Estimates Of SO Research Articles

Modelling of SO2 and CO Pollution Due to Industry PLTD Emission Tello in 2 Makassar Indonesia

This study aims to determine the pattern of dissemination, distribution model and estimation of SO, and CO gas ermssmn concentration denved from the Tello diesel engme with a dynarmc model approach The design of tins research is descriptive quantitative with Gaussian Model approach and dynamic system model The study was conducted at PL TD Tello Kata Makassar by collecting secondary data. For model distnbutron and estimation of SO, and CO pollution using Gaussian Model and dynamic modelmg with Stella Population m this research rs data of ermssion ermssion parameters generated by Tello's steam power plant mfluenced by atrnosphenc stability, wmd direction and velocity so as to obtam concentration of pollutant by using Gaussian calculation sample sample is SO, concentration concentration and CO PLTD Tello contamed m momtormg report on RKL&RPL implementation for 2012-201 7. The results of the dominant area of research are the unpact of pollution from the Tello diesel power plant based on the dommant wmd direction dunng 2012-2016 is the Northwest part of the Tello steam power plant at a height of 1 m above the ground with a distance of 500, 1.500, 2.500 and 4.000 m of the Tello diesel powered TTL Aspol, Panaikang, Pampang and Rappokalling Total SO2and CO errussron concentrations denved from Tello PLTD dunng 2012-2016 m each location at 1 m above ground level with a distance of 500m, i e., Aspir Tello SO, 1 395 and CO 1 162 µg/m', a distance of 1,500 m of SO,, SO, 1 247 and.CO I 039 µg/m and COO 7317 ug/m'anda distence of 4,000 m ofRappokalling 0.6363 µg/m' and COO 5303 µg/m' from the pollutant source of the chimney PLTD Tello. The estimated coocentraucn of Sulfur D10x1de (SOi) and Carbon monoxide (CO) gas ermssrons based on 12 month dynamic model sunulabon(2018) is mcreasing every tune until July 2018 at each of four location points at l m above the surface soil with a distance of500m of Aspol Tello S02 0 26065 µg/m 1 2,500m distance ofPampang O 878 µg/m 3 3 and COO 21530 µg/m 3 , 1,500rn distance of Panaikang SO, 0.04447 ug/m' and COO 03134 µg/m3, distance 2500 rn of Pampmg SO, 0 01760 µg/m 3 and CO O 00938 µg/m 1 and a distance of 4,000 m ofRappokalltng SO, 0 00740 µg/m 3 and CO 0 ())611 ug/m' from the source of the bursts of the Tello steam power plant with the rate of increase in the ermssronconcentrationof Asp2 SO, 0 0053 and COO 0044 tunes, SO, 04061 tunes and.COO OOJ4 tunes, Pampang SO, O.CXXl21 tunes and CO O.CXXXl73 trmes and Rappokallmg SOi O OC0078 tunes and CO O OO<X064 tunes every month. The concentration of SO, and CO emissions generated by the Tello steam power plant durmg 2012-2016 rs still far below the ambient arr quality standard (South Sulawesi Governor Decree No 69 Year 2010) m each location at a height of 1 m above ground level, i e , Aspol Tello 0--139 µgiln', Panaikang0-1 247 µg/m' Pampmg 0-0 878 µg/m 3 and Rappokallmg 0--0 6363 µglm 3 • So, it can be said that the four areas are still mcluded in the air quality is quite healthy

Effects of ambient air pollution on pulmonary function among schoolchildren

Literature has shown adverse effects of ambient air pollution exposure on various asthma related outcomes in childhood. However, the associated evidence on pulmonary function effects is still inconsistent. We conducted a population-based study comprised of seventh-grade children in 14 Taiwanese communities. Pulmonary function tests and questionnaires were completed on 3957 subjects. We evaluated the effects of ambient air pollution exposures based on the data collected in 2005-2007 by existing air monitoring stations. Multiple linear mixed effect models were fitted to estimate the relationship between community pollutant levels and pulmonary function indices. After adjustment for individual-level confounders, pulmonary function differed only slightly between communities with different levels of air pollution. We found greater effects of ambient air pollutants on pulmonary function for boys than for girls. Among boys, traffic-related pollutants CO, NOx, NO(2), and NO were generally associated with chronic adverse effects on FVC and FEV(1), and subchronic adverse effects mainly on maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) and peak expiratory flow rate. Among girls, only NOx and NO(2) showed subchronic adverse effects on MMEF. Although effect estimates of SO(2), PM(10), and PM(2.5) were generally negative for boys, none achieved statistical significance. Our data suggests that ambient traffic-related pollution had chronic adverse effects on pulmonary function in schoolchildren, especially for boys.

