Essential Oil Of Citrus Sinensis Research Articles

Chemical composition and antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the essential oils extracted from Citrus sinensis peels by hydrodistillation and microwave methods.

The present study is devoted to evaluate in vitro the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of essential oils (Eo) extracted by hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave (MW) from the plant peels of Citrus sinensis. The extraction provided yields of 0.26% and 0.02%, respectively. The essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS whose major component is limonene that has a remarkable percentage (78.192% and 58.6%, respectively) for the essential oil extracted by HD and MW. The results of the antioxidant potential were noticeable in each of the essential oils with a higher priority to that extracted by hydrodistillation. The evaluation of the antioxidant power by the free radical scavenging method (DPPH) showed that the essential oils studied have good antioxidant activity, especially for the oil extracted by HD having presented an IC50 of (13.07 ± 0.169) mg/ml, while BHT and ascorbic acid showed very potent and effective anti-free radical activity with IC50 of the order of (19.54 ± 0.32) µg/ml and (1.17 ± 0.05) µg/ml respectively. According to the β-carotene/linoleic acid test, the oxidation of β-carotene was effectively inhibited by the two essential oils of Citrus sinensis peels with a percentage of inhibition of (56.46 ± 0.76) % and (31.39 ± 1.49) % respectively for HD and MW. Eo extracted by HD is more active than ascorbic acid (15.43%). In the antibacterial test, the activity was evaluated by the disc-diffusion method, the two types of sweet orange essential oils inhibited the growth of five bacterial strains out of six: The best activity was obtained against E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Agrobacterium with a diameter of the zone of inhibition between 70 and 84 mm, with the exception of the strain of Bacillus subtilis, there is no zone of inhibition has been observed.

Residual effect of Citrus sinensis and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils in association with temephos on Aedes aegypti Linn. larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in laboratory

The increase of Ae. aegypti resistance to conventional insecticides and growing public concern about the environmental impact has resulted in the development of alternatives to mosquito control. Thus, the use of essential oils (EOs) in combination with larvicides may be a strategy used to reduce the phenomenon of resistance. Controlling larvae with insecticides for a prolonged period is important for interrupting transmission of vector-borne viruses, as long lasting larvicidal formulations reduce health agents visits with a consequent reduction in the global cost for controlling mosquito spread. Previous studies have shown that synergistic interactions between temephos and EOs exhibited increased larvae lethality when compared to temephos alone. Therefore, the goal of this work was to evaluate the residual effects of associations between temephos and EOs of Citrus sinensis and Syzygium aromaticum homogenized in hydrogel and impregnated in ceramic supports on Ae. aegypti larvae. After application of the products in 1,000 mL beakers, 25 larvae were deposited in each beaker and every five days half of the beakers were emptied to 200 mL, the original volume was replaced and new batches of larvae were added. Mortality was observed after 48 h of larval exposure. There was equivalence in the residual effect of association temephos/EOs when compared with temephos alone.

Preliminary Study on Citrus Oils Antibacterial Activity Measured by Flow Cytometry: A Step-by-Step Development.

Essential oils of Citrus sinensis and Citrus latifolia have shown biological functions as antiseptics, anti-inflammatories, antioxidants, antifungal and antimutagenic, so the evaluation of their antibacterial capacity, by themselves or in combination with standard antibiotics, presents an alternative for infection treatment. Flow cytometry opens the door for the design of faster and more accurate measurement of antibacterial activity. We use a SYTO9/PI staining system on E. coli ATCC 25922 to determine antibacterial activity by counting live and dead cells through flow cytometry. We found that dual staining showed highly variable results due to wavelength overlapping and instead we used fluorochrome individual staining that highly correlated with viable counts. Chloramphenicol and cefotaxime treatments did not present a dose-response behavior, rendered diffuse readings and/or gave filament formation on fluorescence microscopy. Amikacin was a better comparison standard because it presented a dose-response behavior. Essential oils had low antibacterial activity as compared to amikacin, with a maximum of 10% and 20% for C. latifolia and C. sinensis, respectively. Combinations of essential oils with antibiotic resulted in an unforeseen strong inhibition of amikacin activity. Although a low antibacterial activity was found, a series of standardization steps are proposed for antibacterial activity measurement by flow cytometry.

