Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Fermented Products Enriched with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Broiler Chicken Nutrition and Fat Quality of Produced Meat

Broiler chicken meat is the preferred meat among the human population. Broiler meat contains high-quality protein and a low-fat content, alongside a desirable fatty acid profile. A frequent problem in human nutrition is an insufficient PUFA intake in the diet. One possible strategy to increase the dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in humans is to produce, and thereby enrich, broiler chicken meat with sufficient amounts of essential PUFA. A method to increase the proportion of essential fatty acids in chicken meat is by changing the fatty acid composition of the feed. Feed production via solid-state fermentation using lower filamentous fungi can be used to prepare valuable feed from cereal by-products enriched with important PUFA and pigments and can thus be included as a suitable feed ingredient in the diet of chickens. From previously published studies, it can be concluded that the application of 3–10% of the prepared fermented products to the diet of broiler chickens increased the proportion of essential fatty acids in the fat of the chicken meat and had a beneficial effect on the growth parameters of chickens.

Linoleic acid blunts early osteoblast differentiation and impairs oxidative phosphorylation in vitro

BackgroundLinoleic acid (LNA), an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), plays a crucial role in cellular functions. However, excessive intake of LNA, characteristic of Western diets, can have detrimental effects on cells and organs. Human observational studies have shown an inverse relationship between plasma LNA levels and bone mineral density. The mechanism by which LNA impairs the skeleton is unclear, and there is a paucity of research on the effects of LNA on bone-forming osteoblasts. MethodsThe effect of LNA on osteoblast differentiation, cellular bioenergetics, and production of oxidized PUFA metabolites in vitro, was studied using primary mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast precursors. ResultsLNA treatment decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, an early marker of osteoblast differentiation, but had no effect on committed osteoblasts or on mineralization by differentiated osteoblasts. LNA suppressed osteoblast commitment by blunting the expression of Runx2 and Osterix, key transcription factors involved in osteoblast differentiation, and other key osteoblast-related factors involved in bone formation. LNA treatment was associated with increased production of oxidized LNA- and arachidonic acid-derived metabolites and blunted oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in decreased ATP production. ConclusionOur results show that LNA inhibited early differentiation of osteoblasts and this inhibitory effect was associated with increased production of oxidized PUFA metabolites that likely impaired energy production via oxidative phosphorylation.

Effects of Se-enriched yeast on the amelioration of atrazine-induced meat quality degradation

Atrazine (ATR) is herbicide that causes serious harm to the environment and threatens human food safety. Se-enriched yeast is the best organic selenium source for protecting cells from damage caused by poisonous substances. To explore mechanism of ATR on meat quality degradation and potential protective effects of Se-enriched yeast on ATR-induced muscle injury, quails were treated with ATR and/or Se-enriched yeast for 28 days. The results found ATR disrupted muscle fiber structure and decreased pH, tenderness, water-holding capacity, essential amino acid content and polyunsaturated fatty acid content. ATR aggravated oxidative stress and inflammation by inhibiting Nrf2 pathway and activating NF-κB pathway, ultimately causing apoptosis. However, Se-enriched yeast alleviated ATR-induced alterations in muscle chemical and physical properties by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. Taken together, these results revealed that ATR exposure caused meat quality degradation and Se-enriched yeast had the potential to counteract ATR-induced myotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.

Looking into the lipid profile of avocado and byproducts: Using lipidomics to explore value-added compounds.

Consumer priorities in healthy diets and lifestyle boosted the demand for nutritious and functional foods as well as plant-based ingredients. Avocado has become a food trend due to its nutritional and functional values, which in turn is increasing its consumption and production worldwide. Avocado edible portion has a high content of lipids, with the pulp and its oil being rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and essential omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These fatty acids are mainly esterified in triacylglycerides, the major lipids in pulp, but also in minor components such as polar lipids (phospholipids and glycolipids). Polar lipids of avocado have been overlooked despite being recently highlighted with functional properties as well. The growth in the industry of avocado products is generating an increased amount of their byproducts, such as seed and peels (nonedible portions), still undervalued. The few studies on avocado byproducts pointed out that they also contain interesting lipids, with seeds particularly rich in polar lipids bearing PUFA, and thus can be reused as a source of add-value phytochemical. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics approaches appear as an essential tool to unveil the complex lipid signature of avocado and its byproducts, contributing to the recognition of value-added lipids and opening new avenues for their use in novel biotechnological applications. The present review provides an up-to-date overview of the lipid signature from avocado pulp, peel, seed, and its oils.