Evaluation of a quantitative blood oxygenation level‐dependent (qBOLD) approach to map local blood oxygen saturation

Blood oxygen saturation (SO(2)) is a promising parameter for the assessment of brain tissue viability in numerous pathologies. Quantitative blood oxygenation level-dependent (qBOLD)-like approaches allow the estimation of SO(2) by modelling the contribution of deoxyhaemoglobin to the MR signal decay. These methods require a high signal-to-noise ratio to obtain accurate maps through fitting procedures. In this article, we present a version of the qBOLD method at long TE taking into account separate estimates of T(2), total blood volume fraction (BV(f)) and magnetic field inhomogeneities. Our approach was applied to the brains of 13 healthy rats under normoxia, hyperoxia and hypoxia. MR estimates of local SO(2) (MR_LSO(2)) were compared with measurements obtained from blood gas analysis. A very good correlation (R(2) = 0.89) was found between brain MR_LSO(2) and sagittal sinus SO(2).

Technical and Non-Technical Measures for air pollution emission reduction: The integrated assessment of the regional Air Quality Management Plans through the Italian national model

The Italian Air Quality legislation underwent sweeping changes with the implementation of the 1996 European Air Quality Framework Directive when the Italian administrative Regions were entrusted with air quality management tasks. The most recent Regional Air Quality Management Plans (AQMPs) highlighted the importance of Non-Technical Measures (NTMs), in addition to Technical Measures (TMs), in meeting environmental targets. The aim of the present work is to compile a list of all the TMs and NTMs taken into account in the Italian Regional AQMPs and to give in the target year, 2010, an estimation of SO 2, NO x and PM 10 emission reductions, of PM 10 concentration and of the health impact of PM 2.5 concentrations in terms of Life Expectancy Reduction. In order to do that, RAINS-Italy, as part of the National Integrated Modeling system for International Negotiation on atmospheric pollution (MINNI), has been applied. The management of TMs and NTMs inside RAINS have often obliged both the introduction of exogenous driving force scenarios and the control strategy modification. This has inspired a revision of the many NTM definitions and a clear choice of the definition adopted. It was finally highlighted that only few TMs and NTMs implemented in the AQMPs represent effective measures in reaching the environmental targets.

Diagnosis of wind flow and dispersion over complex terrain based on limited meteorological data

An estimation of SO 2 dispersion over complex terrain is attempted, using the diagnostic wind field generated from limited meteorological data. This effort aims to face the realistic requirement of emergency-response in case of industrial plants settled in poorly instrumented areas. The combination of three numerical procedures is utilized: (1) detailed topographical simulation; (2) meteorological diagnosis using experimental data and accounting for terrain influences; and (3) dispersion calculations based on the diagnosed conditions. For the meteorological diagnosis a conditional exploitation of the measurements is made, allowing the inclusion of topographical effects. This is achieved by recognizing different terrain features, such as plains, valleys, slopes and coasts. This allows the division of the terrain into areas expected to follow the same with—or different from—the station, flow regime. Application is made for a power plant at Megalopolis valley, Greece. The hourly meteorological measurements from one surface station are used, with synoptic information from weather charts. The SO 2 dispersion from three buoyant sources is calculated for several days. The obtained daily average concentrations at nine locations are compared with observational values, using the bootstrap resampling evaluation method.

