Estimation Of Cell Count Research Articles

Cholinergic and gabaergic neurons in the nucleus basalis region of young and aged rats

Antibodies directed against choline acetyltransferase and glutamic acid decarboxylase were used in combination with recently developed stereological techniques to quantify changes in cholinergic, GABAergic, and total neuron number (Nissl-stain) within adjacent tissue sections through the horizontal limb/nucleus basalis in young (3 months, n = 6) and aged (27 months, n = 6) Fischer-344 male rats. Unbiased estimates of total neuron number within these regions were produced using a three-dimensional optical probe, the optical disector, in combination with a systematic random sampling scheme. Estimates of cell counts in immunostained tissue sections were conducted throughout the entire horizontal limb/nucleus basalis region. A significant 30% decrease in both cholinergic and total neuron number was detected in the aged animals; GABAergic neuron number remained unchanged. Total neuron number was significantly correlated with both cholinergic (r = 0.94) and glial cell number (r = 0.63), but not with GABAergic cell number. Based on neuron counts within an individual thick tissue section, the cholinergic neurons comprised only 11-15% of all neurons in the nucleus basalis of young and aged animals. Cholinergic neuron loss accounted for only 20% of the total age-related neuron loss within the horizontal limb/nucleus basalis in Fischer-344 male rats. These results indicate that age-related cholinergic neuron loss within the basal forebrain is reflected in reductions in total neuron number; however, GABAergic neurons, many of which project to the cortex, are unaffected by age. The magnitude of the age-related total neuron loss cannot be entirely accounted for by cholinergic cell loss. Therefore, an unidentified non-cholinergic, non-GABAergic component within the basal forebrain is also lost during aging and may contribute to the cognitive deficits previously ascribed to cholinergic dysfunction.

Systemic lymphadenopathic histology in human immunodeficiency virus-1—Seropositive drug addicts without apparent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

We examined lymph nodes from multiple sites in 50 individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) who died accidentally of drug overdoses and in whom there was no evidence of opportunistic infection. The size, histologic pattern, presence of Warthin-Finkeldey-type giant cells, and estimation of CD4 cell count of these lymph nodes were compared with those of 13 seronegative drug addicts (controls). Lymph nodes from seropositive individuals were slightly but significantly larger than those of controls. Lymph nodes from seropositive cases were much more likely to contain secondary follicles (90%) than were those from controls (20%). Unlike follicles in control nodes, most secondary follicles in the seropositive cases were in various stages of fragmentation and involution. As follicular changes progressed, there was a decrease in CD4 cells and an increase in intrafollicular and paracortical plasma cells. Plasmacytosis was much more prevalent in lymph nodes from seropositive individuals than in controls. Warthin-Finkeldey-type giant cells were present in at least one node in 29 of 50 seropositive cases, were most numerous in those showing follicular hyperplasia with fragmentation (45% of cases), and were especially numerous in Peyer's patches (61% of cases). There was generally good concordance of HIV-1-associated follicular morphology among diverse lymph node groups. There is prolonged generalized, mild hyperplastic lymphadenopathy with frequent syncytial cells in intravenous drug addicts with asymptomatic HIV-1 infection.

醸造酵母の生菌数の酸素センサによる迅速推定

[in Japanese]

Investigations into the Cause of Vertigo in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

In this light microscopic study of the temporal bone, an attempt has been made to find a morphologic correlate of vertigo associated with idiopathic sudden sensori-neural hearing loss (ISSHL). Hair cell densities of the three cristae and both maculae, as well as vestibular ganglion cell (neuronal) count estimation, was done in nine ears that had documented histories of ISSHL. There were five ears with vertigo and four without. These quantitative data--i.e., hair cell densities and neuronal counts, of the vertiginous ears (group I) and nonvertiginous ears (group II)--was compared by histograms and statistically. Additionally, in each of the two groups, the data from three opposite normal hearing ears were taken as a control and used for comparison with the ISSHL ears. The differences between the vertiginous, nonvertiginous, and control ears were not significant at the 0.01 level, indicating that the vertigo was not caused by hair cell or neuronal degeneration. Gross morphologic alterations in the vestibular system, such as membrane ruptures, endolymphatic hydrops, etc., were also assessed, but no clear-cut pathology was identified in the vertiginous and nonvertiginous ears. The absence of a light microscopic morphologic correlate for vestibular disturbances associated with ISSHL suggests that the symptoms could result from ultrastructural changes in the hair cells and their synapses or from biochemical alterations in their environment.

