Established Patterns Research Articles

The study of the indicator of water activity during vacuum drying оf apples and pears growing republic of Kazakhstan

The article studied the patterns of changes in water activity during vacuum drying of apple varieties: Baiterek, Sarkyt and Saya and pear varieties: Syilyk, Zhazdyk and Nagima. Studies have established that in all the studied varieties of apple and pear, the following pattern is observed: in the first four hours of the drying time, the water activity indicator decreases monotonously, and the subsequent drying time drops sharply. This pattern is explained by the fact that after four hours of drying time, part of the remaining weakly bound moisture is gradually removed from the product, and then the bound moisture. Studies have shown that dehydration of fruits, the water activity characterizing the qualitative properties of the product decreases: for apple varieties from 1.0 to 0.62 ± 0.01, for pear varieties this indicator decreases from 1.0 to 0.65 ± 0.04. On the basis of mathematical processing of experimental data, a power-law dependence of water activity on the duration of drying was established. The established pattern of changes in water activity from the duration of drying in subsequent works will be used to determine the optimal drying mode for apples and pears in order to produce high-quality dry powders for the food industry.

From the Culture of Silence to the Culture of Expression: A Meta- Analysis of the Pedagogies Adopted at Higher Education Institutions

The current study is a meta-analysis of the pedagogies adopted at higher educational institutions. The study focuses on learner-centered instruction, which leads to a culture of expression in contrast to teacher-centered learning, which creates a culture of silence. Students have the opportunity to critically evaluate prevailing educational, social and political structures and put their understandings of the subject matter. Social reality is constructed through active participation in higher education institutions and the presence of teachers. Students have liberty and freedom of expression in the discussion and critique of the issues. In critical pedagogy, students are encouraged to critically evaluate established patterns associated with educational institutions in particular and society in general.

Breaking with Orthodoxy? German Fiscal Policy in the Shadow of Covid-19

ABSTRACT The Covid pandemic confronted the Merkel IV government with unprecedented fiscal challenges. We argue that the government’s response to these challenges constitutes a break with established patterns of German fiscal policy orthodoxy in at least three areas. First, the government suspended the debt brake and gave up the ‘Schwarze Null’ without much debate. Second, it implemented a fiscal rescue package that struck a new balance between the interests of the export and the domestic sector. Third, the government supported a coordinated fiscal response on the European level thereby giving way to debt pooling across EU member states. The article traces the groundwork for these changes that was laid in the first two years of the government and then compares the German fiscal response to Covid-19 with German policy during the Financial Crisis. We conclude by discussing whether Germany has shifted to a new fiscal policy regime.

Reconsidering reproductive patterns in a model dissociated species, the red-sided garter snake: Sex-specific and seasonal changes in gonadal steroidogenic gene expression.

Sex steroid hormones are powerful regulators of reproductive behavior and physiology in vertebrates, and steroidogenesis has distinct sex- and season-specific patterns ultimately dictated by the expression of key enzymes. Most comparative endocrinology studies, however, focus only on circulating levels of sex steroids to determine their temporal association with life-history events in what are termed associated reproductive patterns. The red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) is a notable exception; this species exhibits maximal sex behavior decoupled from maximal sex steroid production and gametogenesis in what is termed a dissociated reproductive pattern. And while this is true for male red-sided garter snakes and their production of testosterone, females have maximal estradiol production during peak breeding (spring) but only immediately after mating. Here, we demonstrate that expression of ovarian aromatase (conversion of androgens to estrogens) matches the established seasonal hormone pattern in females. Additionally, steroidogenic gene expression in the ovary is broadly reduced if not suppressed compared to the testis throughout the active year. Bizarrely, male red-sided garter snakes demonstrate an unexplained pattern of steroidogenic gene expression in the testis. StAR (import of cholesterol to steroidogenesis) is maximally expressed in spring, yet Hsd17b3 expression (conversion of androstenedione to testosterone) is highest in summer, with the latter matching the established summer peak in male testosterone. The function of elevated StAR in spring is unknown, but our results suggest a decoupling between maximal StAR expression and testosterone biosynthesis (Hsd17b3 expression). We also purport that the reproductive pattern binary should be reassessed given its lack of fit for many vertebrate species that demonstrate seasonal, mixed patterns of (a)synchrony between circulating sex hormones and reproductive behavior.

