Essential Oil Of Ocimum Gratissimum Research Articles

Essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum and Zingiber officinale as anesthetics for the South American catfish Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum

This study evaluated the essential oils of clove-basil (Ocimum gratissimum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) as anesthetics for the South American catfish Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum and their effects on fish hematology and plasma glucose. For each essential oil, three concentrations were tested (100 mg L−1, 150 mg L−1 and 200 mg L−1) and a control lacking the essential oils was also present. Fish with a mean weight of 40.0 ± 9.9 g were used to provide for 6 replicates per treatment, each fish being a replicate. The times for induction and recovery, as well as the following hematological variables were assessed: Hemoglobin, hematocrit, total number of red blood cells (RBC), total number of white blood cells (WBC), total count of thrombocytes, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) in addition to plasma glucose. Significant negative relationships (p < .05) were observed between essential oil concentration and induction time, with the O. gratissimum essential oil resulting in lower times. A significant positive relationship (p < .05) between recovery time and essential oil concentration was observed only for the O. gratissimum essential oil. Anesthesia with the O. gratissimum essential oil did not affect the fish hematology and plasma glucose. In contrast, significant relationships were found between the Z. officinale essential oil concentration and hemoglobin, hematocrit and MCHC (p < .05), possibly indicating hemoconcentration. This study demonstrated that both O. gratissimum and Z. officinale essential oils are capable of inducing anesthesia in P. reticulatum, although the former presented better results, considering the lower induction time and the fact that fish hematology was not affected.

Syntesis and characterization of zein nanoparticles loaded with essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum and Pimenta racemosa

Essential oils are extremely volatile and chemically unstable when submitted to a processing, and new strategies are necessary to stabilize them, prolonging and preserving their characteristics. In present research, essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum and Pimenta racemosa were analyzed by CG/MS. Zein nanoparticles loaded with Ocimum gratissimum and Pimenta racemosa were syntetized and their physichochemical characteristics, antioxidant activity, encapsulation efficiency and stability during storage were evaluated. The results of FT-IR prove a positive encapsulation. Micrographs obtained by TEM demonstrate that nanoparticles presented homogeneous populations, spherical shape, smooth surface. Nanoparticles loaded with essential oils presented a good physicochemical stability, with a high encapsulation efficiency, without formation of precipitant during the 180 days of storage on 6 and 20 °C. Moreover, nanoparticles presented capacity to reduce the free radical DPPH, demonstranting antioxidant activity. Thus, zein nanoparticles loaded with essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum and Pimenta racemosa presents a potential to application in a food system, with a good stability and high antioxidant action.

Effect of drying temperature and storage time on Ocimum gratissimum Linn. leaf essential oil from Central Highlands, Vietnam

Abstract Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. leaf is widely used in folk medicine. Extraction yeild, compositions and antioxidant activity of clove basil essential oils could be affected by several factors including drying temperature and storage conditions. The present work evaluated the influence of storage conditions and drying temperature different of Ocimum gratissimum leaves on essential oils from Central Highlands, Vietnam. In this research, fresh leaves were preserved at 4°C for 10 days and dried and then stored at room temperature. Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. was extracted by hydrodistillation and steam distillation methods. The composition of essential oil was determined by using GC-MS, antioxidation activities were conducted by the DPPH method. Drying the material at 45°C only 1% Decrease extraction yield, the extraction yield of essential oil at 45°C is still high (2.5%); the color of the oil when the material is fresh in yellow, characteristic odor, drying at 45°C is pale yellow, mild characteristic odor; Antioxidation resistance change is negligible; Drying the material at 45°C, the content of eugenol (77.389%) increased 3 fold compared with fresh material (24.84%), while the drying loss of some components small proportion in oil.