The Effects of Encapsulation and Double-layer Emulsion of Peanut Oil on in vitro Rumen Degradability Rates and Fermentation Profile in Sheep

Background: Peanut oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and plays an important role in human and animal health. PUFAs are generally undergo to the biohydrogenation (BH) process by the rumen microbes. The single-layer emulsion encapsulation has been used in sheep diet. However, a limited reference was found concerning double-layer techniques to protect the essential PUFAs from BH process in the rumen. Methods: EDLEPO was made with a matrix of peanut oil, whey protein isolate (WPI), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and maltodextrin at 40: 2.5: 7.5: 55. The first layer was the binding of WPI with peanut oil and the second layer is the binding of WPI with MCC. Moreover, the in vitro experiment was designed with 5 treatments separated by CON group (0 g/kg EDLEPO) and experimental groups which are leveled by EDLEPO inclusion (25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg levels of EDLEPO) in the buffered sheep’s rumen. Result: Increased levels of EDLEPO inclusion reduced rumen ammonia-N concentration (P less than 0.05) by a linear response. Hence, increased levels of EDLEPO inclusion increased rumen degradability rates expressed as IVDMD and IVOMD up to 12% and 9%, respectively, by a linear response (P less than 0.05). No significant differences were found between treatments on pH value, VFAs and total gas production. However, the increased levels of EDLEPO inclusion reduced CH4 concentration expressed as CH4/IVDMD and CH4/IVOMD up to 9% and 17% (P less than 0.05). It can be concluded that the EDLEPO inclusion in the diet increased in vitro rumen degradability rates with no negative effects on the rumen fermentation profile.

Unwrapping the (glyco-)lipidome in the microalgae Microchloropsis gaditana: Effects of eco-friendly extraction methods

Microalgae have recently captivated worldwide attention because of their extraordinary lipid composition, which includes essential omega-3 and omega-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), neutral lipids, and more complex lipids (glycolipids and phospholipids), as well as eicosanoids. To explore this further, we present a novel (glyco-)lipidomics strategy, including a green chemistry extraction approach, liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) lipid profiling, and a comprehensive data evaluation workflow. Using untargeted lipidomics based on LC-HRMS approaches, we studied the lipid composition up to the molecular species level of the microalgae Microchloropsis gaditana (formerly Nannochloropsis gaditana), focusing on the distribution of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in different lipid classes. Our analysis successfully identified 520 lipid molecular species from 18 lipid classes. Regarding fatty acid composition, our primary focus was on elucidating the distribution of LC-PUFA across the different microalgal lipid classes. This particular strategy holds potential as it may unravel the use of microalgal lipids as innovative sources of food ingredients. Our findings show that LC-PUFA are relatively elevated in membrane lipids, in which cholesterol esters (ChE) have the highest PUFA share (94 %), followed by polar membrane lipids (glycolipids and phospholipids), with phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) up to 67 %, phosphatidylglycerols (PG) up to 47 %, and monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDG) up to 47 % PUFA content. This highlights the high percentage of PUFA in the structural parts of microalgae and the importance of these lipid classes as a reservoir for PUFA. Finally, we also compared a classical Folch extraction method with environmentally friendly ultrasound-assisted extraction approaches and enzymatic pre-treatments to investigate the lipid composition and enrichment of valuable lipid classes. Thus, this extensive analysis of the (glyco-)lipidome of Microchloropsis gaditana provides valuable insights into the existing knowledge about this microalgae species, enhancing our understanding of the complex lipid composition and opening up new opportunities for potential applications in the biotechnology and food industry.

Bactericidal Efficacy of the Combination of Maresin-like Proresolving Mediators and Carbenicillin Action on Biofilm-Forming Burn Trauma Infection-Related Bacteria.