Effects of filter pack sampling conditions on observed ambient concentrations of dry acid deposition species

Abstract One technique for determining dry acid deposition fluxes involves measurement of time averaged ambient concentrations of dry acid deposition species using filter packs (FP) coupled with estimates of mean deposition velocities for the exposure period. A critical problem associated with filter pack data comparisons from various field sampling networks is the use of substantially different sampling flow rate and duration protocols. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of varying sampling flow rates, from 1.5 to 10 standard liters per minute, on ambient concentration measurements of specific dry acid deposition species. Collocated FP samplers were used to determine sampling and analysis data reproducibility and representativeness. Ambient air samples were simultaneously collected using groups of filter packs operated at various flow rates over identical 7 day periods. The species measured were sulfur dioxide, particulate sulfate, nitric acid and particulate nitrate. Statistical data comparisons indicated that variations in flow rates over a five-fold range for the conditions employed did not significantly affect the ambient air concentration estimates of the species of interest. At the same sampling conditions, but different flow rates, collocated samples were highly reproducible and there was no significant sampling bias for the species measured. A comparison of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) determinations using two different treated filter configurations did not appear to significantly affect overall ambient air concentration estimates of SO 2 or those for the other species measured. It was observed, however, that there was significant retention of ambient SO 2 on the Nylon filters used in this field study. Although the fractional retention of SO 2 on Nylon filters decreased with increasing sampling flow rate, overall estimates of ambient SO 2 concentrations were consistent.

Effects of filter pack sampling conditions on observed ambient concentrations of dry acid deposition species

One technique for determining dry acid deposition fluxes involves measurement of time averaged ambient concentrations of dry acid deposition species using filter packs (FP) coupled with estimates of mean deposition velocities for the exposure period. A critical problem associated with filter pack data comparisons from various field sampling networks is the use of substantially different sampling flow rate and duration protocols. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of varying sampling flow rates, from 1.5 to 10 standard liters per minute, on ambient concentration measurements of specific dry acid deposition species. Collocated FP samplers were used to determine sampling and analysis data reproducibility and representativeness. Ambient air samples were simultaneously collected using groups of filter packs operated at various flow rates over identical 7 day periods. The species measured were sulfur dioxide, particulate sulfate, nitric acid and particulate nitrate. Statistical data comparisons indicated that variations in flow rates over a five-fold range for the conditions employed did not significantly affect the ambient air concentration estimates of the species of interest. At the same sampling conditions, but different flow rates, collocated samples were highly reproducible and there was no significant sampling bias for the species measured. A comparison of sulfur dioxide (SO 2) determinations using two different treated filter configurations did not appear to significantly affect overall ambient air concentration estimates of SO 2 or those for the other species measured. It was observed, however, that there was significant retention of ambient SO 2 on the Nylon filters used in this field study. Although the fractional retention of SO 2 on Nylon filters decreased with increasing sampling flow rate, overall estimates of ambient SO 2 concentrations were consistent.

Comparison of dry deposition velocities for SO2, HNO3 and SO4 2? estimated with two inferential models

Dry deposition velocity estimates of SO, HNO3 and SO42− were computed for six locations in eastern North America using two different inferential models; a Big-Leaf model utilized by the U. S. National Dry Deposition Network (NDDN) and, a land-use based model (LUM) that has been used in the past to estimate the relative importance of dry versus wet deposition over selected Canadian regions. There were consistent differences between models that were related to the surface type, chemical species and time of year. Mean monthly dry deposition velocities based upon the 1990–91 time period were compared at two locations. The seasonal cycles in deposition velocity were similar between models, but there were considerable differences in the amplitude of the cycles. The LUM predicted about a 400% increase in S042- deposition velocity from the winter to the summer months, while there was a 50 to 100% increase in the NDDN model estimates, depending upon location. According to the LUM, HN03 deposition to crop land increased by about a factor of 6 from winter to summer, while the big leaf model predicted a 50% increase. Overall, there was better agreement for SO2. Averaged over 12 months, the differences in deposition velocity between models were smaller and generally within the range of uncertainty associated with inferential models. For all six sites, the mean percent difference between models in deposition velocity for SO2, HNO3 and SO42− were 13, 35 and 79, respectively. These differences highlight the effect of using different methods for estimating dry deposition and the importance of applying the same model when examining regional patterns in dry/total deposition rates.