Comparative metabolic study of Citrus sinensis leaves cultivars based on GC–MS and their cytotoxic activity

Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, (family Rutaceae), known as sweet orange, is a fruit-bearing shrub that widely cultivated all over the world due to its nutritive value, nutraceutical attributes and economic importance. In the present study, a comparative metabolic profile study of the essential oils of the leaves of nine cultivars of Citrus sinensis cultivated in Egypt was carried out based on GC–MS analysis coupled to chemometrics. A total of 47 compounds were identified, where monoterpenes hydrocarbons (61.39 %–78.26 %) represented the main recognized class in the essential oils. Sabinene (8.25 %–28.81 %), 2-carene (11.25 %–16.72 %) and cis-β-ocimene (10.22 %–13.93 %) were the major components identified in different cultivars. Chemometric analyses comprising Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were experienced for their ability to discriminate between closely related cultivars. Both PCA score plot and HCA dendrogram could successfully segregate different cultivars based on their metabolic profiles. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of essential oils of Citrus sinensis leaves cultivars on different cell lines; MCF-7, HepG-2, HeLa, were all essential oils showed moderate cytotoxic activity. The MCF-7 cell lines were the most resistant cells with IC50 range from 243 to 343 μg/mL, while HeLa cells were the most sensitive cell lines IC50 range from 203 to 283 μg/mL. This may be attributed to the synergistic effects of different chemical components.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Citrus sinensis: interaction with ampicilin and fluconazole

In the present study, the interactions of essential oil (EO) of Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck with two antibiotics (ampicillin and fluconazole), which are commonly used in the treatment of infections, were investigated. C. sinensis was hydrodistilled and the chemical composition of the obtained essential oil was identified by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analyses. The most representative compound of all obtained 18 compounds was d-limonene followed by the other major components such as linalool, α-terpineol, β-myrcene. The MICs (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of C. sinensis essential oil were 152.06 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, 54.41 mg/mL and the IZs (Inhibition Zone) were noted as 3.4 mm, 3.3 mm, 8.3 mm for E. coli, S. aureus for C. albicans, respectively. Antimicrobial performance of antibiotics in combinations with the essential oil on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were determined using antimicrobial checkerboard method. According to this model, antagonist effect was observed as 14.29%, 57.14% and 0% for S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans, respectively. As a result, the use of C. sinensis essential oil with antibiotics can be seen as a disadvantage as it may slow the effect of antibiotics. On the contrary, in another case, the using of C. sinensis essential oil with antibiotics may cause to delaying the resistance mechanisms of bacteria and turn of antagonism to advantage in clinical applications.

Evaluation of the incorporation of essential oils in microemulsions as a promising formulation in the inhibition of tyrosinase

The present work aimed to develop and characterize a microemulsion containing an essential oil with potential skin-lightening activity. Initially, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume essential oils (CZEO) extracted from bark and leaf, and the essential oils of Citrus sinensis and Syzygium aromaticum, were characterized and the tyrosinase inhibitory activity was determined. Thereafter, microemulsions were obtained through the Pseudoternary Phase Diagram using a mixture of Tween 80®: Propylene glycol (2:1) as surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively, Olivem 300® as oily phase and water as aqueous phase. The CZEO from the bark showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity and was incorporated into the selected microemulsions: one o/w microemulsion (B7) and three bicontinuous microemulsions (B5, B6 and C6). Microemulsion B5 was able to incorporate a greater amount of essential oil and the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of this formulation was determined. Microemulsions with and without the essential oil were isotropic with a droplet diameter lower than 60 nm and Newtonian behavior. Microemulsion B5 showed significant greater tyrosinase inhibition activity and lower cytotoxicity than did the isolated oil. According to the results, the microemulsions containing the CZEO obtained from the bark may be promising in formulations for skin lightening using natural active agents.

