Establishment Of Rules Research Articles

Enhancement in Biological Availability of Vitamins by Nano-engineering and its Applications: An Update.

Vitamin nano-engineering has been accomplished by synthesizing various nanostructures to improve their stability, bioavailability, shelf life, and functioning. This review provides a detailed description of recent advances in the art of encapsulation with high efficiency through the use of practical and logistic nano-engineering techniques such as nanofibres, nanogels, nanobeads, nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, and many other nanostructures. To demonstrate the interaction of molecules with nano-forms, the bioavailability of several vitamins such as B, C, E, A, D, and others in the form of nanostructures is explored. This review will provide a thorough understanding of how to improve bioavailability and nanostructure selection to extend the utility, shelf life, and structural stability of vitamins. While nanoencapsulation can improve vitamin stability and distribution, the materials employed in nanotechnologies may offer concerns if they are not sufficiently tested for safety. If nanoparticles are not adequately designed and evaluated, they may cause inflammation, oxidative stress, or other unwanted effects. Researchers and makers of nanomaterials and medication delivery systems should adhere to established rules and regulations. Furthermore, long-term studies are required to monitor any negative consequences that may result from the use of nanostructure.

Foodborne illnesses caused by tissue parasitic protozoa

Zoonotic infections caused by Sarcocystis species, known as intestinal sarcocystosis, are an example of foodborne illnesses that occur due to the consumption of contaminated meat. Zoonotic Sarcocystis parasites, specifically those hosted in cattle and swine meat, have been reported as the sole causative agents of human intestinal sarcocystosis. The infection’s symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Talking about zoonotic parasites goes hand in hand with discussing the parasite life cycle, animals that act as natural intermediate hosts, and humans who act as the natural definitive host for the parasite. To safeguard cattle and swine meat consumers, the government of Rwanda, through the Rwanda Inspectorate, Competition, and Consumer Protection Authority (RICA), has banned the sale of meat that has not been refrigerated for at least 24 hours and reached a temperature between 2oC and 4oC before sale in order to prevent the transmission of zoonotic and transmissible diseases. Based on various literature reports, zoonotic sarcocyst viability remains intact in this range of temperatures for a period of 24 hours. Given that the prevalence of swine coccidia in Rwanda was reported to be 55.8%, Coccidia may not only include Sarcocystis species. The established rule may not be contributing to the prevention of zoonotic sarcocystis parasite infection but it is a preventive solution for many other zoonotic parasites and pathogens. Due to the lack of research reports on zoonotic sarcocystis in Rwanda, there is limited knowledge about these parasites in the country. This lack of information may explain why the prevention and control measures taken to address zoonotic pathogen infection do not adequately address the issue of zoonotic sarcocysts. Though the parasite infection was reported to be negligible, it may induce reduced human food availability in the food production system due to the ability of the disease to be transmitted from humans to cattle and pork. These later animals' meat is prestigiously served as human food in Rwanda.

Formation of the mechanism of state antimonopoly policy on national consumer markets

The article examines the formation mechanism of state antimonopoly policy on national consumer markets. It was determined that the formation of the state antimonopoly policy takes place according to the state's general economic policy needs. The general economic policy of the state is established depending on the values inherent in the state in each changeable period. Depending on the values of the state, in a certain period, the goals of state regulation in general and goals of antimonopoly policy in particular form. Determined that the mechanism of formation of state antimonopoly policy includes and correlates the interests of state regulation, which correspond to the interests of the market participants majority and the interests of individual business entities. It was determined that the state component of antimonopoly regulation is subject to established norms and rules at the legislative level. Market participants, in addition to the norms and rules established by legislation, are influenced by the institutional environment. They are generally accepted market participants, norms, and rules that are not documented and not mandatory – established that an essential component of the mechanism of state antimonopoly policy formation on national consumer markets is the coordination of regulation between state authorities and non-state self-regulatory organizations consisting of market participants also interested in antimonopoly regulation. It is established that the results of antimonopoly regulation are aimed at the factors of sustainable socio-economic development, which in turn form the general economic policy of the state. Keywords: State regulation, antimonopoly policy, competition policy, mechanism of antimonopoly policy.