Do Home Range, Movement Patterns, and Habitat Use of Ornate Box Turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata) Differ Among Age Classes?

Ornate Box Turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata) exist in few large, reproductive populations in Iowa. Little is known about the home range, movements, and habitat use of neonates and young turtles or how movements change during maturation. We tracked four age classes of turtles from 2011 to 2016 and calculated weekly minimum convex polygon home range, every-other-day linear distance moved, habitat, microhabitat, and vegetation cover. We divided the active season into three blocks of time based on established patterns of behavior in Ornate Box Turtles. Age was the only significant factor explaining larger home ranges in older turtles during May and June–July, but there were no significant differences during August–September. However, linear distance moved significantly increased with age during all time periods. Turtles were mainly found in prairie or shrub–prairie habitats, but older turtles were more likely to move farther away from the nesting/breeding/overwintering area. While often on the surface, all age groups were found primarily under vegetation, shrubs, or trees that provided >95% vegetation cover. We suggest that habitat management for this state-threatened species consider the diverse habitats and area needed by all age classes.

Remembering the Herero-Nama Genocide in Namibia

Remembering the Herero-Nama Genocide in Namibia

Study of void space structure and its influence on carbonate reservoir properties: X-ray microtomography, electron microscopy, and well testing

Many carbonate reservoirs containing significant hydrocarbon resources are characterized by complex pore structures and, as a result, heterogeneous distributions of fluids in their pore networks. Accurately assessing the microscopic pore structure characteristics of carbonate rocks and their influence on reservoir properties is essential for the successful development of oil fields. In the studied carbonate reservoirs of three oil fields in the Perm Krai, Russia, complex tectonic activity and multi-stage diagenetic modification have resulted in the formation of a heterogeneous pore network spectrum ranging from macropores to nanometer-scale (<1 μm) pores. Thin sections and computed tomography were applied to obtain the petrography of carbonate rocks, 2D images of a wide range of pores, and a 3D representation of the pore network. Well testing was used to study the pore network structure at the macrolevel. Combining well testing and laboratory-based core studies allowed the structural features of the reservoirs of the three fields under consideration to be characterized in high detail. The presence of magnesium in the mineral composition of the studied limestone decreased its capacitive characteristics. We identify three fundamentally different void space scenarios: (i) void spaces formed only by primary intercrystalline pores, (ii) much larger secondary pores are also present, and (iii) primary and secondary voids connected by a network of partially healed fractures. Such variations in the structure of void space contribute to varying reservoir behavior. The presence of larger voids and, accordingly, higher initial permeability contributes to intense deformation of the void space and permeability decreases with decreasing pressure. The established patterns in this work explain the characteristic dynamics of well flow rates during field development.

UHRF1-induced connexin26 methylation is involved in hearing damage triggered by intermittent hypoxia in neonatal rats.

Ubiquitin-like with plant homeodomain and ring finger domains 1 (UHRF1) promotes the maintenance of established patterns of DNA methylation in mammalian cells. Extensive methylation of connexin26 (COX26) during hearing impairment has been demonstrated. The present study aims to determine whether UHRF1 can induce the methylation of COX26 in cochlea damaged by intermittent hypoxia (IH). After the establishment of the cochlear injury model through IH treatment or isolation of the cochlea containing Corti's organ, pathological changes were observed via HE staining. Expressions of COX26 and UHRF1 were detected by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The effect of COX26 methylation levels was analyzed by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Phalloidin/immunofluorescence staining was used to observe structural changes. The binding relationship between UHRF1 and COX26 was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation. IH caused cochlear damage, accompanied by increased methylation of COX26 and expression of UHRF1 in the cochlea of neonatal rats. CoCl2 treatment caused the loss of cochlear hair cells, downregulation and hypermethylation of COX26, abnormal upregulation of UHRF1, and disordered expressions of apoptosis-related proteins. UHRF1 in cochlear hair cells binds to COX26, and its knockdown upregulated COX26 level. Overexpressed COX26 partially alleviated the CoCl2-caused cell damage. UHRF1 induces COX26 methylation and aggravates the cochlear damage caused by IH.

