Establishment Of International Standards Research Articles

FACTORS INFLUENCING CHANGES IN CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OBJECTS IN CURRENT TRENDS IN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS

The management of industrial enterprises in modern trends is multifaceted, among which the use of intellectual property plays an important role, which, in turn, is a means of increasing competitiveness, efficiency and profitability. The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors of changes in the features and types of intellectual property objects in modern management trends of industrial enterprises. The article analyzes the legislative regulation regulating the protection of intellectual property in Ukraine. Objects of intellectual property are identified, including: patent, copyright, trademark and privacy protection. Factors influencing changes in the characteristics of intellectual property objects are substantiated, among which technological changes, economic and market factors, changes in patent legislation, establishment of international standards, and socio-cultural aspects should be highlighted. It is proven that the mentioned factors make up a complex network of factors that influence each other and determine the dynamics of changes in the field of intellectual property in the modern management of industrial enterprises. It was determined that digital transformation has an impact on intellectual property objects. Such means of digital transformation as the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, blockchain technology, virtual reality and augmented reality were analyzed. An integrated model of intellectual property management at an industrial enterprise is proposed, which involves a comprehensive approach to four aspects - innovation management, protection of intellectual property rights, strategic partnership and licensing, development of internal culture and education of the enterprise's personnel. The specified model will contribute to the sustainable development of the industrial enterprise and increase the level of its competitiveness in the market.

Establishment of international standards in the field of environmental pro- tection and their impact on modern legislation of Ukraine

The article examines the formation of international standards in the field of environmental protection, as well as clarifying their impact on modern environmental legislation of Ukraine. 
 It is established that the issue of the need to protect the environment has been actively discussed at the interna-tional level since the middle of the twentieth century. The first international environmental organization was found-ed in October 1948 in France (International Union for Conservation of Nature), which still operates today.It was found that although international instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms do not contain provisions on environ-mental rights, there is still a human right to a standard of living that supports its health. It is from the standpoint of the right to life, the right to health and the right to information that the ECtHR deals with matters concerning a safe environment for humans.It is substantiated that special international acts in the field of environmental protection began to be adopted in the 70s of the last century (including: Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Discharges and Other Materials, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution distance, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was adopted, the European Charter on Environment and Public Health, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazard-ous Wastes and Their Disposal, the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, etc.).These international acts have influenced the formation of legislation in the field of environmental protection of independent Ukraine, especially on the example of acts adopted in 2017-2020. The proposal of scientists on the need to adopt a new systematized act in Ukraine, in particular the Environmental Code, has been studied.It is substantiated that when reforming the environmental legislation of Ukraine it is necessary to pay special attention to the requirements of the Association Agreement with the EU, namely to implement the provisions of a number of Regulations and directives of the European Union.

Patient-reported outcome measures in cardiovascular disease.

In today's medical ecosystem, it is vital to measure the outcomes that are most important to the patients. As such, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) can be an essential metric to deliver high-quality cardiovascular care, particularly in the subset of patients who remain disappointed with their outcomes. PROMS should be a reproducible and reflective report of what is fundamental to a patient over time and across treatments with proper standards in the analysis, interpretation, and reporting of the collected data. These reports can also be sensitive to changes, whether improvements or deteriorations in the quality of care and medical attitude, but a lack of standardization makes it difficult to draw robust conclusions and compare findings across treatments. As a research tool, PROMS can have a significant prognostic prominence, offering a powerful instrument of comparison between different treatment modalities. With the information technology (IT) abilities of today, we can leverage mobile tools and powerful computer systems to perform sophisticated data analysis using patient-derived data and randomization. This may eliminate guesswork and generate impactful metrics to better inform the decision-making process. PROMS analysed by proper standardized algorithms can avoid physician bias and be integrated into the hospital teamwork. Therefore, there is a strong need for integration of PROMS into the evaluation of cardiovascular interventions and procedures, and establishment of international standards in the analyses of patient-reported outcomes and quality of life data to address this need and develop therapeutic recommendations.