EXPERIMENTAL PRACTICES BY PRINTMAKERS IN THE WORLD OF PRINTMAKING

Printmaking (Chhapa Kala) has evolved beyond paper-based prints and has encompassed a broader spectrum of artistic expressions. The world of printmaking witnesses the innovative experiments of numerous artists today, each contributing their unique endeavors. Printmakers are no longer confined by strict rules and are embracing a more versatile and expressive form of printmaking. Today's printmakers are taking a step forward and are diligently working in the realm of printmaking, progressing beyond the confines of traditional printmaking. Printmakers are exploring different mediums with enthusiasm, uncovering new possibilities, and pushing the boundaries of what printmaking can achieve. The traditional distinctions between established, conventional, and unconventional printmaking are being blurred, allowing for a more dynamic and liberated interpretation of the art form. In actuality, the term 'printmaking' itself is undergoing a redefinition, with new rules being formulated. It appears that, in today's artistic landscape, there is a growing recognition of the need to reconsider established norms and rules in printmaking. Research in this context has been extensively conducted, analyzing the various aspects and techniques involved. This study delves into the realm of Chhapa Kala, exploring its widespread influence and its integration into the broader world of art."

Institutionalization of public interest in planning: Evolving mechanisms of public representation in China’s urban regeneration policymaking

How to capture, represent, and materialize public interest in urban planning has gone through multiple rounds of experimentation, crystallizing a number of regulatory regimes of planning in different historical and political-economic contexts. However, how to define the “public” and capture the public interest in urban planning remains problematic in both planning practices and democratic theory. Therefore, drawing upon Dewey and Habermas’s view of the public sphere, this paper introduces a scale perspective to examine the subjects in planning and the power framing process in defining the public in urban regeneration policymaking. First, this paper revisits the current debates on the concept of public interest and identifies three interpretations of public interest materialization: utilitarian, unitary, and communicative. Second, this paper illustrates the institutionalization process of public interest in China’s urban planning system. We critically examine the evolving mechanisms of public representation in China’s urban regeneration policymaking since 1949. The institutionalization of public interest in China shows distinguished trajectories from the Western countries. These differences are caused by different values that define the scale of “public” in different socio-political contexts. Given the emerging communicative turn in China, we found a hybrid norm of public interest as reflected in the recent “co-production” model of urban regeneration. The contribution of this paper is threefold: 1) highlights the validity of the public interest concept by introducing a scale sensitivity to analyze the subjects in planning; 2) complements public interest typology by identifying a hybrid norm in China that weaves between unitary and communicative interpretations; 3) revisits Dewey’s democratization theory by conceptualizing the institutionalization of public interest in semi-authoritarian China that is determined across the scales of subjects in planning, the ever-changing political-economic contexts, and the planning application in established rules.

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ІНСТИТУТУ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ У СФЕРІ ЗАХИСТУ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ КОНКУРЕНЦІЇ: АМЕРИКАНСЬКА ТА ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКА ДОКТРИНИ

The article examines the institution of responsibility in the field of economic competition protection, which is used in the American and European systems. It has been established that the issue of liability for offenses in the field of competition regulation and competition protection is a special issue on Ukraine's path to European integration. This problem is important because in the modern Ukrainian economy, its institutional support - in the form of rules, economic mechanisms and tools, as well as organizational forms - ensure the interaction of the market and the state, because neither the market nor the state, taken by themselves, with development along the line of progress, they are unable to cope. The issue of competition regulation and liability for violations in the field of competition protection is of particular importance for the European integration of Ukraine. After all, after the historical challenges faced by Ukraine, only mutually agreed and regulated relations in this sphere can become a guarantee of social and national development. It was determined that competitiveness in the modern world cannot be ensured only on a liberal basis, that is, on a purely market basis. Effective regulation of competition protection is necessary for understanding the main mechanisms of interaction of various participants in the market. Established rules that apply to different types of markets are inseparable from the economic mechanisms that underlie them. One of the violations in the field of protection of economic competition is the abuse of a monopoly position. It has been established that two doctrines are currently used as a basis for developing approaches to competition regulation: American and European. The article lists the categories of prohibitions in the anti-competitive behavior of the USA and the EU. It is proven that highly developed countries strengthen their dominant role due to the use of the latest knowledge and the introduction of innovations, which makes them more competitive. Other countries that do not possess this knowledge and skills become dependent on them. And this dependence consists in calculating the benefits of civilization with cheap labor, natural resources and other national wealth. Key words: competition, competitiveness, responsibility, enterprises, benchmarking, internationalization, protection.