Efficacy of Biological Fungicide Control on Cashew Nuts Lost caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioïdes Penz. in the North of Côte d’Ivoire

Context and Objective: Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioïdes, represents the main disease of cashew in the north of Côte d'Ivoire. This study was conducted to assess the toxicity of three synthesis fungicides, Azoxystrobin, Carbendazim and Carbendazim+Chlorothalonil and two essential oils extracted from Cymbopogon nardus and Ocimum gratissimum against Colletotrichum gloeosporioïdes. Material and Methods: Fungicidal properties of these products were evaluated in vitro on mycelial radial growth of C. gloeosporioïdes strain, through six concentrations added to a PDA medium (Potato Dextrose Agar). At the laboratory test, an essential oil, Ocimum gratissimum and the synthetic fungicides based on Azoxystrobine and Carbendazim+Chlorothalonil were selected and tested in situ against anthracnose disease. Résults: After 16 days of incubation at 30 ± 2 °C, the mycelial radial growth of C. gloeosporioïdes was completely inhibited from 1 µL/L by Carbendazim, 5 µL/L of Carbendazim+Chlorothalonil, and 1500 µL/L by essential oil of O. gratissimum. After reeling mycelial disks, the minimum fungicidal concentration obtained was 25 µL/L for Carbendazim, 100 µL/L for Carbendazim+Chlorothalonil and 2000 µL/L for O. gratissimum. The study in situ showed a highly significant reduction of the incidence and the severity of anthracnose on the leaves by essential oil of O. gratissimum. Conclusion : The essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum can be used in biological control of the pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioïdes in cashew plantation.

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Four Essential Oils on Xanthomonas sp., Responsible of the Bacteriosis of the Cashew Tree

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), an important crop in Côte d'Ivoire is prone to many diseases, one of the most redoutable of which is bacteriosis caused by Xanthomonas sp. To limit the use of pesticides in the fight against this bacteriosis, an alternative solution based on the use of essential oils has been evaluated. Antibacterial tests were carried out in vitro with the essential oils of Eucalyptus citriodora, Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus limon, NECO (formulation based on the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum) and a synthetic pesticide, the callicuivre. The smallest MICs (10 ppm and 60 ppm respectively) were obtained with NECO and the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus. The highest antibacterial activities were obtained with the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus and NECO biopesticide. at the dose of 4000 ppm (for inhibition diameters of 20.67mm and 27.33mm respectively). NECO and the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus could be used as an alternative to the synthetic product in the fight against bacteriosis of cashew.

Studies on Chemical Composition and Antifungal activity of essential Oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. growing wildly in Chamba Tehri Garhwal Uttrakhand, India

Studies on Chemical Composition and Antifungal activity of essential Oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. growing wildly in Chamba Tehri Garhwal Uttrakhand, India

Seasonal analysis and acaricidal activity of the thymol-type essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum and its major constituents against Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).

The tick Rhipicephalus microplus affects cattle health, with production loss in tropical and subtropical regions. Moreover, the use of commercial acaricides has been reduced due to the resistance of this parasite. Although alternatives such as plant bioactive molecules have been sought, essential oils present variations in their chemical constituents due to environmental factors, which can interfere with their acaricidal activity. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the seasonal influence of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum and its major constituents on acaricidal activity against R. microplus larvae. A high-yield essential oil of O. gratissimum and its major constituents were used, and a plant with a thymol-type oil was selected for seasonal analysis and acaricidal activity against R. microplus. Gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS) were employed to identify 31 oil constituents (average yield of 6.26%). The main compounds were found to be thymol (33.4 to 47.9%), γ-terpinene (26.2 to 36.8%), and p-cymene (4.3 to 17.0%). Concerning acaricidal activity, the December (LC50 0.84mg/mL) and September (LC50 1.58mg/mL) oils obtained in the dry season were the most active, and assays performed with commercial standards revealed LC50 values of p-cymene, thymol, and γ-terpinene of 1.41, 1.81, and 3.08mg/mL, respectively. Overall, lower acaricidal activities were found for oils produced from plants harvested in the rainy season. The results showed that seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the O. gratissimum essential oil influences its acaricidal activity. The seasonal variations in the thymol-type essential oil of O. gratissimum can represent an important strategy for the control of R. microplus.

GC—MS analysis of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. growing desolately in South India

The hydrodistilled essential oil from flowering aerial parts of Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) growing desolately in South India was examined to determine its composition. The oil was analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC– MS). Forty-one constituents were identified, representing 99.4% of the total oil. The main components were identified as eugenol (57.1%), α-bulnesene (15.6%), and β-caryophyllene (14.2%). Phenylpropanoids (57.3%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (31.6%) were the prominent groups of compounds, followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (6.5%), oxygenated monoterpenes (3.0%), and monoterpene hydrocarbons (1.0%). The compound α-bulnesene was identified for the first time in this report. The essential oil was found to be eugenol–α-bulnesene–β-caryophyllene chemotypes.