SAHPRA - Relevance of the New South African Health Products Regulatory Authority and Opportunities Ahead

Regulatory environments are constantly evolving, and South Africa has witnessed some significant developments in the recent past. Operational launch of the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA) as new healthcare products regulator marks a key milestone in the establishment of international standards in regulatory practices. Both the Medicines Control Council (MCC) and the Directorate of Radiation Control (DRC) were replaced by SAHPRA to bring control of medicines, medical devices, in vitro diagnostic tests and devices, and radiation emitting products under one regulatory body. The new agency was instituted under schedule 3A of Public Finance Management Act as public entity, thereby enabling it to retain the revenue generated. The change has evidently impacted the regulatory practices positively; however, the challenges inherited by regulators and those regulated are enormous. SAHPRA needs to confront the challenges and make the most out of the opportunities ahead. This study aims to focus on understanding the new agency, its evolution over time, objectives set forth, organizational and operational construct, responsibilities, accomplishments so far, outstanding challenges, opportunities ahead, and the collaborative efforts that can support its operation. SAHPRA has had noteworthy achievements as a healthcare products regulator. By making most use of collaboration efforts SAHPRA is all set to work through the challenges and gain from opportunities. https://doi.org/10.21423/jrs-v09i2dureja

Quality Assurance in the molecular diagnostic laboratory

Molecular diagnostics is currently playing an imperative role in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Quality assurance and quality control issues have often remained underdeveloped in our country and are still critical. To relate patient results to these, molecular diagnostics carry values in clinical diagnosis, therapeutic drug monitoring and remission and those results need to be comparable across time and methods. This may be achieved either by producing the identical value across methods and test versions or by using reliable and stable reference materials in the medical laboratories engaged with molecular tests. The establishment of international standards and reference materials, assessment and maintenance of technical competencies, regulatory oversight and best practices considerations are thus of utmost importance. This review focuses on general and specific issues relevant for quality assurance and quality control in the routine molecular diagnostics laboratory.
 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2021; 15 (1): 30-34

Educational standards for developing an entry-level occupational therapy program: an overview

The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the minimum educational standards required for developing an entry level educational program in occupational therapy and to encourage continual quality assurance for developments required to advance the profession in an inter professional and global context Impacting the profession through the establishment of international standards is the key to provide a global unifying approach to the curriculum ongoing development of quality entry level programs in occupational therapy These standards ensure that the design and delivery of occupational therapy educational programs are internationally consistent and identify the essential knowledge skills and attitudes that encourage a more competent practice of occupational therapy

Views of Primary School Administrators on Change in Schools and Change Management Practices

Globalization, awareness of the importance of investment in human capital, exponential increase in knowledge, rapid development of technology, changing needs and expectations, establishment of international standards, and similar social, economic, political and technological developments have significant impact on internal structures and operation of schools, and drive them to (Hoy & Miskel, 2010). What is discussed now is not the necessity of but how to manage this process of and how to achieve success (Sayli & Tufekci, 2008); because in order for system to sustain and to be effective, it needs to adapt itself to the ever-changing conditions around itself (Kurcunoglu, 2006). Planning the and ensuring its sustainability through successfully managing and implementing it is crucial for an organization to improve itself, to respond to demands, and to successfully continue to exist for longer time (Akyuz, 2006; Ozmen & Sonmez, 2007). Change, in its general meaning, describes situation where individuals or objects their places or personal knowledge and skills become advanced over time (Kocel, 2011). In other words, is the transformation of system, process or an environment from one status to another in planned or unplanned (Sabuncuoglu, 2008). According to Kant, happens when special characteristics of undergo change or when something is transformed into else (Yeniceri, 2002). From an organizational point of view, describes process experienced by an organization in order to provide more products and services in more efficient, more productive and more competitive using more economic means in shorter period of time. Changes in economic conditions, technological developments, market changes, legal amendments, and changing customer preferences due to social and political changes are considered among the external reasons of organizational whereas human resources problems, organizational inadequacies, financial problems, managerial behaviors and decisions as well as in-house innovation are considered among the internal reasons for (Oztop, 2014). It is crucial for administrators to be aware of and to give reactions against such reasons, forcing organizations to in terms of the organizations' success, both during this process of and in the future. Change is must for ensuring and sustaining organizational development, while management as skill is must have qualification for administrators. An organization is combination of individuals, technology, and structures and processes regulating individuals' relations with each other and with their profession. Organizational structure and processes have an important impact on the attitudes and behaviors of the employees in the organization. Therefore, organizational structure and processes cannot be regarded as separate from each other in terms of organizational change. Organizational development does not foresee only in individuals, technology, structure or processes, but in all of these as whole (Friedlander & Brown, 1978 as cited in Balci, 2002). Owens (1987) defines organizational as a premeditated, planned, unusual and authentic effort that contributes to the organization to reach newer goals or to achieve the existing goals in more effective manner (cited in Altunay, Arli, & Yalcinkaya, 2012). In general, it is possible to speak of two types of change: planned and unplanned. Planned change is desirable for organizations, and means realized with the participation of and support of the members of an organization. Unplanned change, on the other hand, is defined as inevitable undergone by organizations, consciously or not, due to unexpected circumstances (Escalente, 2005; Ozdemir, 2000).Change is difficult and painful process for organizations. When goals of the are in unity with the goals of employees, is better supported by the employees (Ozkan, 2004; West-Burnham, 1991 as cited in Toremen, 2002). …