Engineering choroid plexus-on-a-chip with oscillatory flow for modeling brain metastasis.

The human brain choroid plexus (ChP) is a highly organized secretory tissue with a complex vascular system and epithelial layers in the ventricles of the brain. The ChP is the body's principal source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); it also functions as a barrier to separate the blood from CSF, because the movement of CSF through the body is pulsatile in nature. Thus far, it has been challenging to recreate the specialized features and dynamics of the ChP in a physiologically relevant microenvironment. In this study, we recapitulated the ChP structure by developing a microfluidic chip in accordance with established design rules. Furthermore, we used image processing and analysis to mimic CSF flow dynamics within a rlcking system; we also used a hydrogel containing laminin to mimic brain extracellular matrix (ECM). Human ChP cells were cultured in the ChP-on-a-chip with in vivo-like CSF dynamic flow and an engineered ECM. The key ChP characteristics of capillaries, the epithelial layer, and secreted components were recreated in the adjusted microenvironment of our human ChP-on-a-chip. The drug screening capabilities of the device were observed through physiologically relevant drug responses from breast cancer cells that had spread in the ChP. ChP immune responses were also recapitulated in this device, as demonstrated by the motility and cytotoxic effects of macrophages, which are the most prevalent immune cells in the ChP. Our human ChP-on-a-chip will facilitate the elucidation of ChP pathophysiology and support the development of therapeutics to treat cancers that have metastasized into the ChP.

Kepala sekolah sebagai Power Peningkatan Loyalitas Guru di SMP Negeri 1 Mojoagung Jombang

Loyalty is an extremely important quality in a leader, and its presence guarantees the growth of a dedicated following. A competent instructor will carry out the required actions. Therefore, it is necessary to increase teacher loyalty to their jobs, as teachers play a crucial role in the educational process. Teachers who are not committed to their institutions typically display low levels of motivation and professionalism in the classroom. The purpose of this study is to de-emphasize teacher loyalty and instead learn how the school's administration plans to increase teacher loyalty at SMP Negeri 1 Mojoagung Jombang. This type of study is a descriptive quantitative study. Instead, observation, interviews, and paperwork are used as data collection methods. Meanwhile, common data analysis techniques include data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. However, the study's findings pertain to teachers' loyalty at SMP Negeri 1 Mojoagung Jombang, and they are as follows: strict adherence to established rules and regulations, acceptance of responsibility for the responsibilities placed on him as a teacher and the tasks assigned to him, and a commitment to communicating truthfully and in accordance with Islamic principles. In contrast, the school's administration can boost teacher loyalty by measures such as increased surveillance, providing teachers with feedback and coaching opportunities, conducting regular classroom observations, reminding teachers of their professional obligations, reminding teachers that the school is their own, providing uswatun khasanah.

Reframing the English Foreign Act of State Doctrine

This article proposes a way to reframe the English foreign act of State doctrine. The doctrine is an established rule of English common law but its contours and application remain ill‐defined, despite the Supreme Court's restatement in Belhaj v Straw. The doctrine in its current form emerges from the accretion of precedents over some 350 years, but still lacks a unifying framework bringing its different strands together. This article argues that English courts should reframe the doctrine by reference to the distinction between elements of a rule that are embedded in its definition, called ‘limitations’, and elements of a rule that exist separately from it, called ‘exceptions’. This distinction has been developed in legal philosophy to classify the elements of wrongs as definitional elements, constitutive of liability, and defences, defeating liability. Reframed according to this distinction, the English foreign act of State doctrine can be streamlined into one, single rule, instead of the three rules set out in Belhaj v Straw. This reframing has implications for the doctrine's characterisation as one of justiciability, abstention or restraint, and its compatibility with the duty to do justice, including under the European Convention on Human Rights.

