Preparation Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Variation in essential oil content and composition of Ridolfia segetum Moris based on 30-hour prolonged fractionated extraction procedure

A comprehensive study on essential oil samples extracted from Ridolfia segetum Moris (Apiaceae) collected in Tarquinia (Italy) is reported. In this study, a 30-hour, fractionated, steam distillation procedure for essential oil preparation was applied. The gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry analysis showed monoterpene o-cymene and phenylpropanoid dill-apiol as the major essential oil’s constituents revealing a new chemotype dependent on extraction duration. Great impact of the duration of the distillation process on chemical profile of essential oil was observed; prolonged distillation gives chemically more diverse essential oil samples. Preliminary microbiological evaluations of the essential oils samples revealed some activity, although not high, against Candida albicans.

Investigation of In vitro Efficacy of Marrubium vulgare L. Essential Oil and Extracts Against Trichomonas vaginalis

Background: Trichomoniasis is one of the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infections worldwide that its drug-resistant cases are on the rise. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiprotozoal activity of Marrubium vulgare essential oil and extracts against Trichomonas vaginalis. Methods: After preparation of essential oil and extracts of M. vulgare, five T. vaginalis isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing after 24 and 48 hours of incubation at 35.5°C under aerobic conditions. Results: The examined essential oil and extracts had potent antitrichomonal activities against T. vaginalis. After 48-hour exposure, the most antitrichomonal activity of M. vulgare preparations was related to the essential oil, with a mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 291 ± 136 µg/mL, followed by ethyl acetate (541 ± 197 µg/mL), methanol (1000 ± 0 µg/mL), and n-hexane (1500 ± 490 µg/mL) extracts, in comparison with metronidazole (with MICs ranging from 3.1 to 12.5 µg/mL). Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that the compounds of M. vulgare have significant activities against T. vaginalis parasite. Therefore, future studies are needed to clear more details about antitrichomonal properties of M. vulgare compounds

Effects of a massage-like essential oil application procedure using Copaiba and Deep Blue oils in individuals with hand arthritis

Background and PurposeExisting research suggests that both massage and essential oils may have analgesic and anti-inflammatory benefits. We investigate the benefits of the AromaTouch Hand Technique® (ATHT), a procedure that combines a moderate pressure touch with the application of essential oils to the hand, in individuals with hand arthritis. Methods and materialsThirty-six participants with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and/or chronic inflammation received ATHTs with either a 50/50 preparation of Deep Blue® and Copaiba oil or a coconut oil placebo twice daily for 5 consecutive days. Changes in maximum flexion in finger and thumb joints, items from the Arthritis Hand Function Test, and hand pain scores were evaluated. ResultsParticipants treated with the essential oil preparation required significantly less time to complete dexterity tasks and showed about 50% decrease in pain scores, increased finger strength, and significantly increased angle of maximum flexion compared to subjects treated with coconut oil. ConclusionThe ATHT with Copaiba and Deep Blue may have ameliorative effects on hand arthritis.

Preparation and characterizations of essential oil and monoterpene nanoemulsions and acaricidal activity against two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch)

ABSTRACTThe present study aims at preparing nanoemulsions of two types of plant essential oils (EOs) (Callistemon viminalis and Origanum vulgare) and two monoterpenes (R-limonene and pulegone) as acaricidal agents against two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. The oil-in-water nanoemulsions (10% active ingredient) were spontaneously formed by adding dropwise an EO or monoterpene into an aqueous solution containing 20% of a surfactant (Tween 80) with continuous stirring followed by a high-energy (ultrasonication) emulsification process for 15 min. The characterizations of nanoemulsions including viscosity, pH, thermodynamic stability, droplet size, and polydispersity index (PDI) were investigated in detail. All nanoemulsions were prepared with droplet size in the range of 7.07–10.18 nm and a PDI of 0.249–0.620. Nanoemulsions exhibited high acaricidal activity against T. urticae mites with a 100% reduction at 5000 mg/L after 2–3 days of application on bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under greenhouse conditions. No symptoms of phytotoxicity were observed in treated plants during the experiments (21 days). The stability of prepared nanoemulsions, high acaricidal activity, and the absence of organic toxic solvents make the formulations suitable as acaricidal products. The results suggest that appropriate nanoemulsions containing EOs and/or monoterpenes can be developed to control T. urticae on plants.