The Progress of Metabolomics Study in Traditional Chinese Medicine Research.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has played important roles in health protection and disease treatment for thousands of years in China and has gained the gradual acceptance of the international community. However, many intricate issues, which cannot be explained by traditional methods, still remain, thus, new ideas and technologies are needed. As an emerging system biology technology, the holistic view adopted by metabolomics is similar to that of TCM, which allows us to investigate TCM with complicated conditions and multiple factors in depth. In this paper, we tried to give a timely and comprehensive update about the methodology progression of metabolomics, as well as its applications, in different fields of TCM studies including quality control, processing, safety and efficacy evaluation. The herbs investigated by metabolomics were selected for detailed examination, including Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Atractylodes macrocephala Kidd, Pinellia ternate, etc.; furthermore, some valuable results have been obtained and summarized. In conclusion, although the study of metabolomics is at the early phase and requires further scrutiny and validation, it still provides bright prospects to dissect the synergistic action of multiple components from TCM. Overall, with the further development of analytical techniques, especially multi-analysis techniques, we expect that metabolomics will greatly promote TCM research and the establishment of international standards, which is beneficial to TCM modernization.

Quality assurance and quality control in the routine molecular diagnostic laboratory for infectious diseases

Molecular diagnostics has become one of the dominant platforms in clinical laboratory medicine. Technological improvements, from automated sample preparation to real time amplification technology, provide the possibility to develop and run assays for a growing number of clinical questions. However, quality assurance and quality control issues have often remained underdeveloped but are still critical. To relate patient results to prior results or to absolute values in clinical practice guidelines, those results need to be comparable across time and methods. This may be achieved either by producing the identical value across methods and test versions or by using reliable and stable conversions. The establishment of international standards and reference materials is thus of paramount importance. This review focuses on general and specific issues relevant for quality assurance and quality control in the routine molecular diagnostics laboratory.

Understanding the role of the South Korean cinema industry's ‘Dolby consultants’

ABSTRACTThis article explores the role of ‘Dolby consultants’ in the contemporary South Korean film industry. Dolby is ostensibly a US company and global pioneer in the establishment of international standards for the presentation of 35mm film sound. It has also been providing Production Services to Korean film-makers since 1988. The article tracks the relations between Dolby and the South Korean film industry in the context of the establishment of independent audio post-production studios in Seoul since the late 1990s. By focusing on the interpersonal relations which sustain such activities, and through analysis of the specific example of Live Tone studio and the film The Good, the Bad and the Weird (Kim Jee-woon, 2008), it argues that complex transnational dynamics underpin South Korea's emergence as a global cinema industry.