Biofilm-associated bacterial infections are the major reason for treatment failure in many diseases including burn trauma infections. Uncontrolled inflammation induced by bacteria leads to materiality, tissue damage, and chronic diseases. Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs), including maresin-like lipid mediators (MarLs), are enzymatically biosynthesized from omega-3 essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), by macrophages and other leukocytes. SPMs exhibit strong inflammation-resolving activities, especially inflammation provoked by bacterial infection. In this study, we explored the potential direct inhibitory activities of three MarLs on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria in their biofilms that are leading bacteria in burn trauma-related infections. We also examined the effects of MarLs on the bactericidal activities of a typical broad-spectrum antibiotic, carbenicillin (carb), on these bacteria in their preformed biofilms. The results revealed that MarLs combined with carbenicillin can inhibit the survival of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in their biofilms although MarLs alone did not exhibit bactericidal activity. Thus, our findings suggest that the combination of MarLs and carbenicillin can lower the antibiotic requirements to kill the bacteria in preformed biofilms.

Can nutritional programming in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) be optimised with a reduced stimulus period?

New strategies are required to enhance the efficient assimilation and bioconversion of plant-based ingredients in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) diets, especially relating to the essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). Our study investigated nutritional programming and specifically evaluated the optimal duration of dietary ‘stimulus’ and whether it could be reduced compared to a previous study using a three- week ‘stimulus’. Fish were fed an experimental ‘stimulus’ vegetable-based diet (VS, 5% marine meals [MM]/0% fish oil [FO]) or a standard marine-based control (MS, 82% MM/4% FO) for either one (V1) or two weeks (V2 and M) from first exogenous feeding. All groups were then fed a standard marine based formulation, for an ‘intermediate’ grow-out phase to the end of 16 weeks post-first feeding, prior to a ‘challenge’ phase of six weeks when all fish were fed a vegetable-based diet (VC, 10% MM/0% FO). Compared to M, fish from both V1 and V2 groups were significantly smaller at the end of the ‘stimulus’ phase, but there were no statistical differences in overall growth, proximate or fatty acid compositions at the end of the trial. However, hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices were significantly lower in V1 compared to V2 fish and there was an overall trend of improved performance in V1 fish throughout the ‘intermediate’ and ‘challenge’ phases. During the ‘challenge’ phase, M fish displayed a greater net gain of DHA than V1 fish, whilst V2 was a net consumer of all n-3 LC-PUFA over the same period. Compared to M, n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis genes in pyloric caeca were downregulated in both experimental groups indicating possible post-transcriptional modification of this pathway in either V1 or V2, considering the differences in DHA retention levels between groups. Taken together, the results suggested that nutritional programming was not initiated by a one- or two- week ‘stimulus’. However, more studies are required to elucidate the mechanism behind enhanced performance of V1 fish.

Морские водоросли как важный функциональный ингредиент и продовольственное сырье для обогащения рационов питания населения Арктической зоны Российской Федерации (обзор)

The paper analysed scientific literature on seaweed as an additional source of nutrients and biologically active compounds. The studies demonstratе that brown algae are promising raw materials for human nutrition. Algae contain 7 amino acids essential for adults, as well as monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine, which induce a hormone-like effect of algae proteins on the human body. Brown algae fats are represented by both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which allows us to assume that algae can become an alternative source of essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, having a positive effect on the cardiovascular and nervous systems, as well as on the cognitive development of children. It should be emphasized that brown algae are a source of fucosterol, which has hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumour and antidiabetic effects. Algae carbohydrates include polysaccharides unique in their chemical structure and biological activity: alginates, having anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties; fucoidans, producing antibacterial, antioxidant and antitumour effects; and laminarins, exerting immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antitumour and antibacterial effects. Polyphenols contained in algae are not found in terrestrial plants. Algae are a source of iodine and other minerals as well as vitamins. Currently, algae are being used in human diets in a number of countries. However, there are certain problems that require further research, such as the possible side-effects of excessive consumption of seaweed, its daily intake recommendations, and bioavailability of nutrients after seaweed handling and processing. In general, it can be concluded that seaweed may well become an important functional ingredient and alimentary raw material for enriching the diet of the population in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.