Dual-cooled solvent-free microwave extraction of Salvia officinalis L. essential oil and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity

In this study, dual-cooled solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus was attempted and developed for the extraction of essential oil from S. officinalis. The parameters of dual-cooled SFME were investigated by Box-Behnken design with response surface methodology. Well-fitting model for the dual-cooled SFME was successfully established and verified. The proposed procedure highly accelerated the extraction process and was highlighted with high yield by reducing the heat loss. Moreover, higher amounts of more odoriferous oxygenated monoterpenes and lower amounts of terpene hydrocarbons were present in the essential oils extracted by SFME and dual-cooled SFME in comparison with hydrodistillation (HD), and dual-cooled SFME better prevented the thermal reaction. The essential oils obtained showed outstanding activity against Bacilus subtillis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Accordingly, dual-cooled SFME represents a more effective and excellent alternative for the preparation of plant essential oil, and S. officinalis essential oil was a potential natural source of antimicrobial.

Melissa officinalis L. subsp. altissima (Sibth. & Sm.) Arcang. essential oil: Chemical composition and preliminary antimicrobial investigation of samples obtained at different harvesting periods and by fractionated extractions

A comprehensive study on essential oils extracted from different samples of Melissa officinalis L. subsp. altissima (Sibth. & Sm.) Arcang. (Lamiaceae) collected in Tarquinia (Italy) is reported. In this study, the 24-h steam distillation procedure for essential oil preparation, in terms of different harvesting periods and extraction times was applied. The GC/MS analysis showed cis-caryophyllene and its oxide as the major essential oil’s constituents. A great impact of phenological stage on chemical profile of essential oil was observed. Regarding the duration of the extraction process, prolonged distillation led to chemically more diverse oil samples. Preliminary microbiological evaluations of the essential oils samples revealed the lack of significant efficacy against Candida albicans.

Acidolysis-dominated pretreatment elevates distillation yield and impacts composition, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oil from Cuminum cyminum seeds.

Proper pretreatment of herbal material containing essential oils (EOs) could enhance its volatile components release through either removing physical barriers or conquering chemical bonds and thereby improve hydrodistillation yield. In this regard, a trial pretreatment including pulverization, enzymolysis, short time microwave irradiation and acidolysis of Cuminum cyminum seeds was integrated into the essential oil (EO) preparation to elevate the EO yield. On the basis of Plackett–Burman design analysis, three parameters (acidolysis duration, HCl concentration of acidolysis and sieving mesh) were significant for the EO preparation. Box–Behnken design based optimization of the remaining factors concluded that the optimal pretreatment was pulverizing the seeds to 40 mesh and implementing 45 min acidolysis in 2.5 M L−1 HCl wherein the predicted EO yield of 3.78% was close to that of the experimental value 3.86%. This pretreatment produced an EO yield increase of 50.78% over the control sample of raw seeds (2.56%). In total 53 components were identified in the acidolysis-pretreated cumin EO (AEO) whilst 47 components were identified in the control cumin EO (CEO). In both AEO and CEO, cuminaldehyde was the predominant common component, but the AEO contained more phenols (0.51% vs. 0.18%) and alcohols (7.76% vs. 0.18%) than the CEO did. The compositional features gave the AEO mightier antioxidant potency and stronger antifungal efficacy against four postharvest fungi, viz. Alternaria alternata, Penicillium expansum, Trichothecium roseum and Fusarium sulphureum, as compared with the situations of CEO. In conclusion, the pretreatment elevates the hydrodistillation yield, modifies the EO chemical profiles and confers stronger antioxidant and antifungal activities upon cumin EO.