The International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility: Evaluating the First Years

In January 2004 the ministers of research of the OECD countries endorsed the recommendation from the Neuroinformatics Working Group of the OECD Global Science Forum to start a global neuroinformatics initiative to coordinate international research and resources in the field. As a result, the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility (INCF) was established in August 2005. The INCF has an unusual structure for an international initiative, shown in Fig. 1. It is build on top of national nodes, which are centers of excellence in neuroinformatics supported by national governments and which promote the growth of neuroinformatics at the local level, coordinated by a secretariat. A governing board, composed of representatives from the 15 supporting member countries from Asia, Europe and North America (see http://www.incf.org for an up to date list), provides overview and strategic planning to the activities of the secretariat. In November 2005, after a competitive bid, the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden was selected as the site for the secretariat. Dr. Jan Bjaalie was appointed executive director of the secretariat in 2006, a role taken over by Dr. Mark Ellisman earlier this year. Four years after its foundation the operations of the INCF were reviewed as a prelude towards a decision on extending its life beyond the initial five year period. In this editorial I will present a personal overview of the main activities of the INCF based on a document that was prepared for the international review process, which will be described at the end. The most established activities of the INCF are its programs, the web portal and the Neuroinformatics Congress. In addition, there are local initiatives managed by the national nodes, that are beyond the scope of this editorial, and a series of workshops on educational activities. The INCF programs have had a slow start but are now becoming quite visible and it is my belief that these activities will become the main contribution of the INCF to the field. All three active programs have a focus on the establishment of international standards, which is by definition an activity that cannot be done at a national level. Moreover, neuroscience is lagging behind compared to other biological fields in formulating international standards for nomenclature (Bug et al. 2008) or for describing experimental data (Teeters et al. 2008) or models (Cannon et al. 2007; De Schutter 2008). The first program is on digital atlasing, which has a focus on the rodent brain. Central to this program is a new standard for mapping, called the Waxholm Space (named after the site of a key meeting in 2008). The Waxholm Space is a coordinate-based reference space for the mapping and registration of neuroanatomical data. FIrst steps in its construction are the development of a standardized acquisition procedure for passing data into the Space, using a high-resolution MRI dataset and companion Nissl-stained reconstructions. Next key reference atlases will be registered into the Space and a set of best practices for experimenters to ensure Waxholm Space compatibility will be proposed. Erik De Schutter is co-editor in chief of this journal and also member of the INCF governing board and chair of the INCF program for largescale computing.

The Purposes and Accountability of the Corporation in Contemporary Society: Corporate Governance at a Crossroads

This Article begins by identifying five forces of change that have profound implications for corporate governance in contemporary society. These forces involve changes in the nature of work, capital markets, product markets, organizational forms, and the corporate regulatory environment. It then examines the implications of these changes for corporate governance. It reviews the empirical literature in finance and strategy and concludes that much of this literature is cross-sectional in nature, and therefore is incapable of predicting the consequences of these changes. The Article discusses the prominent paradigms that are found throughout corporate governance scholarship. Stripped of their complexities, most of the literature centers around a debate between two opposing views of the corporation: contractarianism and communitarianism. The Article describes these two views of the public corporation, examines how each addresses the impact of the five forces of change that we have identified, and critiques the limitations of each view. The Article concludes that, in a world of rapid change, the contractarian view provides the better perspective for public policy toward the large-scale, public corporation. While there are important limitations of the contractarian view (for example, third-party effects and problems deriving from ill-defined property rights), on balance, the ability of individuals to engage freely in mutually beneficial contracting is the most efficient way of adapting to these governance challenges. The Article also revisits the debate surrounding the American Law Institute's Corporate Governance Project. While the Project addresses issues that might be interpreted as affirming the communitarian perspective, it clearly asserts the primacy of shareholder wealth-maximization, a fundamental tenet of the contractarian perspective. The Article examines in detail the governance structures in Japan and Germany--structures that are quite communitarian compared to the relatively contractarian U.S. structure--to determine whether these alternative governance systems provide any better blueprints for adapting to change. The Article concludes that the communitarian perspectives adopted by these countries impede the ability to adapt to change. Further, the Article provides evidence that global corporations in these countries are inexorably patterning their governance practices and styles along Anglo-American, or more precisely, U.S. lines. The argument that the world is inexorably evolving along the lines of the contractarian model is an important and unique conclusion of this Article. Most who have written on the subject to date have concluded that there is no optimal governance structure and that both the Japanese and German systems are efficient, self-sustaining forms as well. The authors disagree. There is sufficient theory and evidence to support the assertion that public corporations around the world are moving toward a more contractarian, and specifically, more U.S.-styled governance structure. Moreover, this movement is, in large part, a response to the fundamental changes that are identified in the Article. The Article does not conclude in a state of contractarian euphoria, however. Effective cross-border institutions must be developed in order to reduce the two major shortcomings of the contractarian system. First, effective contracts cannot be written when property rights are ill-defined or the terms of contracts cannot be enforced--regulatory voids at the intersection of sovereign boundaries, and impediments to a well-functioning international market for corporate control exacerbate this problem. Therefore, the establishment of international standards, institutions, and rules of law that facilitate free contracting across borders is needed. Second, the potential costs and abuses of externalities (third-party effects) are pernicious. Whenever possible, mechanisms must be developed to internalize the costs of such externalities.