Fatty acid profiles reveal dietary variability of a large calanoid copepod Limnocalanus macrurus in the northern Baltic Sea

Eutrophication, climate-induced warming, and salinity fluctuations are altering the fatty acid profiles and the availability of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in marine zooplankton communities. Limnocalanus macrurus Sars G.O., 1863 is a large calanoid copepod inhabiting the low-salinity areas in the Baltic Sea, where it is a major source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to commercially important fish. L. macrurus is sensitive to warming, eutrophication and hypoxia. As an opportunistic feeder, it is capable of dietary shifts, which affects its fatty acid profiles. Although much studied in boreal lakes, there are only a few studies on the fatty acid profiles of the Baltic Sea populations. This study aimed to compare the fatty acid profiles of L. macrurus in three basins of the Baltic Sea, in relation to the community fatty acids and environmental variables. We collected samples of L. macrurus and filtered plankton community for gas chromatographic fatty acid analyses in August 2021 on R/V Aranda. The nutritional quality of L. macrurus to consumers was lower in the Gulf of Finland (GoF) compared to the Gulf of Bothnia, indicated by the low levels of DHA and EPA, as well as the low n-3/n-6 ratio of PUFAs. The lower ratio of 18:1n-7 to 18:1n-9 implied higher degree of omnivory in GoF. In contrast, a diatom marker 16:1n-7 had high proportion in the Bothnian Bay. High temperatures in GoF may have restricted feeding in the upper water column, possibly forcing a shift towards cyanobacteria or seston-based diet, as interpreted from a high proportion of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3. We conclude that the ability of L. macrurus to utilize multiple food sources increases its resilience to environmental change, while the consequences on the nutritional quality may have further cascading effects on the food webs.

Essential fatty acid and analysis of their impact on the human body based on latest research

Introduction
 Fats contained in food are the most concentrated source of energy, fat-soluble vitamins and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (EFA). Of the four types of unsaturated acids, three main families have specific biological effects: omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9.
 Objective of the work
 The aim of the study was to review the current knowledge about the action and consumption of products rich in EFAs and to present the topic of conscious supplementation with "fashionable" omega acids.
 Materials and methodology
 A literature selection was performed from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Articles were searched in English and Polish.
 Results
 Most research indicates the beneficial effect of omega acids on the human body. The recommended daily intake of omega fatty acids is a maximum of 3 grams. EFAs have a versatile effect - they have anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects, and support our cardiovascular and autoimmune systems. They have a positive effect on the intestinal microflora and our skin.
 Conclusions
 Consumption of products rich in omega acids and their appropriate supplementation bring many health benefits. Nevertheless, the assessment of the effectiveness and safety of the use of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of various diseases requires further detailed research.

Impacts of climate warming and atmospheric deposition on recent shifts in chironomid communities in two alpine lakes, eastern China

Climate warming and atmospheric deposition are altering alpine lake ecosystems at unprecedented rates, whereas their direct and indirect effects on primary consumer communities are unclear. This study presents sedimentary multi-proxy records including chironomids, diatoms, elements and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in 210Pb-dated cores from two alpine lakes located above the timberline in the Taibai Mountain, eastern China. Before ∼2000 CE, chironomid communities were co-dominated by Heterotrissocladius marcidus-type and Micropsectra atrofasciata-type in the two lakes. Thereafter, Tanytarsus glabrescens-type increased rapidly to be a dominant species. Redundancy analyses (RDAs) revealed that chironomid fauna shifts were significantly correlated with rising diatom concentrations in both lakes, declining Ti content in the upstream lake and δ13C depletion in the downstream lake. Although temperature, precipitation and δ15N were not significant explanatory variables in RDAs, climate warming and atmospheric deposition likely promoted terrestrial and aquatic primary production, indicated by synchronous increases in organic matter contents and diatom concentrations in the two sediment cores. Since diatoms contain essential polyunsaturated fatty acids that are essential for chironomids, rising diatom concentrations can promote food quantity and quality. In addition, increased primary production would create organic substrates for chironomid larvae. Recent shifts in chironomid fauna driven by indirect effects of global warming and atmospheric deposition might be a widespread phenomenon in alpine lakes, probably triggering regime shifts in headwater lake ecosystems.

Impacts of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Natural Elixirs for Neuronal Health, on Brain Development and Functions.

Omega-3 fatty acids play a seminal role in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the nervous system. These specialized molecules function as precursors for many lipid-based biological messengers. Also, studies suggest the role of these fatty acids in regulating healthy sleep cycles, cognitive ability, brain development, etc. Dietary intake of essential poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are foundational to the optimal working of the nervous system. Besides regulating health, these biomolecules have great therapeutic value in treating several diseases, particularly nervous system diseases and disorders. Many recent studies conclusively demonstrated the beneficial effects of Omega-3 fatty acids in treating depression, neuropsychiatric disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, neurochemical disorders, and many other illnesses associated with the nervous system. This chapter summates the multifaceted role of poly unsaturated fatty acids, especially Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), in the neuronal health and functioning. The importance of dietary intake of these essential fatty acids, their recommended dosages, bioavailability, the mechanism of their action, and therapeutic values are extensively discussed.