Development of Aroma Massage Oil for Relieving Muscle Pain and Satisfaction Evaluation in Humans

The objective of this study was to develop aroma massage oil containing natural oils for relieving muscle pain and evaluate usersÂ’ satisfaction. In addition, the skin irritation and skin sensitization of products were tested by using the Kligman maximization method. Seven essential oils were used as an active ingredient in the formula. Six carrier oils were used as a carrier oil in the formula. Tests of odor preference and odor acceptance of products were investigated in sixty-one consumers. The products were evaluated the preliminary physical stability in terms of color, smell, rancidity, viscosity, and precipitation, for a period of eight weeks. In addition, thirty consumers participated in the satisfaction evaluation. The results showed that consumers gave the most preference and acceptance to a blended essential oil preparation 1 (BEOP1) which composed of rosemary, lavender, patchouli, eucalyptus, and peppermint oils. The consumers gave an overall satisfied with carrier oil formulas which consisted of sweet almond, grape seed, avocado, jojoba oils, and macadamia oils. A massage oil formula which composed of BEOP1, vitamin E acetate, isopropyl myristate, and carrier oils gave the best physical characteristics. Moreover, developed massage oil remained stable for 8 weeks. No skin irritation and no skin sensitization were observed after volunteers applied to developed massage oil on the inner forearm for two weeks. Therefore, it could be suggested that developed massage oil was safety.

Preparation and characterization of citrus essential oils loaded in chitosan microcapsules by using different emulsifiers

Abstract: Citrus essential oils (CEOs) loaded in chitosan microcapsules (CS-CEOs) were prepared by 6 different emulsifiers (Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 60, Tween 20/Span 801:1, Tween 20/SDBS1:1, Span 80) with emulsion-ionic gelation technique. Their rheological properties, embedding and release rate as well as microcapsules diameters were analyzed. The results indicated that emulsifier types significantly affected the size and embedding efficiency of microcapsules, obtaining sample groups of Tween 60, Span 80, Tween 20/Span 80 with typical diameters 289.3 nm, 3893.2 nm, 8843.2 nm, respectively. The structures and thermal properties of CEOs microcapsules were analyzed by using fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results demonstrated that CEOs oil were successfully embedded in the microcapsules and group of Tween 60 has the minimum particle size with the best embedding rate of 68.1%. The strength of the intermolecular interaction as well as exothermic peaks of microcapsules prepared with different emulsifiers were different, Tween 60 holds the lowest temperature value of exothermic peak for smallest internal energy is needed for melting, corresponds with its lowest particle size. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) provided profiles on the major functional groups of CS-CEOs. The results proved condition to prepare CS-CEOs microcapsules by using different emulsifiers.

Determination of Compositions of Thymus Pubescens; the Comparison of Different Solvents towards Extraction

Two methods including essential oil extraction and preparation of herbal extract were used to determine the compositions of the Thymus pubescens (Boiss.et Kotschy ex Celak). The former was carried out though maceration by two solvents and the latter is done in a Clevenger apparatus using water. Gas chromatograph (GC) coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS) system was used to determine the composition of samples. The results showed that the major compositions of the aqueous extraction of essential oil are Alpha-pinene (0.9%), Borneol (10.36%), Thymol (28.01%), Trans-caryophylene (27.14%), delta-cadinene (4.30%), while for the ethanol extraction are alpha-pinene (10.71%), trans-caryophylene (73.42%), phenol (7.3%) and for acetone extraction are alpha-pinene (18.17%), cineole (11.23%), gamma-terpinene (7.26%), borneol (6.1%), thymol (9.41%), carvacrol (0.56%), and trans-caryophylene (29.62%).

Essential Oil Extraction, Chemical Analysis and Anti-Candida Activity of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball-New Approaches.