Modeling of flue gas desulphurization using dry additives

The objective of this work is to investigate the behavior of the two main mathematical models used for the estimation of SO 2 reduction with the application of the dry additive method. The shrinking-core and pore-tree models for the conversion of the reactant CaO to CaSO 4 are tested for various parameters such as SO 2 concentration, temperature of the flue gas, porosity and diameter of the sorbent particles. Furthermore, a comparison between the accuracy of predictions of these two models, using experimental test cases, is presented in this paper.

Dry deposition to pine of sulphur dioxide and ozone at low concentration

Deposition velocities of SO 2 and O 3 were measured with an enclosure technique onto a stand of pine in central Sweden, mainly in autumn at low SO 2 concentrations (3–5 ppbv). The deposition velocities for both gases were substantially larger than corresponding stomatal conductances, estimated from simultaneous measurements of water transpiration. The additional deposition is explained as an external deposition which was found to vary over the day with a maximum at noon and almost no deposition at night. Estimated for a dry canopy of pine (leaf area index = 3 m 2 m −2), the 24 h average external deposition velocity of SO 2, was 3.3 mm s −1 while the stomatal conductance for the same gas was only 1.3 mm s −1. A few additional measurements made during summer indicate that the external deposition can be even larger than what was obtained during October. If so, current estimates of SO 2 deposition to dry canopies of conifers based on the stomatal resistance approach need to be revised upwards.

Vapor saturation and accumulation in magmas of the 1989–1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska

The 1989–1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, provided an opportunity to compare petrologic estimates of SO 2 and Cl emissions with estimates of SO 2 emissions based on remote sensing data and estimates of Cl emissions based on plume sampling. In this study, we measure the sulfur and chlorine contents of melt inclusions and matrix glasses in the eruption products to determine petrologic estimates of SO 2 and Cl emissions. We compare the results with emission estimates based on COSPEC and TOMS data for SO 2 and data for Cl/SO 2 in plume samples. For the explosive vent clearing period (December 14–22, 1989), the petrologic estimate for SO 2 emission is 21,000 tons, or ~12% of a TOMS estimate of 175,000 tons. For the dome growth period (December 22, 1989 to mid-June 1990), the petrologic estimate for SO 2 emission is 18,000 tons, or ~3% of COSPEC-based estimates of 572,000–680,000 tons. The petrologic estimates give a total SO 2 emission of only 39,000 tons compared to an integrated TOMS/COSPEC emission estimate of ~1,000,000 tons for the whole eruption, including quiescent degassing after mid-June 1990. Petrologic estimates also appear to underestimate Cl emissions, but apparent HCl scavenging in the plume complicates Cl emission comparisons. Several potential sources of ‘excess sulfur’ often invoked to explain petrologic SO 2 deficits are concluded to be unlikely for the 1989–1990 Redoubt eruption — e.g., breakdown of sulfides, breakdown of anhydrite, release of SO 2 from a hydrothermal system, degassing of commingled infusions of basalt in the magma chamber, and syn-eruptive degassing of sulfur from melt present in non-erupted magma. Leakage and/or diffusion of sulfur from melt inclusions do not provide convincing explanations for the petrologic SO 2 deficits either. The main cause of low petrologic estimates for SO 2 is that melt inclusions do not represent the total sulfur content of the Redoubt magmas, which were vapor-saturated magmas carrying most of their sulfur in an accumulated vapor phase. Almost all the sulfur of the SO 2 emissions was present prior to emission as accumulated magmatic vapor at 6–10 km depth in the magma that supplied the eruption; whole-rock normalized concentrations of gaseous excess S in these magmas remained at ~0.2 wt.% throughout the eruption, equivalent to ~0.7 vol.% at depth. Data for CO 2 emissions during the eruption indicate that CO 2 at whole-rock concentrations of ~0.6 wt.% in the erupted magma was a key factor in creating the vapor saturation and accumulation condition making a vapor phase source of excess sulfur possible at depth. When explosive volcanism involves magma with accumulated vapor, melt inclusions do not provide a sufficient basis for predicting SO 2 emissions. Thus, petrologic estimates made for SO 2 emissions during explosive eruptions of the past may be too low and may significantly underestimate impacts on climate and the chemistry of the atmosphere.