Gamma Irradiation of Plukenetia volubilis L. Seeds Promotes Several Changes during Its Germination and Vegetative Growth

Plukenetia volubilis (“sacha inchi”) is a perennial plant that produces edible seeds with a remarkable lipid composition that is highly concentrated in polyunsaturated essential fatty acids. Inca nut seeds have potential use for lowering malnutrition, enhancing sustainable food production systems, reforestation, and the pharmaceutical industry. The establishment of genetic variability, through spontaneous mutations or induced mutations, can bring desirable and undesirable agronomic traits. Our research focused on studying the impact of gamma radiation on P. volubilis seeds during their germination and vegetative growth. For this purpose, we exposed seeds to different doses of gamma irradiation (0, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, and 900 Gy) and planted them under in vitro and greenhouse conditions following a completely random design. Our findings showed that gamma radiation treatments did not affect the germination of P. volubilis seeds but affected its root tip growth. An analysis on morphological and physiological parameters revealed a reduction in seedling size and weight when the irradiation doses were increased. Also, the pattern of plant organ development changed as its gamma irradiation was increased. Finally, our analysis found that median lethal dose (LD50) for P. volubilis L. seeds is 618.78 Gy. Our findings can be used as an important reference for plant breeding in this species.

Green ultrasound-assisted extraction of fish oil from rainbow trout intestines and purification with adsorbents

This study explored the application of green ultrasound-assisted technology for the extraction of oil from the intestines of rainbow trout. Purification methodologies were incorporated using adsorbents in order to enhance the quality of the extracted oil, which was evaluated based on its color, peroxide value (POV), free fatty acids, organic pollutants, and fatty acid composition. The extraction condition for maximum oil recovery was 60 °C for 30 min, with the addition of 1 g of sodium chloride and a water-to-sample ratio of 0:2. The analysis indicated that silica gel exhibited the highest efficiency as an adsorbent for the elimination of peroxides from extracted oil, with optimal results achieved after adsorption for 60 min. Despite undergoing purification, the POV of fish oil still exceeded the quality standard established by the CODEX Alimentarius Commission. In order to optimize the extraction process, the incorporation of antioxidants, including gallic acid, tannic acid, and Aronia (black chokeberry) powder, was implemented before the oil refining process. The integration of antioxidants and purification further lowered the POV and mitigated the production of organic pollutants, concurrently enhancing oil quality compared to without antioxidants. Notably, the incorporation of antioxidants during the initial stages of the extraction process resulted in a significant increase in the average concentrations of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the final products. Overall, this study revealed that Aronia has the potential to serve as a natural, less-costly antioxidant alternative to pure antioxidants, such as tannic acid and gallic acid. Furthermore, the potential nutritional value of the final refined oil sample derived from rainbow trout intestines can be improved in terms of ω-3 fatty acid content by the developed method.

Correction: Biorefining of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids from microbial sources: current updates and prospects

Correction: Biorefining of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids from microbial sources: current updates and prospects

HAMLET in human milk is resistant to digestion and carries essential free long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid.

The oleic acid/alpha-lactalbumin complex HAMLET (human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumors) is cytotoxic to various cancerous cell lines and is assembled from alpha-lactalbumin (ALA) and free oleic acid (OA). HAMLET is also cytotoxic to normal immature intestinal cells. It remains unclear if HAMLET, experimentally assembled with OA and heat, can spontaneously assemble in frozen human milk over time. To approach this issue, we used a set of timed proteolytic experiments to evaluate the digestibility of HAMLET and native ALA. The purity of HAMLET in human milk was confirmed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and western blot to resolve the ALA and OA components. Timed proteolytic experiments were used to identify HAMLET in whole milk samples. Structural characterization of HAMLET was performed by Fournier transformed infrared spectroscopy and indicated a transformation of secondary structure with increased alpha-helical character of ALA upon binding to OA.