English

Faced with the increasing growth of microorganism’s resistance to conventional antibiotics, the search of new bioactive molecules having pharmaceutical interest is more than ever committed. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the effectiveness of seven mouthwashes formulated from essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum basilicum, Cymbopogon citratus, Clausena anisata, Lippia multifora, Eugenia caryophyllata or Mentha piperita against five oral germs (Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 24974, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Candida albicans IP 4872). The antimicrobial power of different mouthwashes was evaluated through the determination of their minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations by microdilution method. All mouthwashes had an inhibitory and bactericidal effect against the studied germs. Their minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration varied according to the type of germ (from 0.125 to 1 μg/ml). The mouthwashes formulated from essential oils of O. basilicum and C. citratus were the most effective against all germs. They were followed by mouthwashes formulated from essential oils of O. gratissimum and C. anisata. Key words: Medicinal plants, essential oils, antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, Mouthwash.

Bioprospective Potentiality of Essential Oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn.-An Innovative Approach for Fruit Preservation

Bioprospective Potentiality of Essential Oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn.-An Innovative Approach for Fruit Preservation

Chemical Profile of Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Drug Resistance-modifying Activity by Gaseous Contact Method

Chemical Profile of Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Drug Resistance-modifying Activity by Gaseous Contact Method

Effects of anesthesia with the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. in parameters of fish stress

RESUMO:The effects of anesthesia with the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum (EOO) in parameters of stress after handling were investigated in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). EOO was obtained from the aerial parts by hydrodistillation. Juveniles were anesthetized with 70 or 300 mg L-1 EOO and submitted to air exposure for 1 minute. The fishes were sampled immediately or transferred to anesthetic-free aquaria until sampling. In the first experiment, juveniles had their blood collected at 0, 1, 4, and 8 h after handling to assay plasma cortisol and blood glucose levels. The unanesthetized animals were restrained manually for blood collection. In the second experiment, water samples of the recovery aquaria were collected to evaluate net ion fluxes at 0 - 4 h and 4 - 8 h. Water and ethanol controls were also performed under the same conditions. The results showed that the cortisol levels did not differ among the treatments. Hyperglycemia was verified in fish exposed to 70 and 300 mg L-1 EOO at 1 h and 4 h after handling. After 8 h, cortisol and glucose concentrations were lower or similar than those from immediately after handling for all treatments. EOO anesthesia prevented Na+ efflux observed in the control groups in both flux periods. There were net Cl- and K+ effluxes at 0 - 4 h and influxes at 4 - 8 h after handling in most treatments, and these fluxes did not differ among the treatments. The results suggest that EOO did not impair stress recovery and did not act as an additional handling stressor in silver catfish.

Antibacterial and modifying-antibiotic activities of the essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum L. and Plectranthus amboinicus L.

IntroductionDeveloping resistance to antimicrobial agents is increasingly observed for many microorganisms is increasingly becoming a problem worldwide. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiotic-modifying activity of essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum and Plectranthus amboinicus (Lamiaceae), alone and combined. MethodsStandard and multiresistant bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were utilized, and antibiotics of the aminoglycoside class were tested, using the microdilution technique. ResultsThe antibacterial effect of the O. gratissimum L. and P. amboinicus L. oils alone and combined have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)≥1024μg/mL, except against E. coli ATCC10536, which showed a MIC=128μg/mL and against S. aureus ATCC25923 with MIC=512μg/mL. The drug-modifying effect of the essential oil of O. gratissimum L. resulted in an antagonism, reducing the effect of antibiotics, against all bacterial strains assayed. However, the essential oil of P. amboinicus L. showed a synergistic effect, potentiating the antibiotic activity of these drugs against the bacterial strains assayed. When the mixture of the O. gratissimum and P. amboinicus oils was combined with the antibiotic, a synergistic effect was observed. ConclusionsThe data obtained are promising, but further studies are needed to isolate the active compounds and to conduct pharmacological tests in vivo, making it possible to develop new therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of diseases caused by multiresistant microorganisms.

Chemical Composition, In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oils of Ocimum Gratissimum, O. Sanctum and their Major Constituents.