Вплив інгібітора нітрифікації 3,4-диметилпіразолфосфату на продуктивність пшениці озимої за поєднаного використання з КАС-32

Goal. To establish the expediency and effect of using the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate (DMPF) in combination with urea-ammonia mixture (KAS-32) on the yield of winter wheat grain. To determine the difference in the yield of winter wheat using different norms of KAS-32 with and without the addition of DMPF. Methods. Field (stationary experiment); laboratory (agrochemical analysis of soil and plant samples); analytical (systematic analysis of long-term results of field experiments and meteorological observations using mathematical and statistical methods, correlation and regression analysis, mathematical modeling, and empirical generalization of established patterns). Results. It was confirmed that the use of DMPF together with KAS-32 significantly influenced the yield of winter wheat. At the same rate of KAS-32, 300 kg/ha in the variant with the use of DMPF, the yield increased by 4.5 t/ha, or 12% compared to the option where KAS-32 was used at the same rate, 300 kg/ha without the use of DMPF. In the variant with a reduced rate of KAS-32, 250 kg/ha with the use of DMPF compared to the option with an increased rate of KAS-32, 300 kg/ha, but without the use of DMPF, the yield increased by 4.2 c/ha or 11.2% over 4 years of research (2018–2021). Conclusions. It was established that in the variants using DMPF together with KAS-32, the productivity increased compared to the control (without fertilizers) by 25.3–25.6 t/ha (67.6–68.4%). In the variants using DMPF together with KAS-32 compared to the variant using KAS-32, but without the use of DMPF, the yield increased by 4.2–4.5 t/ha (11.2–12.0%) over 4 years of research (2018–2021)).

Mountain recreation impact on changes in soil penetration resistance of spruce forests

The uniqueness of the Carpathian Mountain Forest ecosystems, a large part of which belongs to nature conservation areas, attracts a significant number of visitors annually. Intensive tourist flow on popular hiking trails leads to recreational digression, topsoil compaction, development of erosion processes and deterioration of forests. The research aims to determine the impact of recreation as an external mechanical impact on soil compaction by determining the soil penetration resistance under the canopy of predominant spruce stands. For this purpose, soil penetration resistance was measured with a penetrometer along two hiking trails within the root layer of the soil at four measuring sites at different distances from the hiking trail. In general, under the canopy of a forest stand, the soil cover is not homogeneous and the obtained penetration resistance values are characterised by considerable variability. It was revealed that for the “Zelene village – Uhorski skeli rocks” hiking trail in the areas close to the path (up to 20 m) there is a significant increase in soil penetration resistance compared to remote areas: at a depth of 10 cm it doubles, at a depth of 20 cm – by 20-40%, but with further deepening, the penetration resistance level off. At the same time, for the more popular “To Mount Pip Ivan Chornohirskyi” hiking trail, in the area adjacent to the trailbed, the penetration resistance reaches 19.6 kg·cm-2 in the upper 10 cm layer, and at a depth of 30 cm, it peaks at 37.8 kg·cm-2 (over 3 MPa), which affects the root spatial distribution of spruce forests. Intensive erosion processes due to soil compaction with an increase in soil penetration resistance above 60 kg·cm-2 (~6 MPa) are observed on the trailbed. The practical significance of the results obtained, and the established patterns is to complement existing methods for assessing the degree of recreational digression in mountainous conditions and can be the basis for designing measures to regulate tourist flows and restore affected areas

Middle platform carbonate depositional systems and lithofacies patterns in the Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group, Tobosa Basin in West Texas, U.S.A., and subsequent Sauk-Tippecanoe megasequence boundary meteoric karsting

