Established Patterns Research Articles

Long-term monitoring of Mount St. Helens micrometeorology.

The 1980 volcanic eruption of Mount St. Helens had profound impacts on the geology, hydrology, and ecology of its surrounding landscapes. Consequently, the event provided a unique opportunity to study ecological change over time in relation to abiotic factors. To better assess the role localized environmental conditions play in these larger processes, we have monitored micrometeorological conditions across six disturbance zones on Mount St. Helens created by the eruption. We deployed 823 environmental sensors at 191 sites from 1997 to 2022 to measure the temperature and relative humidity of aquatic (temperature only) and terrestrial habitats in these areas, collecting over 4.2 million measurements in total. Measurements were typically recorded every 30 min from late spring through mid-fall, with the exception being Spirit Lake, where temperatures have been measured hourly on a year-round basis since 2002. These data have been used to address two broad research questions: (1) how small-scale environmental conditions influence patterns of survivorship and/or establishment on Mount St. Helens post-eruption for a range of organisms, including plants, small mammals, birds, amphibians, arthropods, fish, and other aquatic biota, and (2) to quantify and compare these environmental conditions across different disturbance zones, which vary in disturbance type, intensity, and history of post-eruption secondary disturbances. Due to the repeatability of these measurements over many years, these data lend themselves to exploring the relationship between forest succession and microclimate, especially with respect to forest-dwelling organisms whose spread and demography are sensitive to temperature and relative humidity. In addition, this dataset could be used to investigate additional questions related to early succession, disturbance ecology, climate change, or volcano ecology. This dataset is available in the R data package MSHMicroMetR, which also includes an R Shiny data visualization and exploration tool. There is no copyright on the data; please cite this data paper Ecology when using these data.

ПОКИНУТI ГIРНИЧI ВИРОБКИ ЯК ГЕОЕКОЛОГIЧНИЙ ФАКТОР ВУГЛЕПОРОДНОГО ВИДОБУТКУ В ДОНБАСІ

Purpose. The purpose of the work was to present the degree of influence on the geoecological situation in the Donbas of abandoned mine workings that have been preserved at the outcrops of coal seams, and the currently existing methods for assessing this influence based on studies to establish patterns of deformation of the rock mass and the earth’s surface in the zone of influence of such workings. Methodology. The work uses archival materials from the history of the development of the Donbas coal industry and the results of analytical studies of this problem over the past twenty years. Results. According to the results of the research, a number of features and patterns of deformation of the rock mass and the earth’s surface in the zone of influence of abandoned mine workings have been established/ Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty consists in establishing the causes, conditions and patterns of deformation of the rock mass over abandoned mine workings at shallow depths and in creating a fundamentally new approach to assessing the degree of danger to the earth’s surface of abandoned mine workings. Practical significance. It is possible to use the results of the conducted studies and established patterns to assess the degree of danger of such workings for the earth’s surface in the zone of their influence, as well as to develop an appropriate methodology for their assessment. Key words: active undermining, liquidation of coal mines, abandoned mine workings, mining damage, local subsidence, research results, assessment of cavity-making.

New South Wales rocky reefs are under threat

Rocky reefs of New South Wales (NSW) are characterised by a mosaic of habitats, including kelp forest and urchin-grazed barrens. These habitats support a diversity of dependent species. Decades of research have demonstrated that kelps form extensive forests with distinctive fish and invertebrate faunas and the ‘barrens’ boulder habitat provides shelter and other resources for commercial fishes, charismatic fishes and invertebrates; the barrens are not deserts! The feeding activities of herbivorous invertebrates, particularly the black sea urchin (Centrostephanus rodgersii) determine the presence of barrens habitat. Some invertebrates survive only in the presence of urchins and are the food resources for many predatory fishes. The barrens habitat in NSW has been highly stable for decades and is critical for the diversity of reef-based organisms. Because of climate change, Tasmanian waters have warmed and as a result C. rodgersii larvae have dispersed southward from NSW. Importantly, the situation regarding C. rodgersii in Tasmania differs from the established pattern in NSW and this needs to be recognised in the approach to management of this species in the two states. Urchins in NSW should be appreciated as important habitat determiners and the removal of them for whatever purpose would have to be managed carefully.

