrexate (MTX) had clinical improvement compared with adalimumab (ADA) + MTX as a first-line strategy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had inadequate responses to MTX monotherapy. However, from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system, the cost-effectiveness of introducing BCT into current treatment for patients with RA unresponsive to MTX remains unclear.MethodsA patient-level microsimulation model was used to extrapolate the lifetime incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) and other outcomes. This study compared treatment sequences with or without first-line BCT with current treatment sequences, including adalimumab, etanercept, tocilizumab, and palliative care. Effectiveness and physical function were assessed using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20/50/70 response and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). The input parameters of the model, comprising patient characteristics (sex and age) and treatment efficacy (ACR responses and HAQ score), were derived from a phase III clinical trial and network meta-analysis. The total cost estimation included direct costs and indirect costs. Probabilistic and univariate sensitivity analyses were performed, as were a series of scenario analyses.ResultsThe lifetime analysis revealed that adding BCT as a first-line treatment resulted in a QALY gain of 2.66 years; this gain would cost an incremental $26,662, leading to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $10,036/QALY per patient compared with the current treatment sequence. Sensitivity and scenario analyses showed the results to be robust.ConclusionsFrom a Chinese payer perspective, the introduction of BCT into the current treatment sequence is projected to be a cost-effective option as first-, second-, third-, and fourth-line treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe RA.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40744-021-00308-w.

Epidemiologic and Economic Burden of Achalasia in the United States

Achalasia is a debilitating chronic condition of the esophagus. Currently there are no national estimates on the epidemiologic and economic burden of disease. We sought to estimate trends in incidence and prevalence of achalasia by age-sex strata, and to estimate the total direct medical costs attributed to achalasia in the United States. We conducted a cohort study using two administrative claims databases: IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database (2001-2018; age <65) and a 20% sample of nationwide Medicare enrollment and claims (2007-2015; age ≥65). Point prevalence was calculated on the first day of each calendar year; the incidence rate captured new cases developed in the ensuing year. Utilization rates of healthcare services and procedures were reported. Mean costs per patient were calculated and standardized to the corresponding U.S. Census Bureau population data to derive achalasia-specific total direct medical costs. The crude prevalence of achalasia per 100,000 persons was 18.0 (95% CI, 17.4, 18.7) in MarketScan and 162.1 (95% CI, 157.6, 166.6) in Medicare. The crude incidence rate per 100,000 person-years was 10.5 (95% CI, 9.9, 11.1) in MarketScan and 26.0 (95% CI, 24.9, 27.2) in Medicare. Incidence and prevalence increased substantially over time in the Medicare cohort, and increased with more advanced age in both cohorts. Utilization of achalasia-specific healthcare was high; national estimates of total direct medical costs exceeded $408 million in2018. Achalasia has a higher epidemiologic and economic burden in the US than previously suggested, with diagnosis particularly increasing in older patients.

How Costly Is Turnover? Evidence from Retail

We estimate turnover costs in small retail sales teams using daily sales data and an advance notice requirement to address endogeneity concerns. In addition to short-staffing and onboarding costs, we identify two less familiar sources of turnover costs: incumbent workers’ recruitment activities and reductions in team morale after a departure is announced. Our estimates of total turnover costs are relatively modest, however: 10% higher turnover is about as costly as a 0.6% wage increase. We attribute these low costs to a set of complementary personnel policies that ensure that only 25% of departures result in a short-staffing spell.

Ethinylestradiol removal of membrane bioreactor effluent by reverse osmosis and UV/H2O2: A technical and economic assessment

Synthetic hormone 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is not completely removed by conventional wastewater treatment plants and therefore is often detected in surface and groundwater, sludge and sediments. Due to its persistence in the environment and its estrogenic potential, a high removal of EE2 from wastewaters before its disposal has become a concern from an environmental point of view, particularly when considering urban reuse applications. This work investigated the application of advanced processes to treat synthetic municipal wastewater containing EE2 after treatment in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). Two advanced processes were assessed: the first is advanced oxidation process (AOP), using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ultraviolet (UV) light (route MBR-AOP) and the second, reverse osmosis (RO), in this case using UV/H2O2 to treat the retentate from RO (route MBR-RO). EE2 concentration in final effluent was one order of magnitude lower in route MBR-AOP than in route MBR-RO. Implications for disposal or water reuse were discussed considering the importance of other water quality parameters as well. Economic estimates for CAPEX, OPEX and total cost were made. The introduction of the oxidative step (UV/H2O2) after MBR caused an increase in the total cost of US$ 0.39/m3. In turn, route MBR-RO increased the total process cost by US$ 0.86/m3, showing that reduction of volume to be treated by UV/H2O2 in this route did not offset the cost associated with the acquisition and operation of RO. The total cost was estimated at US$ 2.47/m3 for MBR-AOP and US$ 2.94/m3 for MBR-RO for a design flow of 10 m³/h.