I. Drug Trafficking at Sea: the Case of R. v. Charrington and Others

In 1991 the United Kingdom became a Party to the 1988 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, one of the purposes of which is “to improve international co-operation in the suppression of illicit traffic by sea”.1 Article 17 of that Convention has, as its central purpose, the establishment of international standards, procedures and practices designed to facilitate the obtaining of enforcement jurisdiction whereas Article 4 addresses the closely associated issue of prescriptive jurisdiction.2 The Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1999 contains a number of provisions of relevance in this latter context. These include the taking of extraterritorial jurisdiction over certain drugs offences taking place on board the vessels of other Convention parties.3

The Pediatric Research Initiative in the United States: Implications for Global Pediatric Research

Recognition of cultural and ethnic differences in target populations for drugs, an increase in multi-country new drug application submissions, harmonization of international regulatory requirements and research guidelines, and the availability of multinational contract research organizations (CROs) will facilitate the current trend toward increased multinational clinical research trials. Currently, approximately 20% of research by United States-based companies is already conducted outside the United States. Since new drug applications submitted to the United States Food & Drug Administration (FDA) will require pediatric studies for any drugs with potential use in the pediatric population, it is likely that they will be done by any drug sponsor planning to enter its product in the United States market at some point in the product’s life cycle regardless of the country of origin. Although the current United States domestic market for pediatric drugs is considered small, nearly 20% of all drug sales in developed countries worldwide are for patients under 18 years of age. The pediatric drug market in developing countries may be just as important. It has been estimated that by the year 2000, developing countries, where more than half of the population are children, will comprise 36% of the world market for pharmaceuticals. Establishment of international standards for pediatric drug development, currently in process by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), should eventually result in availability of consistent formulations of needed therapeutic drugs for all children worldwide.

Advances in Video Signal Compression and its Applications

The development of digital video telephony in the 1980's has made it possible to use digital video compression for a variety of telecommunication applications: teleconferencing, digital broadcast codes and video telephony. The computer industry, the telecommunication industry and the consumer electronics industry are increasingly sharing the above technology. A major driving force is the ongoing partial merging of TV and computers in interactive multimedia services involving digital TV and applications in areas like information(news), education, medical, entertainment etc. A major target is to maximize inter-operability of video services at all levels, including various resolutions, different transmission and storage mechanisms, as well as bit rates. The maturity of compression techniques needed for digital video storage and transmission, and the establishment of international standards for digital TV representation, like MPEG-2, have greatly contributed in this transformation. This paper provides you an ...

Immunochemical Aspects of Growth Hormone Assays

To construct an immunochemical assay of human growth hormone (hGH) is difficult due to the complicated nature of the hormone. Several forms coexist in the circulation with a 22,000 molecular weight form dominating. Related hormones with up to 93% homology are also present. hGH with its 191 amino acids presents more than 10 epitopes. Furthermore, the existence of two binding proteins adds to the complexity of the assay. Despite intensive efforts involving establishment of international standards, analytical consensus has not yet been reached. It is concluded that more specific immunoassays should be established.

国際規格化の過程

国際規格化の過程

The international union of pure and applied physics

PHYSICISTS HAVE BEEN GROUPED for most of the century in a continuing international association, but its fortunes have been erratic, particularly during and immediately following World War I. In 1931, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) was one of eight scientific unions, including those of chemistry, biology and astronomy, doing business on a world‐wide scale. The Union's purpose is to foster international physics meetings, more rapid dissemination of information and the establishment of international standards, units and nomenclature.