A comprehensive study on essential oils extracted from different Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball samples from Tarquinia (Italy) is reported. In this study, the 24-h steam distillation procedure for essential oil preparation, in terms of different harvesting and extraction times, was applied. The Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed that C. nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball essential oils from Tarquinia belong to the pulegone-rich chemotype. The analysis of 44 samples revealed that along with pulegone, some other chemicals may participate in exerting the related antifungal activity. The results indicated that for higher activity, the essential oils should be produced with at least a 6-h steam distillation process. Even though it is not so dependent on the period of harvesting, it could be recommended not to harvest the plant in the fruiting stage, since no significant antifungal effect was shown. The maximum essential oil yield was obtained in August, with the highest pulegone percentage. To obtain the oil with a higher content of menthone, September and October should be considered as the optimal periods. Regarding the extraction duration, vegetative stage material gives the oil in the first 3 h, while material from the reproductive phase should be extracted at least at 6 or even 12 h.

Phytochemical Profile and Evaluation of the Biological Activities of Essential Oils Derived from the Greek Aromatic Plant Species Ocimum basilicum, Mentha spicata, Pimpinella anisum and Fortunella margarita.

Natural products, known for their medicinal properties since antiquity, are continuously being studied for their biological properties. In the present study, we analyzed the composition of the volatile preparations of essential oils of the Greek plants Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil), Mentha spicata (spearmint), Pimpinella anisum (anise) and Fortunella margarita (kumquat). GC/MS analyses revealed that the major components in the essential oil fractions, were carvone (85.4%) in spearmint, methyl chavicol (74.9%) in sweet basil, trans-anethole (88.1%) in anise, and limonene (93.8%) in kumquat. We further explored their biological potential by studying their antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Only the essential oils from spearmint and sweet basil demonstrated cytotoxicity against common foodborne bacteria, while all preparations were active against the fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger. Antioxidant evaluation by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity assays revealed a variable degree of antioxidant potency. Finally, their antiproliferative potential was tested against a panel of human cancer cell lines and evaluated by using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. All essential oil preparations exhibited a variable degree of antiproliferative activity, depending on the cancer model used, with the most potent one being sweet basil against an in vitro model of human colon carcinoma.

Microwave-assisted method for distillation and dual extraction in obtaining essential oil, proanthocyanidins and polysaccharides by one-pot process from Cinnamomi Cortex

Abstract In the present study, a novel microwave-assisted distillation and dual extraction by one-pot process (MDDE) method was developed successfully for preparation of essential oil (EO), oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), polymeric proanthocyanidins (PPC) and polysaccharides (PS) from Cinnamomi Cortex. Compared with dichloromethane and petroleum ether (30–60 °C), ethyl ether was found to be most effective in the extraction of EO and was selected as the extraction agent. Under the optimum conditions (liquid–solid ratio of 18.0 mL/g, microwave irradiation time of 38 min and microwave irradiation power of 374 W) obtained by first order kinetic models and response surface analysis with Box–Behnken design, satisfactory yields of EO (4.26 ± 0.16%), OPC (3.01 ± 0.12%), PPC (1.60 ± 0.07%) and PS (9.78 ± 0.22%) were achieved. The developed MDDE technique produced higher yields of the four constituents in a shorter time than traditional hydrodistillation, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and simultaneous distillation–extraction methods. In addition, EO compositions obtained by MDDE and other techniques exhibited no significant changes, according to GC–MS analysis. The mean degrees of polymerization of OPC and PPC were 2.67 ± 0.10 and 13.17 ± 0.45, respectively. The proposed method could be an alternative method for enhanced extraction of volatile EO and non-volatile constituents from Cinnamomi Cortex and other natural plant materials.