An example of the variant suffixes -ica and -ka in feminatives derived from masculine words ending in -or and -ator

The article examines feminatives as a semantic and word-formation category. In Slavic languages feminatives are mainly regarded as modificational derivatives formed from masculine derivatives by the whole replacement of the masculine suffix (bor-(-ec/-k?), partial replacement of the masculine suffix (bra-l/(-ec/-ka), or by adding the feminine suffix to the masculine suffix (miz-ar/-ka). Due to the expansion of global communication through mass media, the inevitable broadening of vocabulary requires the adaptation of borrowed words to the morphemic, morphological and word-formation paradigms of the borrowing language. As a consequence, it comes as no surprise that feminatives formed from the same masculine base often have two or more variants of feminine suffixes (dekan-ica - dekan-ka - dekan-ja). Three examples of variant feminine suffixes -ica and -ka added to masculine nouns ending in suffixes -or and -ator, which are of foreign origin, are examined in this paper. The purpose of the study is to establish which of the feminine suffixes are more productive and how they conform to the established patterns. The examined cases of masculine formations using the borrowed suffixes -or and its variant -ator (in addition to -tor, -itor and -utor) in the semantic category of living beings show variability in languages such as Slovene, Serbian and Slovakian, which are dependent on the existence of an appropriate nominal or verbal base in the language. In Slovene, such formations are consistently deverbal, while in Serbian and Slovakian they are either denominal or deverbal. The study focuses on three masculine formations koordinator, selektor and senator, and examines how their suffixes combine with the feminine suffix variants (-ka and -ica). The established pattern in Slovene predicts that masculine formations in -ator will form feminatives by adding the suffix -ka, while masculine formations in -or will form feminatives by adding the suffix -ica. In the example of the words koordinator- ka (from koordin-ator) and selektor-ica (from selekt-or), the usage confirms this pattern. However, there is a deviation from this pattern in the example of senatorka (from senat-or), where the feminative senator-ica would be predicted. The study offers a possible answer to the question of such deviations from the predictable patterns in contrast to the actual use of feminative suffixes. It is clear that language users are guided by different analogies when they form words. Although these analogies may not be linguistically supported, they are important in motivating the formation of many new words, especially those from borrowed bases. The language user depends on the recognition of the formal structure of the word to be able to choose a predictable word-formation pattern. In borrowed words, such formal structure is less clear, since it is based on foreign word-formation patterns with foreign root and derivational morphemes.

ВПЛИВ ГЛОБАЛЬНОЇ СЕЙСМІЧНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ НА ПАРАМЕТРИ ІОНОСФЕРИ ТА ПРИЗЕМНОЇ АТМОСФЕРИ

Subject and Purpose. The catastrophic magnitude of life and monetary losses associated with earthquakes spurs extensive searches for reliable earthquake precursors. It is common knowledge that lithospheric processes have a direct bearing on the state of atmosphere and ionosphere during earthquakes. However, the usual practice is to enquire things in the immediate vicinity of the hypocenter, notwithstanding the global nature of seismic processes. The present work is different as considers the changes of pressure and temperature in the near-Earth atmosphere and the total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere for world regions at arbitrary distances from hypocenters of strong earthquakes. Methods and Methodology. Employed are the data from the maps of the ionospheric TEC and the maps of the pressure and temperature in the atmospheric surface layer in world regions of 40°N latitude. The quantitative estimates are provided by the superposed epoch analysis for winter seasons between 2012 to 2018. Days of strong earthquakes of the Richter magnitudes within 6.3 to 7.9 are taken for the "zeros" whatever the geographical coordinates of the event. Results. The near-Earth atmosphere pressure P0 shows a decrease for about 5 days before the earthquake and gets elevated for about 5 days after the event. The air temperature T behaves in the opposite way. The TEC shows a sharp increase 2 to 5 days before the earthquake. The typical deviations DP0 and DT are of up to 2 hPa and 0.3 K, respectively. The TEC deviations, DTEC, are within 3 to 4%. Where the longitudes fall on the lithosphere plate boundaries, these deviations are nearly doubled. Also, the magnitude of the effect is higher in the regions where the atmospheric pressure is lower. The established patterns indicate that the gas release from underground plays an important role in the lithosphere-atmosphere and lithosphere-ionosphere interaction effects. In this case, the main part is played by radon fluxes that initiate the near-Earth atmosphere ionization and trigger a whole chain of secon- dary processes. Conclusions. The results of the work indicate that atmospheric and ionospheric effects caused by lithospheric processes take place at arbitrary distances from strong earthquake hypocenters. Gaseous emissions from underground play an important role as a primary factor of these global effects.