On Informality - Programmed Spontaneity in Spatial Design

In the history of European-based classical architecture, the concept of formalism has often been understood as a deviation from canonical form. Until the cultural changes introduced by the Romantic movement in the nineteenth century, the repetition of established formal rules was prevalent in architectural theory and practice. However, the last two hundred years have shown an increasing fascination with the possibility of incorporating the features of “architecture without architects” in the discourse and practice of conventional design, progressively codifying them into theoretical and formal canons. On an urban and territorial scale, the formal characteristics of the so-called informal settlements are currently being systematised and subsequently replicated in design practice. This is exacerbated by market economy and by the broad subject of taste. The aesthetic of spontaneity and the induction of informality have become established architectural concepts, criteria and goals. The differences between the needs of rapidly expanding built territories (in rich or in poor contexts) and those which face mainly punctual adaptations have become clearer, as they often require conflicting approaches. Therefore, the degree of informality enabled in the design process and desired as a design purpose is a key conceptual and practical factor in contemporary spatial planning.

Nontraditional Approaches To Enable High-Energy and Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

ConspectusLithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are promising for automotive applications due to their high theoretical energy density (2600 Wh/kg). In addition, the natural abundance of sulfur could mitigate the global raw material supply chain challenge of commercial lithium-ion batteries that use critical elements, such as nickel and cobalt. However, due to persistent polysulfide shuttling and uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth, Li-S batteries using nonencapsulated sulfur cathodes and conventional ether-based electrolytes suffer from rapid cell degradation upon cycling. Despite significant improvements in recent decades, there is still a big gap between lab research and commercialization of the technology. To date, the reported cell energy densities and cycling life of practical Li-S pouch cells remain largely unsatisfactory.Traditional approaches to improving Li-S performance are primarily focused on confining polysulfides using electronically conductive hosts. However, these micro- and mesoporous hosts suffer from limited pore volume to accommodate high sulfur loading and the associated volume change during cycling. Moreover, they fail to balance adsorption-conversion of polysulfides during charge-discharge, leading to the formation of massive dead sulfur. Such hosts are themselves electrochemically inactive, which decreases the practical energy density. In contrast, a series of nontraditional approaches, paired with advances in multiscale mechanistic understanding, have recently demonstrated exciting performance outcomes not only in conventional coin cells but also in practical pouch cells.In this Account, we first introduce our novel cathode design strategies to overcome polysulfide shuttling and sluggish redox kinetics in thick S cathodes via selenium-sulfur chemistry and cathode host engineering. Next, we gain a mechanistic understanding of Li-S batteries in various types of electrolytes via a series of spectroscopic, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electrochemical methods. Meanwhile, a novel cathode solid electrolyte interphase encapsulation strategy via nonviscous highly fluorinated ether-based electrolyte is introduced. The established selection rule by investigating how solvating power retards the shuttle effect and induces robust cathode/solid-electrolyte interphase formation is also included. We then discuss how the synergistic interactions between rational cathode structures and electrolytes can be exploited to tailor the reaction pathways and kinetics of S cathodes under high mass loading and lean electrolyte conditions. In addition, a novel interlayer design to simultaneously overcome degradation processes (polysulfide shuttling and lithium dendrite formation) and accelerate redox reaction kinetics is presented. Finally, this Account concludes with an overview of the challenges and strategies to develop Li-S pouch cells with high practical energy density, long cycle life, and fast-charging capability.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COERCION IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE ADMINISTRATION: THE LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVICTION

The article analyzes public administration as a complex process, the effectiveness of which must be ensured by a set of measures aimed at the state's performance of its functions. It is noted that the state is the organizer of social life, and it exercises its organizing influence through the exercise of power. That is, the state, through the adoption of laws, establishes norms of behavior in various spheres of society's life, and a person, obeying them, gets opportunities for development. However, not all citizens and persons who are in the territory of a certain state obey the legal state requirements, realizing the need to observe the established rules and models of behavior to achieve the common good. It is substantiated that legal nihilism, unlawful and deviant behavior, accompanied by the commission of a large number of offenses and crimes, negatively affect the state's ability to perform the functions assigned to it, to effectively carry out public administration. That is why today it is extremely important not only to find methods and methods that will increase the efficiency of state administration but also to find out their philosophical and legal foundations. This will make it possible to outline the philosophical foundations of the method or method itself, and will also help to reduce the level of its negative perception by society in general and by individual people or social groups in particular. In this context, it has been proven that one of such methods is state coercion as an activity of state bodies and officials authorized by law, which is carried out by influencing the physical, mental, organizational, or property state of legal subjects, with the aim of universally binding conscious fulfillment of requirements law, restoration of violated rights, as well as preventive activities of law enforcement agencies. On the basis of the conducted analysis, the data of the study were systematized, according to which the purpose of applying state coercion is to restore violated rights. That is when one person violates the rights and freedoms of another person or group of people, the state is obliged to respond to such actions. The state's reaction should be to restore the violated rights and freedoms as soon as possible and apply appropriate coercive measures to the offender.