A long, continuous core (1155 ft; 352 m) from the Ellenburger Group in Upton County, Texas allowed for a detailed reservoir description of depositional setting, lithofacies, pore networks, and impact of subsequent karst processes on the reservoir geology. This reservoir description furthers the understanding of the origin and characteristics of pore types relevant for waste-water disposal, carbon dioxide storage, and hydrocarbon reservoir quality in the Ellenburger Group. The Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group in West Texas is a thick dolomite sequence that was deposited on a broad shelf over a 16 m.y. Time period in the Tobosa Basin. The shallow-water restricted depositional setting produced carbonate sediments that are dominantly composed of middle-shelf microbial thrombolite boundstones and inner-shelf laminated (stromatolitic) mudstones. Recognizable skeletal grains are rare. The lower two thirds of the cored section in the area of investigation in Upton County, Texas is dominated by microbial thrombolite complexes with associated stromatactis features. Interbeds of oolites and evaporites are associated with the complexes and may represent small-scale fluctuations in relative sea level. Up-section, lithofacies transition into a peritidal complex composed of stromatolites and laminated mudstones, some displaying evaporite nodules. The lithofacies stacking pattern is similar to the regional established stacking pattern where the most open-marine lithofacies are at the base of the stratigraphic section and the most restricted lithofacies are at the top of the stratigraphic section. This consistent stacking pattern suggests a stable structural setting for millions of years where constant environmental conditions existed. Following deposition and subsequent lithification and dolomitization of the Ellenburger Group, the section underwent intense meteoric karsting (epigenic) during Late Middle Ordovician Sauk-Tippecanoe megasequence long-term exposure. The meteoric karsting affected the upper 700 ft (215 m) of the Ellenburger Group. The pore network in the studied core is composed of vuggy (small cavities) pores in the thrombolite lithofacies and crackle and mosaic breccia fracture pores and chaotic breccias interbreccia pores in karst-affected intervals. These pore systems support hydrocarbon production, waste-water disposal, and carbon-dioxide storage.

DIFFERENTIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NUTS-3 SUBREGIONS IN THE COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

The article focuses on the analysis of the level of the socio-economic development of 239 NUTS-3 level subregions of Central-Eastern Europe based on 31 indicators categorized within the 3 subcomponents (factors) of the regional development: the human capital, the natural environment as well as entrepreneurship and innovativeness. The purpose of the article is to specify the variation in the level of the socio-economic development of the subregions within the arrangement of the NUTS-3 units. The level of the socio-economic development as well as the level of the development of its factors shall be presented based on a synthetic gauge exhibiting the taxonomic distance of a particular subregion from the established pattern of the development. In the study, a hypothesis shall be verified according to which the socio-economic development of Central-Eastern European subregions is highly varied and its highest level is registered in the subregions located around the capitals of the researched states. In the first part of the article an analysis of the theories of the regional development was made with a special consideration of the factors of the socio-economic development. Five stages of the research procedure conducted were then discussed. The results received were comprised within table charts, moreover they were presented in the form of choropleths representing the spatial variation of the level of the socio-economic development of the NUTS-3 unit in Central-Eastern Europe.

Harm Reduction in Prisons: Restraints within the Prisoners’ Rights Discourse

A growing gap exists between the availability of harm reduction initiatives in mainstream society and those offered in correctional institutions. The quality of current risk-reducing measures in penitentiaries and the absence of more ambitious programs have led prisoners’ rights advocates to seek relief through litigation, often unsuccessfully. The author deconstructs these cases and traces litigants’ lack of success to two factors, which he contends condition harm reduction litigation in the prison context. While the law is clear that inmates retain their civil rights behind bars, the author concludes that the generic legal channels through which inmates must litigate their rights and a widespread conception of health that centres on treatment rather than prevention impede efforts to import harm reduction initiatives into penitentiaries. Although past prison litigation reveals great strides to providing inmates with the same rights and protections as members of the general population, challenges to the availability of harm reduction initiatives fit uneasily within the established pattern of prisoners’ rights litigation. In order to accommodate harm reduction claims, the prisoners’ rights discourse would need to be reconceptualized at the stakeholder and judicial levels.

Statistical scenario of labor productivity development in dairy cattle breeding of the Bryansk region