Transformacija organizacione kulture u digitalnom i hibridnom radnom okruženju

In the world of digital economy, traditional success factors of organizations, such as a strong organizational culture, have been redefined and questioned. Modern organizations are faced with the challenge of rethinking not only the established work patterns and employee relations, but also examining ways to transform the existing organizational cultures that are no longer sufficient to create sustainable value in the digital world. This paper presents the key elements of the digital organizational culture, the characteristics of the digital workplace and environment, as well as the specifics of the working population that belongs to the digital culture, the so-called "digital" or "Z" generation. New forms of work in modern business such as hybrid work, telecommuting and remote work are also analyzed. Considering that the traditional organizational culture was conceived in the analogue age and was not developed so that it can be easily adapted to the digital and hybrid form of work and organizations, its evolution and transformation in the direction of the needs of modern man are necessary. It can be concluded that a digital organizational culture should encourage the development of a collaborative work environment, creativity and innovation, and lead to permanent business improvement through a unique digital strategy.

Effect of sea cage aquaculture on the length, weight, and condition of wild Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

Wild fish have been shown to associate with sea cage aquaculture and consume waste feed; however, little is known about the effects of waste feed consumption on wild fish. We used Atlantic cod Gadus morhua collected in the direct vicinity of sea cages and reference Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization divisions, either outside the direct vicinity (‘local division’) or completely removed from aquaculture (‘outside divisions’), to compare length, weight, and condition for cod ages 2 to 4. Concentrations of vegetable oil-based fatty acids (linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid) were then used as biomarkers for waste feed consumption to determine their role in explaining differences in length, weight, and Fulton’s condition index among cage-associated cod. Age 2 cage-associated cod were in lower condition than age 2 cod from the local division and lighter than age 2 cod from all outside divisions. Age 3 cage-associated cod were comparable to age 3 cod from the local division but in lower condition than age 3 cod from all outside divisions. However, age 4 cage-associated cod were longer and heavier than age 4 cod from the local division, but in lower condition than age 4 cod from 2 of 3 outside divisions. Additionally, there were positive relationships between fatty acid concentrations and length and weight for age 2 cage-associated cod, but no significant relationships for age 3 or 4 cage-associated cod. Results suggest the effects of waste feed consumption are contradictory but not consistent enough to disrupt established growth and condition patterns among divisions.

Thoughts about dropping out of studies as warning sign for suicidal ideation and mental health problems in male university students

Despite increasing rates for suicidal ideation in university students, male students remain reluctant in reporting such thoughts. It is thus paramount to establish more easily detectable risk factors for male students. The present study examines study dropout thoughts as potential low-treshold risk factor as well as gender-differences in established risk patterns. A total of N = 4894 German university students (24.6% men) completed a cross-sectional online survey on their mental health at the University of Cologne. In addition to sociodemographic and questions related to university studies (e.g., dropping out of studies), the Patient Health Questionnaire D (PHQ-D) was used to assess psychological syndromes (any psychological syndrome, depressive syndrome, alcohol syndrome), life stressors and suicidal ideation. Study dropout thoughts were more prevalent among male students, while being associated with increased suicidal ideation for both genders assessed. For all outcomes, significant gender-differences were observed with financial stress and a recent bad experience being risk factors for suicidal ideation in men but not women. Relationship problems, problems at work and current psychotherapy use were positively associated with suicidal ideation in women but not in men. Thus, study dropout thoughts were associated with suicidal ideation in university students and there were male-specific risk patterns for suicidal ideation and associated mental health problems. Consequently, male university students reporting study dropout thoughts or financial stress should be screened for suicidality and mental health problems. Future prevention measures in the University context should consider study dropout thoughts and male-specific risk-patterns to increase the chances to detect male student’s suicidality and to improve the effectiveness of suicide prevention programs for men.