Mixing rule for calculating the effective refractive index beyond the limit of small particles.

Considering light transport in disordered media, the medium is often treated as an effective medium requiring accurate evaluation of an effective refractive index. Because of its simplicity, the Maxwell-Garnett (MG) mixing rule is widely used, although its restriction to particles much smaller than the wavelength is rarely satisfied. Using 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations, we show that the MG theory indeed fails for large particles. Systematic investigation of size effects reveals that the effective refractive index can be instead approximated by a quadratic polynomial whose coefficients are given by an empirical formula. Hence, a simple mixing rule is derived which clearly outperforms established mixing rules for composite media containing large particles, a common condition in natural disordered media.

K-Means Clustering Algorithm for Partitioning the Openness Levels of Open Government Data Portals

More and more local governments in Indonesia are making their data available to the public. This benefits data scientists, researchers, business owners, and other potential users seeking datasets for empirical research and business innovation. However, just because Open Government Data (OGD) portals are accessible does not mean that they necessarily adhere to the established rules and principles of data openness. To evaluate the level of openness of 24 OGD portals in Indonesia, this study used the K-means Clustering algorithm to partition them into three levels: Leaders, Followers, and Beginners. A group of 30 participants, including researchers, data scientists, business enablers, and graduate students, rated the portals on 32 sub-questions related to the eight main principles of data disclosure, focusing on health, population, and education datasets. The study found that eight portals were categorized as Leaders, ten as Followers, and seven as Beginners regarding their level of openness. The study demonstrated that the K-means Clustering algorithm can be effectively used to assess the degree of openness of OGD portals in Indonesia based on eight main principles of data openness. The study recommends increasing the number of OGD portals in eastern territories to supplement the existing case studies in the western and central regions.

林兆恩历史观所折射出的“三教合一”思想研究

As a folk sect developed by a group of scholars, the “Three-in-One” differs from other sects such as the Luozu Religion and the Vacuum Religion, whose main doctrines are based on Buddhism and Taoism, with a distinctive “Confucianism-based” character. The most striking part of the theory of its founder, Lin Zhaoen, is that he uses Confucianism to unify Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, and divides the three religions into an order of establishment, initiation, and extreme rule. What is striking is that Lin Zhaoen has used his historical commentary to expound on the “three religions in one”. The historical perspective embodied in his commentary reflects his unique theory of “three religions in Confucianism”, and to a certain extent, he has broken through the traditional Confucianism of reverence for the past, laying a firm theoretical foundation for the development of his sect.

THE INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLE AND WORK DISCIPLINE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MAKASSAR CITY EDUCATION OFFICE EMPLOYEES

Leadership style and work discipline are recognized as pivotal elements that shape the behaviors, attitudes, and outcomes of employees within an organization. Leadership style pertains to the approach adopted by leaders to guide, motivate, and manage their subordinates, while work discipline involves the adherence to established rules, regulations, and norms within the workplace. This study aimed to investigate the impact of leadership style and work discipline on the performance of employees within the Makassar City Education Office. The research comprised a total of 94 employees from this office. Employing a quantitative research approach, the study involved quantitative analysis to evaluate the research hypothesis, utilizing IBM SPSS version 25 software. The findings revealed a positive and substantial influence of both leadership style and work discipline on employee performance. This conclusion was drawn from a t-statistic value of -2.655, which was less than the t-table value (1.66177), and a significance value of 0.000, indicating statistical significance (p < 0.05). The outcomes also demonstrated the significant impact of work discipline and leadership style on employee performance, with a calculated F-value of 25.215, surpassing the threshold of 3.10, and a significance value of 0.000, further confirming the significance of the findings (p < 0.05).