酸素センサーによる大腸菌及び酵母の生菌数の迅速推定法の開発

酸素センサーによる大腸菌及び酵母の生菌数の迅速推定法の開発

The prognostic value of haematocrit in acute stroke.

One hundred and twenty-two consecutive patients admitted with acute stroke in a carotid distribution had venous blood taken for haematocrit (Hct), haemoglobin (Hb), white cell count (WCC) and urea estimations. Patients were followed for 12 weeks to determine the influence of haematocrit upon fatality. There were 96 patients aged greater than or equal to 65 years and 26 patients less than 65 years. No association could be demonstrated between Hct levels and fatality at 4 or 12 weeks. Regression analysis demonstrated that only increasing age (P less than 0.05) and a raised WCC (P less than 0.005) were independent factors significantly associated with fatality at both 4 and 12 weeks. In the elderly stroke patient (greater than or equal to 65 years) only WCC was significantly associated with fatality (P less than 0.005). Haematocrit levels are of no prognostic value for fatality in acute stroke. A raised white cell count is an important and independent prognostic factor for fatality at both 4 and 12 weeks following stroke.

Differentiation and Enumeration of Somatic Cells in Goat Milk

Non-leukocytic cell-like particles commonly observed in goat milk were examined ultrastructurally and cytochemically. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that these particles were generally membrane-bound and anucleate. They contained granular material in the dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and homogeneous electron translucent inclusions that resembled lipid. Histochemical and fluorescent staining indicated that the particles contained large amounts of protein, some lipid, but no deoxyribonucleic acid. Several methods routinely used for estimating somatic cell counts in cow milk were compared to determine which one would give accurate estimates of somatic cell counts in goat milk. No significant difference was found (P> .05) among methods which specifically measure deoxyribonucleic acid. These included Membrane Filter-DNA, direct microscopic somatic cell counts using Pyron in Y-methyl green stain, and Fossomatic cell counts. Results of the Wisconsin Mastitis Test did not differ significantly from Fossomatic cell counts. Because Coulter electronic counts and direct microscopic somatic cell counts using Levowitz-Weber stain could not differentiate between the cell-like particles and the actual leukocytes, these methods resulted in elevated cell counts that were highly variable. Results indicate that only those counting methods that are specific for deoxyribonucleic acid can distinguish cell-like particles from somatic cells, and thereby give reliable estimates of somatic cell numbers in goat milk.

Fossomatic Method of Somatic Cell Counting in Milk: Collaborative Study

Abstract Fossomatic, a fully automatic, fluoro-optoelectronic somatic cell counter, was evaluated in 6 laboratories. One set of 6 duplicate milk samples, fresh and preserved, was read with instruments as routinely calibrated to each laboratory’s direct microscopic somatic cell counts (DMSCCs), i.e., local standard. A second set was read after standardizing the instrument to a 3-sample common standard (DMSCC) shipped to each collaborator. Cell levels of the unknowns ranged from 371 to 2301 thousand (th)/ml by DMSCC, with an s per sample of 14.8% and s of a level mean of 1.8%. Fossomatic values averaged 1014 compared to 1031 th cells/ml by DMSCC, had homogeneous variance for duplicates within laboratories (s = 4.0%), and had an error per observation of 6.2%. The linear coefficient of 0.9966±0.0039 (for fresh milk and common standard) for the Fossomatic values regressed on DMSCC gave an excellent and unbiased estimate of the cell concentration in a milk sample. A small bias was evident in only 5 of 24 linear regressions (fresh or preserved within each standard) where slopes differed significantly from 1. All 5 were on values derived from a local standard with maximum biases of +18% and —28% (at a 1 million level). Preserved milk had slightly lower (P < 0.01) cell concentrations than fresh milk but only by 3.6% at 1 million. Although condition X level was significant (P < 0.01), the 6 cell levels differed by a magnitude of only 27— 45 th cells/ml. Between-laboratory variation (the component was 4.6%) and laboratory X level interaction were both significant, but their contributions to error were small. The spread in laboratories at any cell level was about 12% and the error of estimate for a sample sent to 2 laboratories was 6.8%. Although interactions were significant with this precise method, they were not of such a magnitude as to invalidate cell count estimates in practice. The Fossomatic method has been adopted as official first action.

Assessment of rheumatoid activity based on clinical features and blood and synovial fluid analysis.

Joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis has been assessed, and the most useful guides to disease activity were determined by analysis of synovial fluid and blood together with the history of joint disability. The patient's own evaluation of the amount of pain suffered was the most useful clinical assessment. Differential cell count and glucose estimations were the most helpful guides in the synovial fluid, while C-reactive protein in the serum most accurately reflected disease activity. The effects of systemic steroids on these indices were studied, and the differences between seronegative and seropositive patients noted.

The cytological difference between amniotic fluids of male and female fetuses.

Counts of cyanophilic squamous cells in 48 specimens of amniotic fluid obtained during the last three months of pregnancy gave the correct diagnosis of the sex of the fetus in every case. It is confirmed that the fetal genital tract is the source of a considerable exfoliation of cyanophilic squamous cells. Counts of total cells per mm3 on 38 specimens showed that amniotic fluid from female fetuses at any one week of gestation. The cytological sex difference should be taken into consideration in the interpretation of differential cell count estimations of fetal maturity.

Electronic counting of cells in milk: examination of a chemical treatment for dispersal of milk fat

SummaryThe chemical method of Tolle, Zeidler & Heeschen, (1966) for dispersing the fat in milk to allow electronic counting of the cells in suspension has been examined. The optimum conditions prescribed for obtaining the best estimates of cell counts were largely confirmed though inaccurate counts occasionally occurred. The reproducibility of counts made on the same milk samples was acceptable. For milk samples from individual quarters, cell counts determined after the chemical treatment and those after centrifugal separation of the fat could be related by a linear regression line of unit slope through the origin. The surface active liquid Lissapol NXP (I.C.I. Ltd.) appeared to be a suitable substitute for the Witopal CO (Chemischen Werken in Witten/Ruhr), an alkylphenol polyglycol ether, used by Tolle et al. (1966).

Estimation of Red Blood Cell Count from Hematocrit

Journal Article Estimation of Red Blood Cell Count from Hematocrit Get access Alfred M. Freedman, M.C., A.U.S., Alfred M. Freedman, M.C., A.U.S. Captain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar I. Arthur Mirsky, M.C., A.U.S. I. Arthur Mirsky, M.C., A.U.S. Major Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 16, Issue 5_ts, May 1946, Pages 104–109, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/16.5_ts.104 Published: 01 May 1946

A Study of the Blood of the Mother and New Born.

Reports on the red cell count and hemoglobin content of the blood of the new born are at considerable variance. Williamson gives the hemoglobin as 23.25 gm. per hundred cc., while others have placed the figure as low as 15.6 gm. Red cell counts vary almost as widely with different investigators. This may be explained by the fact that many different methods of hemoglobin estimations have been used, and, further, to the fact that the blood of the new born changes rapidly. The steady fall in both red cells and hemoglobin in the first 2 weeks is well known. Lippman pointed out a rapid rise in the blood count in the first 6 hours of life. Consequently, we considered that blood taken from the umbilical cord would give more accurate information than the common method of drawing blood at anytime during the first 24 hours, especially since we desired to compare the blood of the baby with that of the mother. Red cell count and hemoglobin estimations were made on 50 pregnant women at term, using oxalated venous blood obtained from a few minutes to 5 days before delivery. None of these women presented any recognized pathological condition. The baby's blood was collected in sterile oxalated tubes (dry) at the time the cord was cut. Check estimations were done and the average is the figure used. The hemoglobin was estimated by the Sahli method, using Haskin's permanent inorganic standard. Of the 50 babies, 27 were males and 23 were females. The results were essentially the same for both sexes, so we do not report them separately. The average red cell count of the new born was 5.52 million per cmm., with minimum count of 4.45 million and a maximum of 6.52 million.

THE PERMANGANATE REDUCTION INDEX OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

Children frequently exhibit meningeal symptoms as a manifestation of diseases other than meningitis. The frequency of such symptoms seems to vary in inverse proportion to the age of the child. Thus, infants may show meningeal symptoms in association with almost any disease, while in older children, these symptoms are usually seen only in diseases involving the brain or meninges. Notwithstanding the value of a bacteriological examination, cell count and globulin estimation on spinal fluid, clear fluids are quite frequently obtained on which these examinations throw no light. The great variability in the cytology of the cerebrospinal fluid under the same conditions and the difficulty often encountered in demonstrating the presence of micro-organisms in a clear fluid, make every new aid to diagnosis welcome. It is particularly in the cases with clear fluids that the permanganate reduction test of Mayerhofer is often of great assistance in