ДИНАМИКА ЗМІН КОЕФІЦІЄНТА ФОЛЬМЕРІВСЬКОЇ ДИФУЗІЇ МЕТАНУ, АДСОРБОВАНОГО У МІКРОСОРБЦІЙНІЙ СТРУКТУРІ ПРУЖНОЇ ЗОНИ ОПОРНОГО ТИСКУ ВУГІЛЬНОГО ПЛАСТА

Purpose. Set the possible change in the coefficient of Volmer diffusion of methane in the microsorption structure of the elastic zone of the supporting pressure of the coal seam. Methodology. The energy of the sorption bond of methane with the coals, the activation energy of the Volmer diffusion in the porous expanse of coal, as well as the stresses of the elastic zone and its effect on the change of the Volmer porosity, was taken into account. In the calculations, such parameters as the diameter of the Volmer micropores and the length of the descending branch of the support pressure diagram were varied. Results. Approximation of calculations made it possible to establish both the pairwise dependences of the Volmer diffusion coefficient on the listed parameters and its multifactorial relationship with them. It was concluded that the diffuse process of methane in the elastic support pressure zone is not blocked by rock pressure, as previously thought, but is actively developing. In this case, the diffusion of free methane will be determined by the established pattern of change in the Volmer diffusion coefficient in the elastic zone of the coal seam bearing pressure. Calculations showed that as the distance from the maximum reference pressure increases, the Volmer diffusion coefficient of methane in the coal seam increases, which is due to a decrease in rock pressure in the descending branch of the reference pressure graph. However, this growth is not strong due to the weak compressibility of pores. Therefore, for pores of the same diameter, the Volmer diffusion coefficient in the elastic zone of the supporting pressure of the coal seam for the given mining geological conditions can be considered a constant. For depths of, for example, 1000 m and pore diameters of 10 Å, the value of the Volmer diffusion coefficient will be approximately 3.77×10-8 m2/s. Scientific novelty. Calculations of the Volmer diffusion coefficient of methane adsorbed in the micropores of coal in the elastic zone of the supporting pressure of the coal seam, which, of course, is under significant compressive stresses, have been performed. The established phenomenon confirms that methane gas release is determined not only by free gas filtration, but also by Volmer diffusion of adsorbed methane. Practical significance. Since adsorbed methane reserves are known to be the main methane reserves in coal, the regularity established in the article makes it possible to more accurately calculate the volumes of methane that will be released from the coal massif during mining operations for the assessment of safe working conditions for coal deposits and for the development of technologies for the production of shale methane.

ДЕРЖАВНА АВІАЦІЙНА СЛУЖБА УКРАЇНИ: ІНСТИТУЦІОНАЛЬНА СТРУКТУРА, РОЛЬ ТА ТРАЄКТОРІЯ РОЗВИТКУ

The article examines the retrospective of the creation of the State Aviation Service, its subordination, tasks and functions, legal status, organizational structure and the evolution of its changes. An analysis of the staffing of the State Aviation Service during 2017-2021 was carried out, and its shortcomings were identified. The qualitative composition of personnel by category and gender was studied. An assessment of the dynamics of the number and structure of flights served by the State Enterprise of the Air Traffic Service of Ukraine is provided. The dynamics of the number of flights was formalized, it was established that for all their types it is described by a polynomial function – a parabola with upward branches with a high value of the multiple coefficient of determination. It is shown that the sharp reduction in the number of flights in 2020 violated the established patterns, with the exception of transit transportation, the dynamics of which is described by a killing power function due to the largest reduction in transportation volumes compared to other types. The content and achievements of the functions of the State Aviation Service in terms of: international representation, ensuring the liberalization of air transport are summarized; supporting the Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine into NATO; development of an interactive platform for visualization of NOMOS aviation noise levels; spread of best energy efficiency practices and development of "green" infrastructure in civil airports of Ukraine; involvement of aviation enterprises in the implementation of the CORSIA program; introduction of a market mechanism for compensation and reduction of carbon emissions for international civil aviation; ensuring compliance of civil aviation of Ukraine with international standards; implementation of the quality management system; development of measures aimed at preventing the spread of COVID-19; conducting consistent work on the digital transformation of air transport; maintenance of the appropriate level of its operational capacity under martial law conditions; consistent implementation of the adopted anti-corruption program and the SAFER-U project for the development of the aviation legislative framework of Ukraine. The prospects for the development of the State Aviation Service in terms of European integration are substantiated.