Relevance. In the context of deglobalization, economic sanctions, and the disintegration of the world economy, the most important socio-economic and political task is to ensure the food and economic security of Russia and its regions. In connection with the new demands of practice caused by the formation of the market mechanism of management, changes in the forms and methods of state support for dairy cattle farming, further research of the problem of increasing the productivity of the industry is required. Methods. The information base of the study was the materials of regional statistics, annual reports of agricultural organizations of the regional agro-industrial complex, data from the consolidated annual report on the totality of the districts of the Bryansk region. The study was conducted on the basis of studying mass data using a set of methods: dialectical, economic-statistical, correlation-regression, computational-constructive, abstract-logical and other methods. Results. Using statistical methods, the authors evaluated the established patterns and trends in the dynamics of labor productivity in dairy cattle farming in the Bryansk region. The growth rates of wages and labor productivity have been determined. The strategy of development of the studied indicator in the future, taking into account the factors affecting its level, is revealed. Significant factors of labor productivity growth in dairy cattle farming are the selling price of 1 ts of milk, the load of cows on 1 operator of machine milking, the stock of labor, the average monthly salary of the operator of machine milking. At the same time, the main reserves of labor productivity growth are laid down in the factors of wages and workload of dairy cattle workers. In the work, based on a multiple regression model, a forecast of labor productivity for the medium term is carried out.

Surgical management of acute appendicitis during the European COVID-19 second wave: safe and effective

IntroductionThe COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic drove acute care surgeons to pivot from long established practice patterns. Early safety concerns regarding increased postoperative complication risk in those with active COVID infection promoted antibiotic-driven non-operative therapy for select conditions ahead of an evidence-base. Our study assesses whether active or recent SARS-CoV-2 positivity increases hospital length of stay (LOS) or postoperative complications following appendectomy.MethodsData were derived from the prospective multi-institutional observational SnapAppy cohort study. This preplanned data analysis assessed consecutive patients aged ≥ 15 years who underwent appendectomy for appendicitis (November 2020–May 2021). Patients were categorized based on SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity: no infection, active infection, and prior infection. Appendectomy method, LOS, and complications were abstracted. The association between SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and complications was determined using Poisson regression, while the association with LOS was calculated using a quantile regression model.ResultsAppendectomy for acute appendicitis was performed in 4047 patients during the second and third European COVID waves. The majority were SARS-CoV-2 uninfected (3861, 95.4%), while 70 (1.7%) were acutely SARS-CoV-2 positive, and 116 (2.8%) reported prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. After confounder adjustment, there was no statistically significant association between SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and LOS, any complication, or severe complications.ConclusionDuring sequential SARS-CoV-2 infection waves, neither active nor prior SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with prolonged hospital LOS or postoperative complication. Despite early concerns regarding postoperative safety and outcome during active SARS-CoV-2 infection, no such association was noted for those with appendicitis who underwent operative management.

Bioactivity and Digestibility of Microalgae Tetraselmis sp. and Nannochloropsis sp. as Basis of Their Potential as Novel Functional Foods.

It is estimated that by 2050, the world's population will exceed 10 billion people, which will lead to a deterioration in global food security. To avoid aggravating this problem, FAO and WHO have recommended dietary changes to reduce the intake of animal calories and increase the consumption of sustainable, nutrient-rich, and calorie-efficient products. Moreover, due to the worldwide rising incidence of non-communicable diseases and the demonstrated impact of diet on the risk of these disorders, the current established food pattern is focused on the consumption of foods that have functionality for health. Among promising sources of functional foods, microalgae are gaining worldwide attention because of their richness in high-value compounds with potential health benefits. However, despite the great opportunities to exploit microalgae in functional food industry, their use remains limited by challenges related to species diversity and variations in cultivation factors, changes in functional composition during extraction procedures, and limited evidence on the safety and bioavailability of microalgae bioactives. The aim of this review is to provide an updated and comprehensive discussion on the nutritional value, biological effects, and digestibility of two microalgae genera, Tetraselmis and Nannochloropsis, as basis of their potential as ingredients for the development of functional foods.

Multistain deep learning for prediction of prognosis and therapy response in colorectal cancer.

Although it has long been known that the immune cell composition has a strong prognostic and predictive value in colorectal cancer (CRC), scoring systems such as the immunoscore (IS) or quantification of intraepithelial lymphocytes are only slowly being adopted into clinical routine use and have their limitations. To address this we established and evaluated a multistain deep learning model (MSDLM) utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to determine the AImmunoscore (AIS) in more than 1,000 patients with CRC. Our model had high prognostic capabilities and outperformed other clinical, molecular and immune cell-based parameters. It could also be used to predict the response to neoadjuvant therapy in patients with rectal cancer. Using an explainable AI approach, we confirmed that the MSDLM's decisions were based on established cellular patterns of anti-tumor immunity. Hence, the AIS could provide clinicians with a valuable decision-making tool based on the tumor immune microenvironment.