The essential oils of the flowering aerial parts of two Ocimum species viz., Ocimum gratissimum and O. sanctum were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The principal constituent of O. gratissimum and O. sanctum was eugenol (75.1%) and methyl eugenol (92.4%), comprising 99.3 and 98.9% of the total oils, respectively. In vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of O. gratissimum, O. sanctum and their major compounds eugenol and methyl eugenol were screened by using tube dilution methods. O. gratissimum oil was found highly active against S. marcescens while O. sanctum oil showed significant activity against A. niger and S. faecalis. Methyl eugenol exhibited significant activity against P. aeruginosa while eugenol was effective only against S. aureus. Antioxidant activity of oils, eugenol, and methyl eugenol was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’- azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assays. Essential oil of O. gratissimum showed comparative antioxidant activity with IC50 values 23.66±0.55 and 23.91±0.49 μg/ml in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’- azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) models, respectively. Eugenol showed slightly weaker antioxidant activity compared to oil of O. gratissimum, while O. sanctum oil demonstrated very feeble antioxidant activity and methyl eugenol did not show any activity. Eugenol and methyl eugenol would be elite source from O. gratissimum and O. sanctum, respectively, of this region could be consider as a source of natural food antioxidant, preservatives, and as an antiseptic.

The role of endothelium in the vasorelaxant effects of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum in aorta and mesenteric vascular bed of rats

This study investigated the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effects of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum (EOOG) in aortas and mesenteric vascular beds isolated from rats. EOOG (3-300 µg/mL) relaxed the tonic contractions induced by phenylephrine (0.1 µmol/L) in isolated aortas in a concentration-dependent manner in both endothelium-containing and endothelium-denuded preparations. This effect was partially reversed by L-NAME (100 µmol/L) but not by indomethacin (10 µmol/L) or TEA (5 mmol/L). In mesenteric vascular beds, bolus injections of EOOG (30, 50, 100, and 300 ng) decreased the perfusion pressure induced by noradrenaline (6 µmol/L) in endothelium-intact preparations but not in those treated with deoxycholate. L-NAME (300 µmol/L) but not TEA (1 mmol/L) or indomethacin (3 µmol/L) significantly reduced the vasodilatory response to EOOG at all of the doses tested. Our data showed that EOOG exerts a dose-dependent vasodilatory response in the resistance blood vessels of rat mesenteric vascular beds and in the capacitance blood vessel, the rat aorta. This action is completely dependent on endothelial nitric oxide (NO) release in the mesenteric vascular beds but only partially dependent on NO in the aorta. These novel effects of EOOG highlight interesting differences between resistance and capacitance blood vessels.

Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L.: Anesthetic effects, mechanism of action and tolerance in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen

The aim of this study was to determine the time until anesthetic induction and recovery in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. (EO), its potential mechanism of action via GABAergic transmission and the development of tolerance. The EO was obtained from the aerial parts of O. gratissimum L. by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometer (GC–MS). Eugenol (73.6%) and β-bisabolene (18.3%) are the major compounds of the EO. Juvenile silver catfish were placed in aquaria containing different concentrations of the EO (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 150 and 300mgL−1) to determine the point at which anesthesia was induced and the length of the recovery period. In the following experiments, the anesthetic effect of the EO (10, 20 and 40mgL−1) in association with benzodiazepine (BDZ) was determined. The GABAergic-like action and development of tolerance were assessed in fish exposed to BDZ (diazepam 150μM), EO (40mgL−1) or both EO and BDZ (EO+BDZ) at the same concentrations. After the induction of anesthesia, juveniles were transferred to an anesthetic-free aquarium containing either the classic BDZ antagonist flumazenil (5μM) or water to assess their recovery. The development of tolerance was evaluated in two experiments. In the first, juveniles were exposed to the EO twice in a 30-day interval, and in the second five exposures, weekly intervals were performed. Fish exposed to concentrations above 30mgL−1 of the EO were effectively anesthetized without experiencing side effects or mortality. Fast anesthesia (<4min) could be obtained using 150 and 300mgL−1 of the EO. Synergism was detected for EO+BDZ at the lower concentrations tested. Juveniles exposed to all tested drugs showed a faster recovery in flumazenil than those that recovered in water. The development of tolerance was observed in fish exposed to the EO or BDZ separately after the fifth exposure. Two exposures were sufficient to sensitize the fish to the action of these drugs. However, repeated exposure to EO+BDZ did not induce tolerance and/or sensitization. In conclusion, the EO of O. gratissimum is an effective and safe anesthetic for silver catfish, and its mechanism seems to be related to an interaction with the GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor.