The Critical Subject and the Subject of Critique in International Law and Technology

The making of legal subjects has long been a crucial terrain for critical theory, also in relation to international law, where both emancipatory promises and expressions of power or discipline are tied to how subjects are recognized and enacted. International law's modes of subject-making have therefore been an important site of aspiration, struggle, and critique. While some have celebrated the rise of the individual on the stage of international law, the liberal ideal of legal and political subjectivity lingering in these celebratory accounts has been confronted by different strands of feminist, post-colonial, and Marxist critique. With proliferating use of digital technologies in practices of (global) governance, the making of legal subjects has taken novel forms. Big data manufacture subjects in ways that spark new legal anxieties and destabilize or problematize established patterns of critical engagement. In data-driven practices that we will describe, subjects are no longer exclusively enacted as abstract autonomous entities or classified along stable criteria (of difference or enmity). Sustained by tools of pattern recognition and technologies for the “unsupervised uncovering of correlations,” nascent forms of global governance by data produce subjects as transient clusters of attributes and data points within transient clusters of attributes and data points—bundles of vectors within vectors, only tentatively and temporarily tied together. In this essay, we map out how this mode of subject-making has become prevalent in different domains of international legal practice. We trace these dynamics to changes in the exercise of state sovereignty and the technoscopic regimes—assemblages for information flow, processing, retention, and surveillance—that states rely on.

A Proximate Remove: Queering Intimacy and Loss in The Tale of Genji by Reginald Jackson

Reviewed by: A Proximate Remove: Queering Intimacy and Loss in The Tale of Genji by Reginald Jackson Jindan Ni (bio) A Proximate Remove: Queering Intimacy and Loss in The Tale of Genji. By Reginald Jackson. University of California Press, 2021. xxii, 223 pages. $29.95, paper. Open Access. Scholars of Heian literature will be familiar with the opening of Genji monogatari (The tale of Genji) with its vivid description of the indignation of aristocratic officials at Emperor Kiritsubo's devotion to Kiritsubo Consort. Indeed, the courtiers "could only avert their eyes" ( me o sobame tsutsu). 1 I could not help thinking of "averted eyes" in a different sense when I first saw the word queering in the title of Reginald Jackson's latest study on Genji and guessing the kind of resistance his approach would likely encounter from some scholars. I admire the passion and determination it must have taken for Jackson to ignore those "averted eyes" and present these results of his quite audacious research. Jackson recalls in his preface the criticism he has faced for bringing queer theory into his Genji scholarship, and he believes these concerns originate from disciplinary and political ideologies reluctant to embrace the expanded interpretive possibilities he wants to open up. Drawing upon existing feminist and gender studies in Heian literature, such as works by Kawazoe Fusae, Kimura Saeko, Paul Schalow, and Rajyashree Pandey, as well as queer theories of Judith Butler, Eve Sedgwick, and others, Jackson boldly takes a step further to exclaim that "Genji is a queer text" (p. 1). In this, he attempts to reveal how the encounter between Genji and queerness can supplement conventional understandings in the fields of Heian literature and queer theory and enable a "transdisciplinary exchange" [End Page 229] (p. 15). The term "queer" in this book, Jackson points out, is not exclusively focused on homoerotic sexual identity. It is about challenging established readings, embracing "indeterminacy" (p. 15), and emphasizing the verb to queer in the broadest terms as meaning "to rework established patterns" (p. 16). For Jackson, queer indeterminacy is an effective lens for examining intimacy and loss in Genji that includes homosocial relationships alongside male-male bonding that is—as seen in Eve Sedgwick's influential study—no longer confined to the realm of eroticism but includes "rivalry, mentorship, paternalism, misogyny, and care" (p. 21). Jackson opens chapter 1 by inviting his readers to ponder the famous scene in Genji in which Tō no Chūjō secretly visits Genji in exile from the court in Suma. The close friends spend one night together exchanging poems, music, and keepsakes. Jackson quickly unsettles this scene as he wonders if something more is shared between them and compares their exchanges to "intercourse" (p. 32). Jackson contends that his method is "to read—and potentially misread" such scenes so as to offer wider possibilities for engaging textually with Genji. Jackson notes that English discourse after World War II downplayed Genji's "queerer facets" in favor of heterosexual romance as Genji ascribed a "cultish aestheticism" to Heian literature (pp. 38–39). This formed part of a U.S. political agenda to redefine postwar Japan as a "harmless" and "benign" nation whose most enduring literary text reflected an "effete" society (p. 39). Jackson's queer approach counters this and aims for a more transgressive interpretation of Genji and of readings such as these, with a particular focus on the issue of translation. By examining how Edward Seidensticker's English translation circumvents the queerness in the original Genji, Jackson effectively theorizes and enables a deviance in the established and well-guarded institutional boundaries set up for Genji and other Heian texts. However, Jackson has omitted a survey of the work of many other scholars who also question the "effete" image of Japanese literature that arose during Japan's modernization and the Allied postwar occupation. More references to this existing Heian literary scholarship would help in situating his claims. After setting up the theoretical grounds for queering Genji, the following four chapters analyze specific scenes in which intimacy and loss intersect with Jackson's queer gestures through which queering the text can "exert interpretive pressure" such that "meanings seem to surge, lapse, or...