Long-term monitoring of Mount St. Helens micrometeorology.

The 1980 volcanic eruption of Mount St. Helens had profound impacts on the geology, hydrology, and ecology of its surrounding landscapes. Consequently, the event provided a unique opportunity to study ecological change over time in relation to abiotic factors. To better assess the role localized environmental conditions play in these larger processes, we have monitored micrometeorological conditions across six disturbance zones on Mount St. Helens created by the eruption. We deployed 823 environmental sensors at 191 sites from 1997 to 2022 to measure the temperature and relative humidity of aquatic (temperature only) and terrestrial habitats in these areas, collecting over 4.2 million measurements in total. Measurements were typically recorded every 30 min from late spring through mid-fall, with the exception being Spirit Lake, where temperatures have been measured hourly on a year-round basis since 2002. These data have been used to address two broad research questions: (1) how small-scale environmental conditions influence patterns of survivorship and/or establishment on Mount St. Helens post-eruption for a range of organisms, including plants, small mammals, birds, amphibians, arthropods, fish, and other aquatic biota, and (2) to quantify and compare these environmental conditions across different disturbance zones, which vary in disturbance type, intensity, and history of post-eruption secondary disturbances. Due to the repeatability of these measurements over many years, these data lend themselves to exploring the relationship between forest succession and microclimate, especially with respect to forest-dwelling organisms whose spread and demography are sensitive to temperature and relative humidity. In addition, this dataset could be used to investigate additional questions related to early succession, disturbance ecology, climate change, or volcano ecology. This dataset is available in the R data package MSHMicroMetR, which also includes an R Shiny data visualization and exploration tool. There is no copyright on the data; please cite this data paper Ecology when using these data.

ПОКИНУТI ГIРНИЧI ВИРОБКИ ЯК ГЕОЕКОЛОГIЧНИЙ ФАКТОР ВУГЛЕПОРОДНОГО ВИДОБУТКУ В ДОНБАСІ

Purpose. The purpose of the work was to present the degree of influence on the geoecological situation in the Donbas of abandoned mine workings that have been preserved at the outcrops of coal seams, and the currently existing methods for assessing this influence based on studies to establish patterns of deformation of the rock mass and the earth’s surface in the zone of influence of such workings. Methodology. The work uses archival materials from the history of the development of the Donbas coal industry and the results of analytical studies of this problem over the past twenty years. Results. According to the results of the research, a number of features and patterns of deformation of the rock mass and the earth’s surface in the zone of influence of abandoned mine workings have been established/ Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty consists in establishing the causes, conditions and patterns of deformation of the rock mass over abandoned mine workings at shallow depths and in creating a fundamentally new approach to assessing the degree of danger to the earth’s surface of abandoned mine workings. Practical significance. It is possible to use the results of the conducted studies and established patterns to assess the degree of danger of such workings for the earth’s surface in the zone of their influence, as well as to develop an appropriate methodology for their assessment. Key words: active undermining, liquidation of coal mines, abandoned mine workings, mining damage, local subsidence, research results, assessment of cavity-making.

New South Wales rocky reefs are under threat

Rocky reefs of New South Wales (NSW) are characterised by a mosaic of habitats, including kelp forest and urchin-grazed barrens. These habitats support a diversity of dependent species. Decades of research have demonstrated that kelps form extensive forests with distinctive fish and invertebrate faunas and the ‘barrens’ boulder habitat provides shelter and other resources for commercial fishes, charismatic fishes and invertebrates; the barrens are not deserts! The feeding activities of herbivorous invertebrates, particularly the black sea urchin (Centrostephanus rodgersii) determine the presence of barrens habitat. Some invertebrates survive only in the presence of urchins and are the food resources for many predatory fishes. The barrens habitat in NSW has been highly stable for decades and is critical for the diversity of reef-based organisms. Because of climate change, Tasmanian waters have warmed and as a result C. rodgersii larvae have dispersed southward from NSW. Importantly, the situation regarding C. rodgersii in Tasmania differs from the established pattern in NSW and this needs to be recognised in the approach to management of this species in the two states. Urchins in NSW should be appreciated as important habitat determiners and the removal of them for whatever purpose would have to be managed carefully.