The nitrergic neurotransmission contributes to the anxiolytic-like effect of Citrus sinensis essential oil in animal models.

Citrus fragrances have been used in aromatherapy for the treatment of anxiety, and the essential oil of Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) has shown promising results, although its mechanism of action was not known. The objective of this study was to evaluate the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) neurotransmission in the anxiolytic-like effect of C.sinensis essential oil. Swiss male mice were submitted to 15min of C.sinensis essential oil inhalation (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%) and tested in the marble-burying test, neophobia-induced hypophagia, and light/dark test. Locomotor activity was evaluated in an automated locomotor activity box. The coadministration of C.sinensis essential oil with L-arginine (200mg/kg, i.p.), an NO precursor, was used for the behavioral evaluation of nitrergic system mediation. Additionally, the NO synthase activity was measured by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) analysis in the cerebral cortex. C.sinensis essential oil exerted anxiolytic-like effect at dose that did not change locomotor activity. Moreover, L-arginine pretreatment prevented this anxiolytic-like effect on marble-burying test. Finally, C.sinensis essential oil reduced the NADPH-d positive cells. Thus, the nitrergic neurotransmission plays a relevant role in the anxiolytic-like effect C.sinensis essential oil.

Comparison of Antibacterial Activity in Ethanol Extract and Essential Oil of Citrus sinensis (L.) Peels Obtained by Sohxlet and Distillation Methods

Ethanol extract and essential oil of Citrus sinensis (L.) peels have been characterized and compared for its antibacterial activity. Ethanol extract of C. sinensis (L.) peels was obtained by Soxhlet extraction method in ethanol with purity of 96% and the essential oil was obtained by distillation method for 5 hours at 100°C. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus. The experimental results showed that the ethanol extract yielded 29.50% (w/w), with total flavonoid compounds of 4.74 mg/g and polyphenolic of 20.54 mg/g, while the water extract (essential oil) yielded 6.80% (w/w) with total polyphenolic compounds of 0.65 mg/g. The flavonoid compound was not observed in the essential oil obtained from distillation method. The bioactive compounds in the ethanol extract obtained by Soxhlet extraction are larger than those found in the essential oil obtained by distillation method. The ethanol extract showed stronger growth inhibitory effect of Staphylococcus aureus with zone inhibition diameter of 18 mm, whereas the essential oil and the commercial d-limonene extract had similar zone inhibition diameter of 15 mm.

Antimutagenic and antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Citrus sinensis and Citrus latifolia

The essential oils of Citrus sinensis and Citrus latifolia showed antimycotic activity against Candida spp. isolated from the oral cavity; they are neither mutagenic on the Ames test nor cytotoxic. Their main components are R-(+)-limonene, β-thujene, α-myrcene and γ-terpinene. The aim of this work was to evaluate their antimutagenic and antioxidant capacities. Antimutagenic properties were evaluated against MNNG and ENNG on S. typhimurium TA100; against 2AA on strain TA98 and in front of 4NQO and NOR on strain TA102. Both were antimutagenic against MNNG (p < 0.001) but only C. latifolia was antimutagenic against ENNG (p < 0.001). Both presented antimutagenic activity against 2AA (p < 0.001). They were antioxidant against the ROS-generating compound 4NQO (p < 0.001) and the antibiotic NOR (p < 0.001). In the antioxidant evaluation, the activity in DPPH assay was in a range of 6–23% for C. sinensis and of 22–71% for C. latifolia. Both were antioxidant compared with BHT in β-carotene bleaching assay and were able to decreased apoptosis in HaCat cells stimulated with H2O2. The levels of intracellular superoxide ion were lower in the presence of both oils. In conclusion, the essential oils of C. sinensis and C. latifolia are antimutagenic against at least three types of mutagens and have antioxidants properties.