Stability or change? Social inequality at the transition from bachelor’s to master’s degree programmes in Germany. Empirical evidence from four graduate cohorts

For German higher education, the introduction of a two-cycle study structure resulted in a new transition stage after the completion of the bachelor’s degree. In contrast to some other countries, this structural change was stretched over a relatively long period. At the same time, the number of students enrolled in higher education has increased substantially. Existing empirical evidence indicates that starting a master’s degree programme is socially selective – in favour of students with tertiary qualified parents. Against this backdrop, we analyse how the level of social inequality at the new transition from the bachelor’s to the master’s level has developed over the course of the past two decades. Drawing on data from large-scale DZHW graduate surveys (graduate cohorts from the years 2005, 2009, 2013, 2017), we are able to replicate previous findings showing considerable social inequality at the transition to the master’s level. However, this inequality could not be detected for the 2005 graduate cohort, the ‘early adopters’. It seems that after an initial period of turmoil and uncertainty in the early stages of the implementation process, established patterns of inequality had re-emerged by the 2009 graduate cohort. We discuss the implications of our results for further research and policy-making.

Ellips eller primär namnbildning? Ett centralt problem i svensk sjönamnsbildning

This article discusses a central problem in the formation of Swedish lake names, namely the relationship between elliptical constructions such as Hultasjön becoming Hulten, and primary name formations. Derivatives are relatively common in older lake names, whereas compounds (and the subsequent ability to create ellipsis) tend to be more common in younger names. One hypothesis builds on the notion that non-derived tree words such as asp – aspen – tend to appear as the first element of older settlement names, whereas the -ija-derivatives such as äspe are the first element of younger names; for example, Aspe is a possible Old Swedish lake name, but not *Æspe, whereas both Aspsior and Æspesior should be possible. There appears to be a certain amount of empirical support for this hypothesis regarding lake names formed using asp, fura and björk – aspen, pine and birch respectively. The fact that names formed as clearly recognisable suffix-derivatives are not ellipses is a given. However, there are names using the a-suffix that may be difficult to identify as such. Gender change should generally be seen as a form of derivation, as a new name is formed this way. If there are a large number of homonyms for a particular name, this could suggest that it is an established pattern in the onomasticon. One plausible example comes from the lake names Ælmpte and Alpte – swan lake – which are likely an-derivations. Furthermore, it is unlikely that two large groups of lake names are formed using ellipses, rather they are formed from weak adjective forms using -ug, and names ending in -lången. There are clear examples to show that the shape of a lake can form the basis of its name. As with other metaphorical names, these also fall outside the ellipsis category. It is reasonable to question whether the ellipses *Asp and *Aspe for Aspsior existed at all. Contemporary elliptical lake names were likely formed following patterns of older primary non-compounded derived lake names (or names built on a word for a body of water), after they transitioned to the definite form in the early 16th century. Other common lake names using ellipsis are linked to settlement names, for example, Exen from the village name Extorp. Forming such names was likely possible once standard lake name ellipses became commonplace and established patterns.