Antimicrobial Constituents and Effects of Blended Eucalyptus, Rosemary, Patchouli, Pine, and Cajuput Essential Oils

The synergistic antimicrobial activities of blended essential oil preparations composed of eucalyptus, rosemary, patchouli, pine and cajuput oils were evaluated against various pathogenic microorganisms. They exhibited antimicrobial activity in the agar disc diffusion assay against the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidenidis, the Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the yeast, Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these preparations was evaluated by the broth microdilution method. We found that the best synergistic antibacterial preparation (the sum of fractional inhibitory concentrations, Σfic < 1) was eucalyptus, rosemary, and mineral oils (volume ratio 4:4:2) without patchouli, pine or cajuput oils added, while most preparations showed an antagonistic anticandidal effect (Σfic > 1). The blended essential oil preparations were characterized for their components by GC/MS, and contained 1,8-cineole as a major component. However, the preparation containing the highest amount of 1,8-cineole did not exhibit the best synergistic effect, which was shown by the preparation comprising the highest amount of α-pinene. Hence, we concluded that the differential antibacterial effect of either blended oil preparations or single/pure essential oils was influenced by the amount of α-pinene and the number of active components in either the blended preparations or single/pure essential oils.

Anti-cancer Effect in Volatile Components of Hiba Essential Oil (Thujopsis dolabrata)

Objective: Although combinations of multiple cancer therapies have reduced the mortality, they often cause severe adverse reactions, and the new strategies with fewer adverse reactions are desired. Our present study demonstrated that an essential oil preparation from hiba (Thujopsis dolabrata) exerts an antitumor effect against gastric cancer cells. Methods: MKN45 gastric cancer cells were incubated with whole of hiba essential oil (HEO) or volatile components of the HEO, followed by assessment of tumor growth inhibition by MTT assay. Apoptotic change of these cancer cells was also analyzed by TUNEL reaction. Nude mice were used to establish a model of gastric cancer tumor growth and peritoneal disseminated metastasis, in which the volume of tumor and the number of peritoneal disseminations were evaluated after inhalation of volatile components of HEO for 4 weeks. In addition, the antitumor effect of the hinokitiol, one of the anti-tumor ingredients of hiba, was compared. Results: HEO treatment induced the inhibition of tumor growth and apoptosis in MKN45 gastric cancer cells. Volatile components of the HEO also inhibited the growth and induced the apoptosis in MKN45 cells, and significantly reduced the peritoneal dissemination and metastasis in in vivo mice model. The hinokitiol, an ingredient of HEO, exhibited the weaker tumor growth inhibition effect than the whole of HEO preparation. Conclusion: Our study indicates that HEO, especially volatile components, have an anti-tumor activity of gastric cancer. We also reveal that not only hinokitiol, but also other components may play a role as antitumor factor.

Preparation and Characterization of Liposome Containing Minoxidil and Rosemary Essential Oil

Minoxidil and Rosemary essential oil have been used for several years to stimulate hair growth. Therefore, coadministration of both Minoxidil and Rosemary essential oil could enhance hair growth. The chemical/biological characteristics of liposomes, which encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs, can be utilized to encapsulate the herbal and chemical drug concoction concomitantly. A thin-film hydration method was used to prepare the liposomes. The entrapment efficacy of the liposomes was determined for Minoxidil and Rosemary essential oil using UV spectrophotometry and hydrodistillation; as dictated in the European pharmacopeia. Furthermore, a dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis was conducted to determine the particle size and zeta potential of the prepared liposome. In addition, the storage stability of the liposome was checked after 60 days. The results showed that coencapsulation of Minoxidil and Rosemary essential oil increased the encapsulation efficacy of Minoxidil while the entrapment efficacy of essential oil was not significantly influenced. In addition, according to the DLS results, the particle size and zeta potential of prepared liposomes didn’t change significantly during 60 days of storage.