Fractioning of orange (Citrus sinensis L.) essential oil using vacuum fractional distillation

ABSTRACTCitrus essential oil has many uses in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals industries, especially the minor compounds present in the oil. This work aimed to evaluate the distillation patterns of the components of the peel essential oil of Citrus sinensis using vacuum fractional distillation. The performed tests show that the separation of the compounds occurs with the leaving of the lighter terpenes, followed by the heavier terpenes and part of the oxygenated functions. Most of the oxygenated functions remained in the bottom of the column, being concentrated in this fraction. Many trace compounds were found in the bottom products. The limonene mass percentage reduced from 96.68% to 52.81% in the bottom products. Linalool had its mass percentage increased from 0.37% in the raw oil to 4.22% in the bottom. It was also observed in the operation conditions of the column (10 kPa and 70°C), there was no evidence of thermal degradation of the raw oil, neither of the obtained fractions during the process.

Does the Fragrance of Essential Oils Alleviate the Fatigue Induced by Exercise? A Biochemical Indicator Test in Rats.

Objective To study the effect of the essential oils of Citrus sinensis L., Mentha piperita L., Syzygium aromaticum L., and Rosmarinus officinalis L. on physical exhaustion in rats. Methods Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group, a fatigue group, an essential oil mixture (EOM) group, and a peppermint essential oil (PEO) group. Loaded swimming to exhaustion was used as the rat fatigue model. Two groups were nebulized with EOM and PEO after swimming, and the others were nebulized with distilled water. After continuous inhalation for 3 days, the swimming time, blood glucose, blood lactic acid (BLA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood were determined. Results While an increased time to exhaustion and SOD activity were apparent in both the EOM and PEO groups, the BLA and MDA were lower in both groups, in comparison with the fatigue group, and the changes in the EOM group were more dramatic. Additionally, the EOM group also showed marked changes of the rise of blood glucose and the decrease of BUN and GSH-PX. Conclusion The results suggested that the inhalation of an essential oil mixture could powerfully relieve exercise-induced fatigue.

Phytochemical Screening of Essential Oil of Citrus sinensis by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector

Phytochemical Screening of Essential Oil of Citrus sinensis by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector

Effect of Leaf Essential Oil of Citrus sinensis at Different Harvest Time on Some Liver and Kidney Function Indices of Diabetic Rats

Effect of Leaf Essential Oil of Citrus sinensis at Different Harvest Time on Some Liver and Kidney Function Indices of Diabetic Rats

Effect of Leaf Essential Oil of Citrus sinensis on Haematological Parameters of Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

Effect of Leaf Essential Oil of Citrus sinensis on Haematological Parameters of Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

Composición química, actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial de Citrus sinensis L. (Na­ranja dulce) y formulación de una forma farmacéutica

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivos, caracterizar los componentes químicos del aceite esencial de Citrus sinensis L. (Naranja dulce), determinar su actividad antibacteriana y formular formas farmacéuticas, principalmente de uso local. El aceite esencial se obtuvo del pericarpio , de la especie seleccionada, utilizando un sistema de hidrodestilación con arrastre de vapor de agua; así mismo, se realizaron los ensayos de miscibilidad y determinación de constantes físicas, como: gravedad específica, índice de refracción y rotación óptica. La composición química se determinó por Cromatografía de Gases/Espectrometría de Masa (CG/EM), destacándose en el cromatograma señales espectrales de identificación en la elucidación de: Limoneno, ß-linalol, decanal y 2(10)-pineno(1S,5S)-(-)-. La determinación de la actividad antibacteriana in vitro se realizó por el método de difusión en agar y en la formación de halos de inhibición contra cepas de microorganismos Gram (+), como: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25933 y Staphylococcus epidermidis, demostrando actividad antibacteriana significativa a concentraciones de 100 y 50%, respectivamente; no así con los microorganismos Gram (-): Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli y Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Estos resul¬tados nos dieron la orientación para diseñar formas farmacéuticas de uso local, formulándose: un gel con base de carbomer, una loción con base de etanol y alcohol isopropílico, así como un colutorio. Los resultados de los estudios de estabilidad de las formu¬laciones, así como de tolerancia e irritabilidad con el tejido humano de los productos nos muestran resultados favorables para su utilización en enfermedades de la piel, como el acné, y en el caso del colutorio como un buen antiséptico bucal. El estudio ha permitido concluir que el aceite esencial de Citrus sinensis L. posee actividad antibacteriana contra cepas de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25933 y Staphylococcus epidermidis, además de permitir la elaboración de formas farmacéuticas de uso local.