The process of transformation of types of money: Risks and trends

Subject. The article addresses the financial and credit policy of the State, creation of models of national economic systems functioning, financial security problems. Objectives. The study aim to establish patterns between the development of types of money, their substitutes, and industrial revolutions, reveal threats to the national financial security associated with the active introduction of digitalization into the economy. Methods. The retrospective analysis enabled to link the stages of the genesis of money with industrial revolutions. The dialectical method helped identify and systematize the most significant risks involved in the use of innovative technologies. Results. The study shows that the development of types of money as a special commodity is directly related to the achievements of scientific- technological progress and growing demands of the society. Industry 4.0, characterized by accelerated digitalization of the economy, changes technologies of the financial sector, which creates new risks that need to be identified and assessed to update the financial and credit policy. Digitalization leads to accelerated transformation in the financial sector, the role of which is very significant in crisis conditions. Conclusions. The established patterns, risks and trends are objective prerequisites for the formation of a new monetary policy and the development of the concept of Russia's economic security in the context of Industry 4.0.

National Security, Security of Supply. Finlandisation as a Diplomatic Practice and the Finnish Energy Dependency on the Soviet Union, 1948–1992

This article examines the intermingling of national security and security of oil supply in Finland through the Finnish oil policy, 1948–1992. During the Cold War, Finland built its oil economy based on Soviet oil instead of diversity and multilateral cooperation. That was closely related to the Finnish overarching Cold War policy that prioritised political and economic relations with the Soviet Union, referred to as finlandisation. The article scrutinises the ubiquitous influence of Soviet relations in Finnish society through the oil policy and shows how finlandisation as a policy strategy transformed into political practice. Two factors explain why Finland became dependent on Soviet oil: the double-coupling of national security and welfare and the quest for stability in Soviet relations. Two factors explain the longevity of Finnish dependency on Soviet oil: the intermingling of oil imports and export revenues and finlandisation as an established pattern of reasoning and decision-making. However, Finland was not a passive actor but managed its oil supply security through extensive socio-technical systems, including infrastructure and relations with other suppliers.

Release of Bioactive Peptides from Erythrina edulis (Chachafruto) Proteins under Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion.

The estimated and concerning rise in world population over the next few years and the consequent increase in food demand will lead to a deterioration in global food security. To avoid or reduce this world crisis, informed and empowered consumers are turning to sustainable and nutrient-rich foods that substitute animal products, also reducing their associated environmental impact. Moreover, due to the demonstrated influence of diet on the risk of high incidence and mortality of noncommunicable diseases, the current established food pattern is focused on the consumption of foods that have functionality for health. Among these new foods, traditional and underutilized plants are gaining interest as alternative protein sources providing nutritional and biological properties. In this work, the potential of Erythrina edulis (chachafruto) proteins as a source of multifunctional peptides after transit through the gastrointestinal tract has been demonstrated, with antioxidant and immunostimulating effects in both biochemical assays and cell culture. While low molecular weight peptides released during the digestive process were found to be responsible for protection against oxidative stress mediated by their radical scavenging activity, high molecular weight peptides exerted immunostimulating effects by upregulation of immunoresponse-associated biomarkers. The findings of this study support the promising role of chachafruto proteins as a new antioxidant and immunostimulatory ingredient for functional foods and nutraceuticals.

The Role of the Ward Health System in COVID-19 Pandemic Response in Nigeria: A Case Study of Edo State

Background: Preventive measures remain the hallmark of effective containment of epidemics such as the recent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. These measures are best applied using existing framework for healthcare delivery and epidemic response such as the ward health system (WHS). The structure of the WHS is interrelated to that of the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system for effective surveillance and outbreak response in the community. This paper examines the established pattern in disease prevention and the role of the WHS system in COVID-19 pandemic response in Edo State, Nigeria.
 Discussion: Disease prevention seeks to avert the occurrence of disease, arrest its progress, and reduce its consequences once it is established. The various taskforce and committees that were formed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Edo State were not integrated with existing local government Epidemic Preparedness and Response committees and the Rapid Response Teams. They also had no links with the already established ward development and village development committees in the communities.
 Conclusion: There is an existing framework for disease prevention and control based on the WHS in Edo State, however, this system was not integrated into the COVID-19 pandemic response activities. Incorporating and strengthening partnerships with the existing WHS framework would be key for effective pandemic response in the future.