A new approach for preparation of essential oil, followed by chlorogenic acid and hyperoside with microwave-assisted simultaneous distillation and dual extraction (MSDDE) from Vaccinium uliginosum leaves

Volatile essential oil, non-volatile chlorogenic acid and hyperoside were effectively extracted and isolated from leaves of Vaccinium uliginosum by microwave-assisted simultaneous distillation and dual extraction. After optimization by response surface methodology, satisfactory yields for the three abovementioned components were obtained under the following optimum conditions: liquid–solid ratio of 20mL/g, microwave irradiation time of 26min, and microwave irradiation power of 389W. Compared with conventional methods, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the essential oil showed that this method did not produce substantial changes in its chemical composition. However, the proposed method produced higher yields of volatile essential oil, non-volatile chlorogenic acid and hyperoside in a shorter time than conventional methods. Adsorption and desorption experiments with HPD 100B macroporous resin and ethanol/water solutions of various volume fractions led to optimization of the ethanol volume fraction for effective isolation of chlorogenic acid and hyperoside from the aqueous extract.

A novel approach for isolation of essential oil from fresh leaves of Magnolia sieboldii using microwave-assisted simultaneous distillation and extraction

Abstract In this study, a novel approach was developed to isolate essential oil from fresh leaves of Magnolia sieboldii using microwave-assisted simultaneous distillation and extraction (MSDE). Response surface methodology with a three-factor-three-level experimental design was carried out to optimize the significant parameters of MSDE and to evaluate their interactions, including liquid–solid ratio, microwave irradiation time and power, and satisfactory yield for essential oil (0.94 ± 0.05%) was obtained. Diagnostics of model adequacy was performed by predicted versus actual, normal % probability and internally studentized residuals. The developed MSDE was compared with traditional SDE, HD and MHD methods, in terms of kinetics, chemical composition of essential oil, environmental impact and economic effect. The proposed method produced higher yield of essential oil in a shorter time and caused lower environmental impact and economic effect, in addition, essential oil produced by this method did not produce substantial change in its chemical composition through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Main chemical compositions of the essential oil were β-elemene and β-phellandrene. Thus MSDE was developed successfully as a good alternative for preparation of essential oil from M. sieboldii as well as other herbs.

Large-scale preparation of clove essential oil and eugenol-loaded liposomes using a membrane contactor and a pilot plant

Based on our previous study where optimal conditions were defined to encapsulate clove essential oil (CEO) into liposomes at laboratory scale, we scaled-up the preparation of CEO and eugenol (Eug)-loaded liposomes using a membrane contactor (600 mL) and a pilot plant (3 L) based on the principle of ethanol injection method, both equipped with a Shirasu Porous Glass membrane for injection of the organic phase into the aqueous phase. Homogenous, stable, nanometric-sized and multilamellar liposomes with high phospholipid, Eug loading rates and encapsulation efficiency of CEO components were obtained. Saturation of phospholipids and drug concentration in the organic phase may control the liposome stability. Liposomes loaded with other hydrophobic volatile compounds could be prepared at large scale using the ethanol injection method and a membrane for injection.

Multidisciplinary Approach to Determine the Optimal Time and Period for Extracting the Essential Oil from Mentha suaveolens Ehrh

A comprehensive study on essential oils (EOs) extracted from some Mentha suaveolens L. samples, collected in the countryside of Tarquinia, is reported. In this study, the procedure for essential oil preparation, in terms of harvesting and extraction time, was analyzed in detail for the first time. The GC/MS analysis, carried out on 18 samples, revealed that piperitenone oxide (PO), the main essential oils’ chemical constituent, is primarily responsible for the related antifungal activity. Nevertheless, EOs with lower PO content indicate that other chemicals, such as para-cymenene, may participate in exerting the EOs’ antifungal effect. Furthermore, the bacterial reverse mutation assay highlighted lack of mutagenic effect in all tested samples. Analysis of the results indicated that for higher activity, the essential oils should be produced with 3 h maximum hydrodistillation, regardless of the harvesting time. Differently, the maximum essential oil yield can be obtained in August and the highest piperitenone oxide percentage is obtainable in July.