Delayed Promotion and Performance of Public Secondary School Teachers in Rivers State, Nigeria

It is expected of every responsive and effective government to give utmost priority to the welfare and valued conditions of service of the teachers who are the human capitals in schools. This is a wholesome bid to the anticipation of achieving laid down goals of education, without which the teachers may not conform to established rules of engagement, an ensuing blatant non-performance problem. Emanating from sheer observation of this scenario, and owing to scanty literature and dearth of empirical works in this area, this study therefore aimed at the examination of delayed promotion and performance of public secondary school teachers in Rivers State. In the attempt to investigate the relationship between the variables, three research questions and three corresponding hypotheses were posed to guide the study. Vroom’s expectancy theory was utilized to explain the nexus between the variables. Random and simple random samplings were adopted. The sample size of 393 was determined using the Taro Yamane statistics, from the population figure of 36,215. The study adopted cross sectional research design and generated data through surveys. The instrument used for data collection was the questionnaire which was analyzed using percentage and chi-square that was used to test the hypotheses. The study found that there is a significant relationship between delayed promotion on the one hand, and public secondary school teachers’ reluctance to work effectively, teachers frequently absenteeism and reduced promotion of learning on the other hand. Thus, it is concluded that delayed promotion of public secondary school teachers negatively affects teachers’ performance in Rivers State.

Correction of whitespace and word segmentation in noisy Pashto text using CRF

Word segmentation is the process of splitting up the text into words. In English and most European languages, word boundaries are identified by whitespace, while in Pashto, there is no explicit word delimiter. Pashto uses whitespace for word separation but not consistently, and it cannot be considered a reliable word-boundary identifier. This inconsistency makes the Pashto word segmentation unique and challenging. Moreover, Pashto is a low-resource, non-standardized language with no established rules for the correct usage of whitespace that leads to two typical spelling errors, space-omission, and space-insertion. These errors significantly affect the performance of the word segmenter. This study aims to develop a state-of-the-art word segmenter for Pashto, with a proofing tool to identify and correct the position of space in a noisy text. The CRF algorithm is incorporated to train two machine learning models for these tasks. For models' training, we have developed a text corpus of nearly 3.5 million words, annotated for the correct positions of spaces and explicit word boundary information using a lexicon-based technique, and then manually checked for errors. The experimental results of the model are very satisfactory, where the F1-scores are 99.2% and 96.7% for the proofing model and word segmenter, respectively.

An integrated risk assessment model for the multi-perspective vulnerability of distribution networks under multi-source heterogeneous data distributions

The reliability of distribution network transmission corridors are vulnerable to different risk factors in both internal operation parameters and surrounding environmental conditions, and thus pinpoint evaluations of these impacting factors can further enhance their safety. To this end, this paper proposes an integrated assessment method, that is the multi-dimensional assessment with integrated fuzzy association (MDATFA). In this model, healthiness and importance indices of transmission lines are both defined to reflect the self-robustness and potential damages, respectively, and therefore to enable a two-dimensional assessment to incorporate the multi-source heterogeneous inputs. Firstly, healthiness indices for environmental characteristics are analyzed. On the one hand, discrete input features are processed by the established association rule mining model with rare variables (ARMrv) to mine and diagnose rarely occurred elements, and their healthiness contribution values can then be calculated. On the other hand, continuous features are handled by the designed hierarchical probabilistic fuzzy systems (HPFS). The weight assignments of these two expert models are adjusted by a gating network. Secondly, the importance indices for electrical characteristics are calculated. Under the condition that electrical signal constraints are satisfied, the amount of load loss and lost users can be solved by the built distribution network fault recovery model which is according to heuristic rule and second-order cone (HRSO). Finally, the validity and robustness of this operational condition assessment model is verified by an empirical analysis in an actual 39-bus power distribution system.

Exploring the Potential Energy Surface of Medium-Sized Aromatic Polycyclic Systems with Embedded Planar Tetracoordinate Carbons: A Guided Approach

This study scrutinizes the complexities of designing and exploring the potential energy surfaces of systems containing more than twenty atoms with planar tetracoordinate carbons (ptCs). To tackle this issue, we utilized an established design rule to design a Naphtho [1,2-b:3,4-b′:5,6-b″:7,8-b′′′]tetrathiophene derivative computationally. This process began with substituting S atoms with CH− units, then replacing three sequential protons with two Si2+ units in the resultant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon polyanion. Despite not representing the global minimum, the newly designed Si8C22 system with four ptCs provided valuable insights into strategic design and potential energy surface exploration. Our results underscore the importance of employing adequate methodologies to confirm the stability of newly designed molecular structures containing planar hypercoordinate carbons.