Surficial geochemistry, south-central Canadian Shield: implications for environmental assessment

An ongoing problem in evaluating the effects of acid rain is distinguishing natural (spatial) variations of the geochemical environment from anthropogenic (temporal) variations. In other words, it is important to determine whether a lake is naturally acid because of its geological setting or whether it has been acidified as a result of dry and wet acid deposition. To provide a model that might acid in answering these questions, the Geological Survey of Canada has carried out a series of sampling programs on the south-central part of the geologically complex Canadian Shield. With these programs we have tried to link the easily observable lithological variations of bedrock with the chemical compositions of overlying glacial deposits with the geochemical compositions of lake sediments and lake waters. Presumably, once these linkages are understood, variations in life systems that inhabit terrestrial and aquatic environments in the areas sampled with be easier to evaluate. The ultimate goal is to provide a base against which observed variations in life systems can be judged as natural or anthropogenic. In addition, sound geological data can be used to refine estimates of SO x and NO x target loadings and to determine areas where acid deposition may mobilize potentially noxious trace metals into hydrologic cycle. The importance of establishing geological and geochemical linkages is illustrated by the fact that significant parts of the Canadian Shield, while formed of granitoid rock, are overlain by calcareous unconsolidated sediments that have been glacially transported long distances from limestone sources. For instance, in areas north of Lake Superior and Eastern Ontario, high concentrations of carbonate minerals in glacial sediments overlying carbonate-poor bedrock result from glacial transport of carbonate minerals tens to hundreds of kilometres from limestones on their up-ice sides. In these same areas, high concentrations of As, Hg and other trace elements in sediment and water can be related to glacial dispersal from bedrock known to host mineralized occurrences or high background concentrations of these elements. Awareness of bedrock composition and of glacial distortion of the chemical signature of bedrock is essential for insuring that a complete and credible database is provided to the legislators and regulatory agencies charged with establishing realistic target loading for acid deposition.

Estimates of ion sources in deciduous and coniferous throughfall

Abstract Estimates of external and internal sources of ions in net througfall deposition were derived for a deciduous and coniferous canopy by use of multiple regression. The external source component appears to be dominated by dry deposition of Ca 2+ , SO 2 and NO 3 − during dormant and growing seasons for the two canopy types. Increases in the leaching rates of K + and Mg 2+ during the growing season reflect the presence of leaves in the deciduous canopy and increased physiological activity in both canopies. Internal leaching rates for SO 4 2− doubled during the growing season presumably caused by increased physiological activity and uptake of SO 2 through stomates. Net deposition of SO 4 2− in throughfall during the growing season appears highly dependent on stomatal uptake of SO 2 . Estimates of SO 2 deposition velocities were 0.06 cm s −1 and 0.13 cm s −1 for the deciduous and coniferous canopies, respectively, during the dormant seasons, and 0.30 cm s −1 and 0.43 cm s −1 for the deciduous and coniferous canopies, respectively, during the growing season. For the ions of major interest with respect to ecosystem effects, namely H + , NO 3 − and SO 4 2− , precipitation inputs generally outweighed estimates of dry deposition input. However, net throughfall deposition of NO 3 − and SO 4 2− accounted for 20–47 and 34–50 per cent, respectively, of total deposition of those ions. Error estimates of ion sources were at least 50–100 per cent and the method is subject to several assumptions and limitations.

Application of a mesoscale atmospheric dispersion modeling system to the estimation of SO 2 concentrations from major elevated sources in Southern Florida

Estimates of maximum ground-level concentrations of SO 2 due to anthropogenic emissions have been made for two National Park Service management areas in southern Florida as part of an interdisciplinary biological effects study for these areas. The nearest major sources of SO 2 are located at least 60 km away on the southern Florida coast so that mesoscale atmospheric transport must occur for the receptor areas to be affected by these sources. A mesoscale atmospheric dispersion modeling system consisting of a three-dimensional mesoscale meteorological model and a three-dimensional Lagrangian particle dispersion model were employed to make the estimates for a realistic worst-case summer meteorological scenario. The temporal and spatial variations of the meteorological fields resulting from the interaction of sea and land breezes with the synoptic flow were simulated with the meteorological model for the southern Florida peninsula. The dispersion characteristics of plumes emitted from four major elevated point sources were then evaluated using the Lagrangian particle model 1. (i) by means of particle dispersion plots and 2. (ii) by computing the 3-h-average ground-level SO 2 concentrations. A comparison was made with concentrations estimated using a plume-trapping formulation and the TVA σ y curves. The study results illustrate the complexity of the dispersion patterns which can occur for travel distances on the order of 100 km in a coastal area due to diurnal effects and mesoscale circulations, and demonstrate the potential of the mesoscale atmospheric dispersion modeling system for studies of air quality in complex terrain.