Chemical Variation of Essential Oil Constituents of Ocimum gratissimum L. from Benin, and Impact on Antimicrobial Properties and Toxicity against Artemia salinaLeach

To determine the period of harvest that optimizes the antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. from Benin, aerial plant parts were collected at two vegetative stages (pre- and full-flowering) and three sampling times (7 am, 1 pm, and 7 pm). Extraction by hydrodistillation yielded between 0.65 and 0.78% of essential oils. Characterization of the oils by GC-FID and GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of monoterpenes (87.26-93.81%), sesquiterpenes (5.57-11.34%), and aliphatic compounds (0.15-0.18%), with p-cymene (1; 28.08-53.82%), thymol (2; 3.32-29.13%), γ-terpinene (3; 1.11-10.91%), α-thujene (4; 3.37-10.77%), and β-myrcene (5; 4.24-8.28%) as major components. Two chemotypes were observed, i.e., a p-cymene/thymol and a p-cymene chemotype, for plants harvested at 7 am for the former and at 1 pm or 7 pm for the latter, respectively. The oils were fungicidal against Candida albicans, with the sample from full-flowering plants collected at 7 am being the most active (MIC = 0.06±0.00 mg/ml). The chemical variation of the oils also influenced the antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus aureus; the most active oil was obtained from plants at the pre-flowering stage collected at 7 am (MIC=0.24±0.01 mg/ml). Escherichia coli was insensitive to the chemical variation of the oils (MICs of ca. 0.48±0.02 mg/ml for all oils). Moreover, the essential oils showed low toxicity against Artemia salina Leach larvae, with LC(50) values in the range of 43-146 μg/ml. This is the first study of the interaction between the daytime of collection and vegetative stage of the plants and the antimicrobial properties and toxicity of the essential oil of O. gratissimum from Benin.

Comparative Antibacterial Effects of Raw Extracts and Essential Oils of Ocimum gratissimum L. against Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith)

Comparative Antibacterial Effects of Raw Extracts and Essential Oils of Ocimum gratissimum L. against Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith)

Antityrosinase and antioxidant activities of essential oils of edible Thai plants

This work was undertaken to explore antityrosinase and antioxidant activities of twenty essential oils of edible Thai plants. Antityrosinase activity against mushroom tyrosinase was examined by means of the dopachrome method using L-dopa as an enzymatic substrate. The essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus had the highest level of antityrosinase activity, followed by that of Ocimum canum with enzymatic inhibition of 69 ± 4 and 66 ± 3%. GC-MS revealed that geranial and neral were the two most abundant components of their chemical compositions. Antioxidant activity was gauged by the free radical scavenging activity test and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay. The essential oil of Ocimum sanctum had the highest level of antioxidant activity, followed by the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum. These results led to the conclusions that the essential oils of edible Thai plants exhibit important biological activities and are a promising choice as natural active ingredients because of their antityrosinase and antioxidant activities.

Antifungal and Anti-insect Activities of Three Essential Oils on Aspergillus Flavus Link and Sitophilus Zeamais Motsch

Combinations of equal volumes of essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum, Lippia rugosa and Xylopia aethiopica were studied for their inhibiting activity on the mycelial growth of Aspergillus flavus by the determination of the minimum inhibiting concentrations (MIC), and on Sitophilus zeamais by the determination of the LV50 (volume that kills 50% of insects) and LV90 (volume that kills 90% of insects) values. All the combinations led to an increase in the inhibition of the mycelial growth of A. flavus with a synergy between these oils. The interesting combination of O. gratissimum and L. rugosa increased the inhibition of the mycelial growth of A. flavus; the observed MIC (600 ppm) was significantly lower than that predicted (900 ppm). Concerning anti-insect activity, a slight reduction in the LV90 on S. zeamais was observed for the combination of the three oils. The binary combinations showed higher LV50 and LV90 values than those predicted. There was no synergistic anti-insect activity between the three essential oils.