Evaluation of Orange Peel Citrus Sinensis (L) As a Source of Repellent, Toxicant and Protectant against Zabrotes Subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Continued application of synthetic insecticides arise development of resistance and pollution of the environment. Laboratory experiments were conducted to test the efficacy of products of orange ( Citrus sinensis ) peels in the control of the stored products beetle Zabrotes subfasciatus (L) in stored haricot beans (latin name). Different levels of the extracts and essential oil of Citrus sinensis was tested. Conventional synthetic insecticide, Pirimiphos-methyl, was used as a standard check. Toxicity potential of different extracts of C. sinensis was tested against Z. subfasciatus . Extracts prepared using different solvents against the beetles were not toxic. However, essential oils at highest rate of 750mg applied at 3ml per filter paper gave 100 % mortality after 24 h. Beans treated with 15g of sun dried powder of orange peel and 750mg of essential oil killed 65% and 67% of Z. subfaciatus after 96 hours respectively. Powders from ground peels caused significant reduction in progeny emergence of Z. subfasciatus (P Z. subfasciatus . The essential oil of orange peel had a high level of toxicity in the fumigation bioassay against Z. subfasiatus . Key words: Citrus sinensis , essential oil, Zabrotes subfasciatus , Pirimiphos-methyl, Percent weight loss, Damage assessment.

Fungitoxicity of the essential oil of Citrus sinensis on post-harvest pathogens

The essential oil extracted from the epicarp of Citrus sinensis exhibited absolute fungitoxicity against the 10 post-harvest pathogens. GC–MS studies of the oil revealed the presence of 10 chemical constituents, of which limonene was found to be the major component (84.2%). The activity of the oil was tested by the poisoned food technique (PF) and the volatile activity (VA) assay and the oils showed greater toxicity in the VA assay than in the poisoned food assay. The nature of the toxicity was studied in the VA assay and it was observed that the oil was fungicidal for the 10 pathogens in the 700 ppm (mg/l) to 1000 ppm range. The oil was extremely toxic for spore germination and it was found that at 700 ppm, spore germination was inhibited in the 10 test fungi out of the 12 tested. Treatment at 300 ppm concentration exhibited 70–100% inhibition of spore germination in most of the fungi tested. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done to study the mode of action of the oil in Aspergillus niger and it was observed that treatment with the oil leads to distortion and thinning of the hyphal wall and the reduction in hyphal diameter and absence of conidiophores.

Biological and chemical control of eye leaf spot disease of sugarcane

Incidence of eye leaf spot disease caused byHelminthosporium tetramera in different sugarcane varieties was recorded in Tarai belt of Uttar Pradesh during 1998–99 and 1999–2000 crop seasons in plant as well as ratoon crop. The disease incidence was more severe in plants (27.65%, 32.14%) followed by ratoons (28.40%, 44.46%) of cultivar CoS 767 in both crop seasons, respectively followed by CoS 91269 and CoS 90265. Essential oil ofCitrus sinensis and aquatic extract of garlic bulb at 2000 ppm were found to inhibit completely the mycelial growth and sporulation ofH. tetramera. However, onion bulb and eucalyptus leaf extract at 3000 ppm had also significant inhibitory effect on the fungus. Among the six fungicides testedin vitro against the pathogen, bayleton was found most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth and sporulation. These fungicides were also tested under field condition for their control efficacy against the fungus and found that blitox-50 was more effective to control (71.37%) the eye spot disease of sugarcane followed by bayleton (59.26%) and carbendazim(53.64%).