Effects of a "Clean" Coal-Fired Power Generating Station on Four Common Wisconsin Lichen Species

Algal plasmolysis percentages and other morphological character- istics of Parmelia bolliana Miill. Arg., P. caperata (L.) Ach., P. rudecta Ach., and Physcia millegrana Degel. were compared for specimens growing near to and far from a rural coal-fired generating station in south central Wisconsin. SO, levels were 389 g/Im3, maximum 1 hr level, and 5-9 Ag/mm3, annual averages. Parmelia bolliana and P. caperata showed evidence of morphological alterations near the station; P. rudecta and Physcia millegrana did not. Studies of lichen communities in the vicinity of a relatively clean rural Wisconsin coal-fired power generating station in 1974 and 1978 showed that some small changes that oc- curred in lichen communities were probably caused by air pollution from the station (Will- Wolf 1980). In an attempt to further document the subtle impact of the generating station upon lichens in the area, I investigated selected morphological characteristics of four common corticolous lichen species in the vicinity of the generating station during 1979. In the community study, two of the species, Parmelia bolliana Miill. Arg. and P. caperata (L.) Ach., exhibited some distributional changes near the generating station; the other two species, P. rudecta Ach. and Physcia millegrana Degel., appeared to be unaffected. Many species of lichens are adversely affected by SO2 air pollution (Ferry et al. 1973, Le Blanc & Rao 1975). SO2 causes plasmolysis of lichen algal cells near SO2 sources (Le Blanc & Rao 1966, 1973), and increased percentages of plasmolyzed algal cells have been found in lichens exposed in the field to controlled releases of SO2 (Eversman 1978). Other morphological alterations such as yellowing or bleaching of lichens also result from SO2 exposure (Gilbert 1973, Showman 1975, Eversman 1978). Eversman (1978) reported that as SO2 levels increased, large numbers of bacteria were found attached to lichen fungal hyphae, making the hyphae appear rough rather than smooth under a microscope. The above phenomena have been observed in field or laboratory investigations of lichens ex- posed to a wide range of SO2 concentrations, the lowest being 17 pphm for several hours (Tiirk et al. 1974) or an average of 1.8 pphm for three months (Eversman 1978). The incidence of two morphological estimates of SO, injury, the percent of algal cells plasmolyzed and the percent area of fungal hyphae with bacteria attached, was surveyed for the four lichen species mentioned. In addition, the presence of an unusual character- istic, white pruinose lobe tips, was recorded for Parmelia bolliana. White pruinose lobe tips were noted on some P. bolliana specimens collected in the higher-SO2 impact area during the community study (Tibbitts et al., in press), so the phenomenon was investigated further. White pruinose deposits are common on many species of lichens, but they are not characteristic of P. bolliana. Therefore, I suspected that they may be an SO2 response in this species. The occurrence of pruina is known to be environmentally determined in many species (Weber 1962, Poelt 1973), and unusual pruina or other surface deposits have been noted in some lichen species exposed to SO2 (Le Blanc & Rao 1966, 1973).

Influence of Cations and Anions on the Electrical Conductivity Measurements of Ground Waters

Studios to find out the contribution of various ions to the electrical conductivity were conducted, using pure salt solutions and correlation studies to find out the relationship between electrical conductivity, total solids and various ions, using results of water analysis were taken up. It was found that electrical conductivity value was highly correlated with CI, SO, and HCO,. The contribution of Hсо, and CO, to electriel conductivity was very low. A method using a regression equation was proposed to avoid the gravimetric estimation of SO and a method of calculating various ions using the above method in analysis of water samples and in alkalinity studies of soils has been indicated.