Understanding the Dynamic Creative Clustering in the Phra Athit Road Area of Bangkok

This article examines changes along Phra Athit Road in Rattanakosin's historic center. With the support of the state, a former commercial street became a "cultural quarter" and eventually a "cultural-creative cluster," with creative activities infiltrating the neighborhoods. For this study, the researcher conducted a field survey and interviewed creative entrepreneurs in four sub-districts. The Phra Athit Road social and cultural resources reflect the qualities or potential resources of traditional neighbourhoods that have fostered the development of creative clusters. "Urban culture” is one of the district's key cultural resources that is properly understood and utilized, and its complex network of creative people is a crucial social resource. These creative people are “outsiders” with strong relationships to “insiders”; some of them advocate a new way of living, while others comprise groups of intellectuals with creative economy talents and tasks. Cultural-creative clusters comprise more than people; they are typified by cafés and bars, exhibition spaces, and the production of creative products. These clusters may vary from one another in function and location, and newer clusters, less dense than the original, are less harmful to traditional communities and businesses. What they have in common is that they have enabled participants to gain real-life experiences and join distinctive activities customized by entrepreneurs. Still, those who use external resources to create goods and develop a creative cluster may endanger the very neighbourhoods where they take root.
 The Phra Athit Road area provides a deep understanding of "creative clustering," which refers to a dynamic process that has taken place in some traditional neighbourhoods, based on the positive exploitation of their rich traditional, artistic, and cultural resources. Entrepreneurs are producing unique products that fit into complex systems, which is good for the area, but may also disrupt established patterns in the community. Transforming the historic area gradually could help locals adjust to the change. This study proposes the following approaches to promote both the protection of traditional structures and the acceptance of change: (1) The design or planning of the area should allow for development that is consistent with the rhythm of life in the area. Proper pacing of changes and the growth of well-sized creative clusters create an ecosystem that is good for both the residents and creative entrepreneurs. (2) The neighbourhood’s values should be enhanced by integrating local and external resources. The wide range of creative production and consumption activities that are created from these resources will be unique and endlessly adaptable. (3) The adaptability of cultural-creative clusters should be optimized through programs provide good services and offer support to the urban regeneration. However, such programs and support should not limit the creativity and flexibility of these clusters.

A new Early Paleogene fossil mammal locality in the central-eastern Nemegt Basin, Gobi Desert, Mongolia, and notes on mammalian biostratigraphy

AbstractWe report new, fossiliferous Paleogene Naran Bulak Formation localities from the central-eastern part of the Nemegt Basin of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Early Paleogene localities have been identified previously only in the western half of the Nemegt Basin. The new localities, near the town of Daus, are also noteworthy for their geographical proximity to Ukhaa Tolgod, a Late Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation locality known for its numerous dinosaur, mammal, and lizard fossils. The Daus section consists of the Zhigden, Naran, and Bumban members of the Naran Bulak Formation at three localities, and mammal and ostracode fossils were discovered in the Naran Member. Noteworthy discoveries are a dentary of the pantodont Archaeolambda cf. A. planicanina, postcrania of Pantolambdodon, a skull of the gliroid Gomphos, and a partial skull with a worn and damaged dentition provisionally identified as an arctostylopid. Biostratigraphy has been the primary means of dating Paleogene Asian faunas, however, the local fauna from the new localities does not fit easily with established patterns. The Naran Member and Archaeolambda planicanina and the arctostylopid Palaeostylops typically have been allied with the Gashatan Asian Land Mammal Age (ALMA) and attributed to the latest Paleocene. By contrast, Gomphos repeatedly has been found in the Bumban Member and assigned a Bumbanian ALMA, which has been considered as the earliest Eocene. Pantolambdodon has been reported from middle Eocene Arshatan and Irdinmanhan ALMA beds. The co-occurrence of these taxa in Naran Member beds complicates the temporal interpretation of the new localities and the reliability of broader biostratigraphic patterns.