Specificities of accumulation of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids of ω-3 and ω-6 families in the tissues of bulls after supplementing their diet with the sources of fatty acids and mineral elements

Aim. To determine the intensity of growth of fattening bulls and the specificities of the accumulation of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids from the ω-3 and ω-6 families in their tissues after supplementing their diet with the sources of essential fatty acids and copper sulfate to increase their meat productivity and improve the biological value of beef. Methods. The study was conducted using the methodological approaches, common for international practice in accordance with the requirements of ISO 17025, and using the conventional methods of peer groups involving clinically healthy animals. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 families was determined by gas chro- matography using the Chrom-5 device. Copper content was determined by the method of atomic absorption spectro- photometry using the Selmi C-115 M1 device. Results. It was found that the introduction of linseed oil (as a source of α-linolenic acid, which is a precursor of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 family) and sunflower oil (as a source of linoleic acid, which is a precursor of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-6 family), the synthetic substance doxane (as an inhibitor of biohydrogenation processes in unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen) and pentahydrate copper sulfate (as a source of copper) to the diet of young fattening cattle caused a probable increase in the content of biologically active polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 family and copper in their liver and skeletal muscles. At the same time, the increase in the content of biologically active polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 families and copper in the abovementioned tissues due to the stimulation of metabolic processes in the body contributed to a probable increase in the average daily weight gain of young fattening animals. Thus, there was a direct relationship between the content of α-linolenic and linoleic acids and copper in the diet and their content in the tissues of experimental animals, productivity characteristics, and biological value of beef. Conclusions. The introduction of a mixture of linseed and sunflower oils into the diet of fattening bulls led to an increase in the content of α-linolenic and linoleic acids and a 1.7-fold decrease in the ratio between essential polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-6 family and that of the ω-3 family. The increase in the content of copper and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-6 and ω-3 families in the diet of fattening bulls led to their accumulation in the liver and skeletal muscles, which contributed to the enhanced biological value of beef.

Extraction of Oil From Solid Fat of Silver Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) Waste by Centrifugation

Oil extracted from fish waste could be a source of valuable fatty acids such as saturated (SFAs), monounsaturated (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In this study, the solid fat from silver catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) waste was used to extract oil by centrifugation using different extraction solvent (distilled water, 70% ethanol, 70% acetone and 70% cyclohexane), rotation time (15, 25, 35 & 45 min), rotational speed (2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 & 10000 r.p.m) and rotational temperature (5, 10, 15, 20 & 25 °C). The compositions of fatty acids in the extracted oil were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The highest oil yield of 156.7 ± 16.7 mg/g was achieved by centrifugation at 10000 r.p.m, 25 °C for 15 min using 70% acetone. The extracted oil contains 0.0223 mg/g palmitic acid, 0.0216 mg/g steric acid, and 0.0262 mg/g oleic acid. However, the essential PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could not be detected by GC-MS analysis. This study found that the fish oil extracted from the solid fat of the silver catfish waste can be used as a potential source of palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid.

Description and Characterization of the Odontella aurita OAOSH22, a Marine Diatom Rich in Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Fucoxanthin, Isolated from Osan Harbor, Korea.

Third-generation biomass production utilizing microalgae exhibits sustainable and environmentally friendly attributes, along with significant potential as a source of physiologically active compounds. However, the process of screening and localizing strains that are capable of producing high-value-added substances necessitates a significant amount of effort. In the present study, we have successfully isolated the indigenous marine diatom Odontella aurita OAOSH22 from the east coast of Korea. Afterwards, comprehensive analysis was conducted on its morphological, molecular, and biochemical characteristics. In addition, a series of experiments was conducted to analyze the effects of various environmental factors that should be considered during cultivation, such as water temperature, salinity, irradiance, and nutrients (particularly nitrate, silicate, phosphate, and iron). The morphological characteristics of the isolate were observed using optical and electron microscopes, and it exhibited features typical of O. aurita. Additionally, the molecular phylogenetic inference derived from the sequence of the small-subunit 18S rDNA confirmed the classification of the microalgal strain as O. aurita. This isolate has been confirmed to contain 7.1 mg g-1 dry cell weight (DCW) of fucoxanthin, a powerful antioxidant substance. In addition, this isolate contains 11.1 mg g-1 DCW of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which is one of the nutritionally essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, this indigenous isolate exhibits significant potential as a valuable source of bioactive substances for various bio-industrial applications.